Layout Design For Signaling

Transcription

1 Layout Design For Signaling , Ro d n e y B l a c k N o v e m b e r 1 5, /15/2015 1

2 Download This Presentation 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 2

3 Outline 1. Why Signal a Layout 2. How the Prototype Uses Signals 3. Signal Placement and Control Basics a. Train Order Board b. Automatic Block Signals (ABS) c. Absolute Permissive Signals (APB) d. Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) 4. Right of way issues Disclaimer: much of this clinic is based on panel discussions from pervious conventions and an excellent paper by Seth Neumann and Byron Henderson 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 3

4 Why Signal a Layout Signals add Color and Animation make the layout come alive Realism set the layout in time and(possibly) space Operating interest mimic the prototype Functionality provide safety for trains and control movement They are cool! 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 4

5 Functionality Provided by Layout Signals Cosmetic (dummy) static to represent signals Semi-functional some animation (e.g. show turnout position) Fully functional on layout (prototypical behavior) Full Fully functional with or through repeaters Functionality Semi Cosmetic None Cosmetic Semi $ Cost $ Balance between cost and fidelity of illusion I want a Sunset Valley, but can afford a time saver. 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 5

6 Prototypical Signals on Layouts Every railroad had unique signal systems. Research your prototype If free lancing, there is probably an example This clinic will address generic concepts 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 6

7 Typical Prototype Signal Usage 1.Train order boards 2.Safety overlay 3.Interlocking plants 4.Traffic control 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 7

8 Nomenclature 1.Aspect how the signal appears in the field (e.g. red ) 2.Name the name of the indication (e.g. Clear ) 3.Indication the meaning of the signal how the crew should respond (e.g. Proceed prepared to stop at second signal ) 4.Route signals the indication shows the path through a plant 5.Speed signals the indication shows the safe speed for the train before the next signal 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 8

9 Signals are about Safety Prevent a train from running into something Prevent a train from running off the rails Provide a train time (distance) to stop or adjust speed Facilitate movement 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 9

10 Basic Aspects and Indications Aspect Rule Name Indication permissive stop absolute stop ATSF example 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 10

11 Layout Design Considerations Placement Functionality Layout requirements Where appropriate 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 11

12 Train Order Boards Signals at manned stations Operator transcribes orders from a dispatcher, delivers them to the train crew, and reports train arrivals to the dispatcher The board appearances were quite unique for railroad, era, and location Simple on/off Appropriate for TT&TO (Todd Sestero) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 12

13 Train Order Boards LEDs Tortoises Servos Twin coils layout dispatcher Orders Reports 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 13

14 Safety Overlay (Automatic Block System) Electronic checking to prevent trains from running into each other Alternative to Rule 99 ( Flag protection required against following trains on the same track ) Unbonded (undetected) sidings Augments track occupancy authorization (except for some roads) Appropriate for all operating schemes (TT&TO, DTC, TWC, CTC) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 14

15 Safety Overlay (Automatic Block System) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 15

16 Safety Overlay (Automatic Block System) No siding detection Permissive signals Stop indication Stop indication Stop indication Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy No Siding Signals Signals show condition of track to next signal not authority to occupy track Uni-directional: Indications travel opposite train direction If block is occupied then red Else if next signal red then yellow Else green Jay S. Boggess 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 16

17 Occupancy Detection Block detection (e.g. coil, diode voltage drop) Point detection (e.g. photo, magnetic reed switch) track power feedback detector power feedback Solid no blinking Accurate no misses, no false reports 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 17

18 Point Detectors Pros No equipment modification Precise location determination No track gaps Cons Precise location determination Sensitive alignment Trains must be longer than longest distance between detectors Hold timer? Bi-directional? Open turnouts? 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 18

19 Block Detectors Pros Prototypical Covers an area Effective Cons Gap tracks Rolling stock modifications (metal resistor wheels) Shortest block must be longer than longest distance between two resistor wheels Dirty track/wheels do not detect Place gaps at signals - signals should change when a train passes them 11/15/2015 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR SIGNALING 19

20 A Common Wiring Mistake Detector 2 Signal 1 Detector 1 Detector 3 Include the Control Point in the approach track 1. What occupancy detector turns Signal 1 red? a. Detector 1 cannot because Signal 1 would go red when the train passes Signal 2. b. Either Detector 2 or Detector 3, depending upon turnout alignment c. The control point does not contribute to any of the triad signals (imagine a caboose stranded over the points) or to any of the signals in approach to them 2. When a train trips Detector 1 at Signal 2, the left turnout would be locked in place, implying that the dispatcher loses control of the turnout when anything trips Detector 1 Signal 2 Consider detecting the Control Point with a point detector Detector 1 11/15/2015 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR SIGNALING 20

