ECEN454 Digital Integrated Circuit Design. Sequential Circuits. Sequencing. Output depends on current inputs
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1 ECEN454 igital Integrated Circuit esign Sequential Circuits ECEN 454 Combinational logic Sequencing Output depends on current inputs Sequential logic Output depends on current and previous inputs Requires separating previous, current, future Called state or tokens Ex: FSM, pipeline in CL out CL CL Finite State Machine Pipeline ECEN
2 Sequencing Cont. If tokens moved through pipeline at constant speed, no sequencing elements would be necessary Ex: fiber-optic cable Light pulses (tokens) are sent down cable Next pulse sent before first reaches end of cable No need for hardware to separate pulses But dispersion sets min time between pulses This is called wave pipelining in circuits In most circuits, dispersion is high elay fast tokens so they don t catch slow ones ECEN Sequencing Overhead Use flip-flops to delay fast tokens so they move through exactly one stage each cycle Inevitably adds some delay to the slow tokens Makes circuit slower than just the logic delay Called sequencing overhead Some people call this clocking overhead But it applies to asynchronous circuits too Inevitable side effect of maintaining sequence ECEN
3 : Level sensitive Sequencing Elements a.k.a. transparent latch, latch Flip-flop: edge triggered A.k.a. master-slave flip-flop, flip-flop, register Timing iagrams Transparent Flop Opaque Edge-trigger (latch) (flop) ECEN : Level sensitive Sequencing Elements a.k.a. transparent latch, latch Flip-flop: edge triggered A.k.a. master-slave flip-flop, flip-flop, register Timing iagrams Transparent Flop Opaque Edge-trigger (latch) (flop) ECEN
4 esign Pass Transistor Pros + + Cons ECEN esign Pass Transistor Pros + Tiny + Low clock load Cons V t drop nonrestoring Used in 1970 s backdriving output t noise sensitivity dynamic diffusion input ECEN
5 esign Transmission gate + - ECEN esign Transmission gate +No V t drop - Requires inverted clock ECEN
6 esign Inverting buffer Fixes either ECEN esign Inverting buffer + Restoring + No backdriving + Fixes either Output noise sensitivity Or diffusion input Inverted output ECEN
7 esign Tristate feedback + ECEN esign Tristate feedback + Static Backdriving risk Static latches are now essential ECEN
8 esign Buffered input + + ECEN esign Buffered input + Fixes diffusion input + Noninverting ECEN
9 esign Buffered output + ECEN Buffered output esign + No backdriving Widely used in standard cells + Very robust (most important) - Rather large - Rather slow (1.5 2 FO4 delays) - High clock loading ECEN
10 esign atapath latch + - ECEN esign atapath latch + Smaller, faster - unbuffered input ECEN
11 Metastability A A Stable A=B=0 B A=> B =>B Metastable A=B=V m A, B Stable A=B=V ECEN Flip-Flop esign Flip-flop is built as pair of back-to-back latches ECEN
12 Enable Enable: ignore clock when en = 0 Mux: increase latch - delay Clock Gating: increase en setup time, skew Symbol Multiplexer esign Clock Gating esign en 1 0 en en en Flop 1 0 en Flop en ECEN Flop Reset Force output low when reset asserted Synchronous vs. asynchronous Symbol Flop reset reset Synchronous Reset reset reset Asynchronous Reset reset reset reset reset ECEN
13 Set / Reset Set forces output high when enabled Flip-flop with asynchronous set and reset set reset reset set ECEN Flip-flops 2-Phase es Sequencing Methods ECEN
14 Timing iagrams Contamination and Propagation elays A Combinational Logic Y A Y t cd t pd t pd t cd Logic Prop. elay Logic Cont. elay t setup thold t pcq /Flop Clk-> Prop. elay Flop t ccq /Flop Clk-> Cont. elay t ccq t pcq t pdq -> Prop. elay t cdq t setup t hold -> Cont. elay /Flop Setup Time /Flop Hold Time h t ccq t pcq t setup t hold t cdq t pdq ECEN Max-elay: Flip-Flops F1 1 Combinational Logic 2 F2 T c t pcq t setup 1 t pd 2 t pd < T c ( t setup + t pcq ) sequencing overhead ECEN
15 Max elay: 2-Phase es t pd = t pd1 + t pd2 < T c 2t pdq sequencing overhead 1 1 Combinational 2 2 Combinational 3 Logic 1 Logic 2 1 L1 L2 L3 3 2 T c 1 t pdq1 1 t pd1 2 t pdq2 2 t pd2 3 ECEN Min-elay: Flip-Flops t cd F1 1 CL 2 F2 1 t ccq t cd 2 t hold ECEN
16 Min-elay: Flip-Flops t t t cd hold ccq F1 1 CL 2 F2 1 t ccq t cd 2 t hold ECEN Min-elay: 2-Phase es 1 t t cd 1, cd 2 L1 1 CL Hold time reduced by nonoverlap 2 2 L2 Paradox: hold applies twice each cycle, vs. only once for flops. But a flop is made of two latches! 1 2 t nonoverlap 1 2 t ccq t hold t cd ECEN
17 Min-elay: 2-Phase es t t t t t cd1, cd 2 hold ccq nonoverlap 1 L1 1 CL Hold time reduced by nonoverlap 2 2 L2 Paradox: hold applies twice each cycle, vs. only once for flops. But a flop is made of two latches! 1 2 t nonoverlap 1 2 t ccq t hold t cd ECEN Time Borrowing In a flop-based system: ata launches on one rising edge Must setup before next rising edge If it arrives late, system fails If it arrives early, time is wasted Flops have hard edges In a latch-based system ata can pass through h latch while transparent t Long cycle of logic can borrow time into next As long as each loop completes in one cycle ECEN
18 Time Borrowing Example (a) Combinational Logic Combinational Logic Borrowing time across half-cycle boundary Borrowing time across pipeline stage boundary 1 2 (b) Combinational Logic Combinational Logic Loops may borrow time internally but must complete within the cycle ECEN How Much Borrowing? 2-Phase es T c borrow setup nonoverlap t t t L1 1 2 Combinational Logic 1 LCombinational L t nonoverlap T c T c /2 Nominal Half-Cycle 1 elay t borrow t setup 2 ECEN
19 Clock Skew We have assumed zero clock skew Clocks really have uncertainty in arrival time ecreases maximum propagation delay requirement Increases minimum contamination delay requirement ecreases time borrowing ECEN Skew: Flip-Flops F1 1 Combinational Logic 2 F2 T c t pd < T c ( t setup + t pcq + t skew ) 1 t pcq t pdq t setup t skew sequencing overhead 2 t cd > t hold t ccq + t skew F1 1 CL 2 F2 t skew t hold 1 t ccq 2 t cd ECEN
20 Skew: 2-Phase es Combinational 2 2 Combinational 3 Logic 1 Logic 2 L1 L2 L t pd = t pd1 + t pd2 < T c 2t pdq sequencing overhead: not influenced by skew t cd1, t cd2 > t hold t ccq t nonoverlap + t skew t borrow < T c /2 ( t setup + t nonoverlap + t skew ) ECEN Two-Phase Clocking If setup times are violated, reduce clock speed If hold times are violated, chip fails at any speed In this class, working chips are most important No tools to analyze clock skew An easy way to guarantee hold times is to use 2- phase latches with big nonoverlap times Call these clocks 1, 2 (ph1, ph2) ECEN
21 Flip-Flops: Summary Very easy to use, supported by all tools 2-Phase Transparent es: Lots of skew tolerance and time borrowing ECEN
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