Applications of ENF Criterion in Forensic Audio, Video, Computer and Telecommunication Analysis
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1 Applications of ENF Criterion in Forensic Audio, Video, Computer and Telecommunication Analysis Catalin GRIGORAS, PhD, Forensic Examiner AES SC Working Group on Forensic Audio T19 Topics in Audio Forensics May 23 rd
2 Authentication -AES Standards: Audio Tapes 27/1996 (r2002), 43/2000 (r2005) - Criterions, articles, books, etc. Digital Audio (Video) Recordings? 2
3 Digital audio/video recordings (DR) can be classified on several ways: - compressed vs non-compressed, - long-play vs short-play, - recording medium: recording on digital audio/video tape (DAT, DV) vs memory or hard-disk, - outdoor vs indoor recording, - phone vs surveillance, etc. 3
4 The proposed criterion for DR authentication: Digital Recording 4
5 The waveform (a), spectrum (b), waterfall (c) and spectrogram (d) of an IDEAL 50 Hz signal 5
6 The waveform (a), spectrum (b), waterfall (c) and spectrogram (d) of a REAL 50 Hz signal 6
7 Methods to extract and analyse ENF 1. Time/Frequency domain (spectrograms) 2. Frequency domain (FFT over time windows) 3. Time domain (zero crosses) 7
8 ENF examples 1. Electric Network(s) 220Vac/50Hz 2. UPS 220Vac/50Hz 3. Inverters 12Vdc to 220Vac/50Hz 8
9 ENF tests across Romania, Bucharest vs different locations: Brasov, Cluj-Napoca, Constanta, Craiova, Iasi, Oradea, Rm Valcea, Timisoara s.a. 9
10 ENF example test across Romania, : Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Bucharest Cluj Iasi Bucharest 10
11 ENF example tests across Europe, Bucharest vs: -Athens, Greece -Krakow, Poland (2) -Hague, Netherlands -Madrid, Spain (3) -Rome, Milan, Italy -Paris, France -Budapest, Hungary and others. 11
12 ENF example tests across Europe, , 786 Km Bucharest, Romania Kracow, Poland 12
13 ENF example tests across Europe, , 734 Km Bucharest, Romania Athens, Greece 13
14 ENF example tests across Europe, , 1133 Km Bucharest, Romania Rome, Italy 14
15 ENF example tests across Europe, , 2476 Km Bucharest, Romania Madrid, Spain 15
16 ENF example test, , 10:00-14:00 GMT Bucharest, Romania Rm Valcea, Romania Hague, Netherlands Madrid, Spain 16
17 ENF example test, , 10:00-14:00 GMT 17
18 ENF analysis during one week 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 AM Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 18
19 Conclusion - no periodicity was found in the short term variation of ENF (samples longer than 1 minute), - there is a random fluctuation of ENF around 50 Hz, - the presence of some valleys and peaks around specific moments of a day can be predicted, but their values and shapes not, - the entire EN carries almost the same frequency, - DC removal and 50 Hz Band Pass Filters are requested in order to minimize analysis errors. 19
20 Case Work Audio Example 1 room B A eavesdropping IT acquisition and storing system Telecommunication system Evidence: audio file on a CD, WAV PCM format, mono, 16 bit, 8 KHz, containing a three hours conversation 20
21 Case Work Audio Example 1 date and time claimed by B (LEA informer) Evidence A reference / date and time claimed by A 21
22 Case Work Audio Example 1 Evidence Examiner s Opinion: - The digital audio recording I analyzed is not authentic and doesn t represent a duplicate of an authentic recording. - The original recording has been created on DD/MM/YYYY and then several segments have been digital deleted. The evidence I analyzed represents the results of these technical interventions on original or duplicate material. 22
23 Case Work Video Example The expert opinion was: the questioned digital video recording had been digitized on the claimed date. 23
24 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS 24
25 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS 25
26 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS Rec.1 (10 sec) 26
27 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS Rec.2 (10 sec) 27
28 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS Rec.3 (10 sec) 28
29 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS Rec.1 Rec.2 Rec.3 29
30 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion ENF Database The space necessary to save the ENF reference as WAV PCM, mono, 16 bit, 120 Hz 30
31 DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDINGS ANALYSIS The Electric Network Frequency Criterion 31
32 32
33 33
34 APPLICABILITY OF THE ENF CRITERION Sony DAT Walkman vs Digital Video Recording 34
35 APPLICABILITY OF THE ENF CRITERION CONCLUSIONS - The ENF Criterion and Methodology can be used to verify and/or identify the date/moments when a digital recording was created; - I recommend to use the ENF Criterion in conjunction with other techniques and methods (e.g. classical audio/video authentication methods, impulse response of a room, IT investigations etc.). 35
36 Many thanks to: - Peter French, J. P. French Associates, UK, - Alan Cooper, Metropolitan Police Service, Department of Information, London, UK ; - Andrea Paoloni, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, Rome, Italy; - Jos Bouten, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Justice; - Joaquin Gonzalez Rodriguez and Francisco Javier Simon del Monte, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain; - Jose Juan Molina, Guardia Civil, Madrid, Spain; - Carlos Delgado, Comisaria General de Policia Cientifica, Madrid, Spain; - John D. Makris, Hellenic Police, Forensic Sciences Division, Athens, Greece; - Mateusz Kajstura, Institute of Forensic Research, Cracow, Poland and many other friends of mine for their suggestions, comments and/or entering the inter-laboratory tests of ENF Criterion. Thank you too and keep in touch! 36
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