21 Implementing ABS detector Red in Yellow in R Y G Red out detector Red in Yellow in R Y G Red out Power not shown Custom boards (FPGA) January 1992 MR Inexpensive No PC Approach lighting? detector Stationary Decoder Stationary Decoder detector Stationary Decoder Stationary Decoder Power not shown Commercial boards Flexible JMRI Chubb (chapter 19) PC 11/15/2015 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR SIGNALING 21

22 Safety Overlay (Bi-directional ABS) Does not protect well against opposing movement 11/15/2015 LAYOUT DESIGN FOR SIGNALING 22

23 Safety Overlay (Absolute Permissive Blocks) Electronic checking to prevent trains from running into each other siding to siding protection for opposing moves and signal to signal protection for following moves Alternative to Rule 99 ( Flag protection required against following trains on the same track ) Unbonded (undetected) sidings Augments track occupancy authorization (except for some roads) Appropriate for all operating schemes (TT&TO, DTC, TWC, CTC) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 23

24 Safety Overlay (Absolute Permissive Blocks) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 24

25 Safety Overlay (Absolute Permissive Blocks) No siding detection Permissive signals Absolute signal Indication & DOT Indication & DOT Indication & DOT Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy No Siding Signals Signals show condition of track to next signal not authority to occupy track Indications travel opposite train direction; Tumbledown travels in train direction Signal determination: 1 If occupied or neighbor DOT is enter then red 2 Else if next is red and next DOT is enter then yellow 3 Else if next is red and next DOT is not enter then red 4 Else green 3 Indication & DOT Reverse movement protection 1 tumbledown Indication & DOT 1 Trailing stop Indication & DOT Occupied: If neighbor DOT is exit then DOT is enter Else DOT is exit 4 DOT is Direction of Travel (Traffic Stick) Implementation: January 1992 MR Chubb chapter 20 JMRI Unoccupied: DOT is none 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 25

26 Interlocking Plants Protect crossings and junctions Protecting multiple routes multiplies the complexity Appropriate for TT&TO and TWC, as well as CTC CTC can be as simple as remote controlled interlocking plants connected by dark territory or safety overlay* 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 26

27 Interlocking Plants Interlocking because 1. Opposing Signal Lock a signal cannot clear if an opposing signal is cleared 2. Conflicting Signal Lock a signal cannot clear if a conflicting signal is cleared 3. Indication (Route) Locking a cleared signal will lock a switch 4. Switch Indication Locking a signal cannot clear through a fouling switch 5. Detection Locking a switch is locked if the track circuit is occupied 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 27

28 Signal Placement in Interlocking Plants 1. Signals at frogs (conflicting signal lock) 2. Signals at points (opposing signal lock) 3. Pair up signals (detection) X A4T A2T B3T X X X X A6T A3T X X X 5T X X X A10T A8T Routes 1. A2T A8T 2. A8T A2T 3. A4T A10T 4. A10T A4T 5. A4T A3T B3T A8T 6. A8T B3T A3T A4T 7. A6T 5T A10T 8. A10T 5T A6T Introduction to North American Railway Signaling 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 28

29 Signal Placement in Interlocking Plants A8T A4T 3 A3T 6 5T 5 10 A10T A2T 4 3 B3T 8 A8T 2 Aspect or locking chart Introduction to North American Railway Signaling, p. 124 Route Locks Next Signal Track circuits to lock From Aspect To Switches Signals Y/R R B3T - G/R Y or G 4 Y/R 10 3, 5 10, 6 R A3T 5T G/R Y or G 4 R/Y 8 (3) 2, 8, 10 w 5 - B3T, A3T - 6 R/Y 10 (5) 10, 4 w T 8 Y/R R B3T - G/R Y or G 8 R/Y 4 (3) 2, 4, 10 w 5 - B3T, A3T - 10 Y/R 4 3, 5 4, 6 R A3T 5T G/R Y or G 10 R/Y 6 (5) 6, 4 w T 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 29

30 Signal Placement in Interlocking Plants 5 4 Routes /15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 30

31 Signal Placement in Interlocking Plants 5 4 Place signals on perimeter Add interior track circuits for parallel routes Routes Parallel movements /15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 31

32 Centralized Traffic Control (CTC)/ Traffic Control System (TCS) Eliminates manned stations Allows fine control (micro-managing) traffic flow Control points (security elements, OS sections) are like simple interlocking plants Control points are linked with safety overlays Extension of safety overlay - Proceed on signal indication 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 32

33 Example CTC Control Point Exit Signal (Siding) Exit Signal (Main) Field Equipment (Vital Logic) Approach Signal Automatic (Dual Control) Switch Machine 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 33

34 Control Point Schematic Position Feedback Switch Machine Field Lock A2 A1 Movement Trigger Block Detection B C Lock Turnout Control output input 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 34

35 Prototype CTC Architecture Vital Logic performs the bulk of the safety checking Advanced Train Control System Destination Source # Label Data Telecom port Label tends to be a request (to vital logic) or indication (to office equipment) Code line Vital Logic Vital Logic Vital Logic Track circuit Track circuit 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 35

36 Dispatcher Control with CTC (Alternative 1) Set west bound traffic Flaw dispatcher can set east bound traffic prior to west bound train occupying control point 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 36

37 Dispatcher Control with CTC (Alternative 2) Set west bound traffic (kick in tumbledown and lock out opposing route) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 37

38 Dispatcher Control with CTC (Alternative 3) 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 38

39 Overlapping Protection Eastbound move Westbound move? Opposing Signal Lock propagates to first opposing signal at or after next signal in advance 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 39

40 More Complicated Indications Track speed (e.g. 49 mph) Turnout speed (e.g. 25 mph) Add second arm (head) Account for next signal being green, yellow, or red Excluding high speed turnouts, route based signaling is similar to speed based signaling 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 40

41 Even More Complicated Indications 3 Aspect Progression Aspect Progression Flashing yellow 4 Advance signals are railroad specific! 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 41

42 Turnouts (Points, Switches) Turnout Taxonomy 1. Manual signals drop when points move by trainman 2. Automatic Electrical signals drop when turnout is unlocked by trainman 3. Controlled Electrical dispatcher unlocks turnout, trainman operates 4. Dual control dispatcher can unlock and move points; trainman can move unlocked turnout Turnout normal Turnout reversed What is this in CTC? 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 42

43 CTC Signal Indication Dependencies 1.Occupancy of protected track circuit(s) 2.Next (advance) signal indication in direction of travel 3.Next (advance) signal indication in opposing direction of travel 4.Conflicting signal indications 5.Alignment of protected turnouts 6.Lock/unlock status of protected turnouts 7.Occupancy of track circuits(s) in approach 8.Other things (e.g. slide fence, draw bridge) 9.Dispatcher/Towerman actions 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 43

44 CTC Connections Optional Siding Detection Absolute signals Indication & DOT Locks Permissive signals Indication & DOT Locks 1 Indication & DOT Locks Locks Siding Signals CTC Machine Indication & DOT Indication & DOT Indication & DOT Absolute signals CTC Machine Signals show authority to occupy track Indications travel opposite train direction; Tumbledown travels in train direction DOT is Direction of Travel (Traffic Stick) Computer is essential for dispatcher interface Different ways of implementing intermediates Implementation: Chubb chapters JMRI CATS 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 44

45 CTC Control Point Implementation SE8C (1/8 of $96) C ($30) B ($30) A1/A2 ($40) Servo ($3) Turnout Motor BD4 (1/4 of $24) Block Detection SE8C $12 BD4 $6 QuadLN $15 Servo $3 QuadLN (1/4 of $60) A1/A2 $40 B $30 Could replace electronics with an Arduino C $ Total $136 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 45

46 Right of Way Issues 1.Clearances NMRA gauge and actual for equipment 2.Support structures (switch machines, equipment sheds, etc.) 3.Telephone/code poles, lines, signs, access roads 4.Distance between signals how long is a block? 5.Protection from damage 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 46

47 Right of Way Issues - Clearance 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 47

48 Right of Way Issues - Clearance 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 48

49 Right of Way Issues - Details Approach Signal Exit Signal (Siding) Exit Signal (Main) Sign Field Equipment Automatic (Dual Control) Switch Machine 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 49

50 Right of Way Issues - Protection 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 50

51 References Introduction to North American Railway Signaling, Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, ISBN , 2009 Railroader s C/MRI Applications Handbook, Volume 2 Signaling Systems, Bruce Chubb, 2010 Absolute-Permissive Block Signals, Jay S. Boggess, Model Railroading, January, 1982 Introduction to Signals for Your Model Railroad, Seth Neumann, JMRI, jmri.org Practical Guide to Railway Engineering, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (AREMA), 2003 (on the Internet) The Rule 281 Series, Volume 1 CTC Machine Operation, Mike Burgett, 11/15/2015 Layout Design for Signaling 51