Advanced Display Technology Lecture #12 October 7, 2014 Donald P. Greenberg

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1 Visual Imaging and the Electronic Age Advanced Display Technology Lecture #12 October 7, 2014 Donald P. Greenberg

2 Pixel Qi

3 Images Through Screen Doors

4 Pixel Qi

5 OLPC XO-4 Touch August

6 Organic LEDs (OLEDs) SOFT LIGHT: Junji Kido of Yamagata University shows off his bright and smooth prototype OLED system. John Boyd. Let There Be (a New Kind of) Light, IEEE Spectrum, July 2007.

7 Organic LEDs (OLEDs) Composed of a thin film of organic compounds and conductive layers sandwiched between two electrodes When the charges recombine in the organic layer, energy is released in the form of photons Can be made with fluorescent-based or phosphorescent material John Boyd. Let There Be (a New Kind of) Light, IEEE Spectrum, July 2007.

8 Organic LEDs (OLEDs) Advantages In theory, the energy of this conversion could reach 100% Thickness can be measured in nanometers (extremely thin and lightweight) excluding the substrate Can be manufactured in sheet form Can be put on a variety of substrates including flexible plastic Material is environmentally friendly (no harmful elements) John Boyd. Let There Be (a New Kind of) Light, IEEE Spectrum, July 2007.

9 Potential Uses Could be applied as wallpaper for illumination purposes Very bright and can replace light bulbs already 4x more efficient than light bulbs in terms of lumens/watt With ability to produce red, green, and blue (new), can be used for displays John Boyd. Let There Be (a New Kind of) Light, IEEE Spectrum, July 2007.

10 OLED Explanation A. A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Electrons flow from cathode to anode. B. Thus the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer (causing electron holes).

11 OLED Explanation C. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and holes together and they recombine. D. In organic semiconductors, holes are more mobile than electrons. This happens closer to the emissive layer. E. The recombination causes an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region.

12 Sony OLED Display Sony s OLED Prototype 1080p HDTV

13 Sony 27-inch OLED Panel 2007

14 Samsung Curved OLED TV

15 Ultra-Miniature Projection Display Prototype 1/9/07 Ultra-Miniature Projection Display for Mobile Devices

16 Ultra-Miniature Projection Display Prototype 1/9/07 Ultra-Miniature Projection Display for Mobile Devices

17 Microvision

18 Potential Smart Device Designs Sci Techie.com, May 5, 2010

19 Sony Smartwatch 2 (SW2) inch OLED screen 220 x 176 resolution Battery life of 3-4 days or 14 hours of continual use Communicates with Android 2.1+ smartphones

20 Samsung Galaxy Gear Smartwatch inch AMOLED screen 320 x 320 resolution 800MHz Exynos processor 4GB flash storage 1.9 Mpixel camera 2 microphones

21 Apple s iwatch September 9, 2014

22 Retinal Displays 1. Drive electronics Source image 4. Viewing optics 3. Horizontal & vertical scanners 2. Modulated light sources Virtual Retinal Display primary components.

23 This schematic diagram illustrates the functional components of a laserscanned display system. Information Display, A Helmet-Mounted Laser Display, January 2000, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 13.

24 Nomad for Commercial, Industrial and Automotive Applications

25 Sergey Brin with Google Glass

26 Google Glass Projection System

27 Impedance-matching our Senses: Limitations of WIMP GUI Limited Vision (Flat, 2D) No Speech Limited Audio One Hand Tied Behind Back No Gestures Limited Tactile

Bill Buxton, University of Toronto Multi-Touch Tablet 1985 A touch tablet capable of sensing an arbitrary number of simultaneous touch inputs, reporting both location and degree of touch for each.

28 Bill Buxton, University of Toronto Multi-Touch Tablet 1985 A touch tablet capable of sensing an arbitrary number of simultaneous touch inputs, reporting both location and degree of touch for each. This work was done in 1984, the same year the first Macintosh computer was introduced. Used capacitance, rather than optical sensing and thus was thinner and much simpler than camera-based systems.

29 Touch Panel Displays The ability to display dynamic color images on a flat, rigid surface has enabled new modes of interaction Touch Panel Displays The most popular are: Resistive systems Capacitive systems Infra-red optical systems Frustrated total internal reflections There are many others such as: Surface acoustic waves Strain gauges Thermal Etc. Daniel Turner. Apples iphone, Technology Review, September/October 2007.

30 Multi- touch definition Multi-touch (or multitouch) denotes a set of interaction techniques which allows computer users to control graphical applications with several fingers. Wikipedia

31 Infra-red optical systems Surface is bathed with near infra-red light at 850 nanometers so that it is not visible to the human eye When an object touches the table top, light is reflected to multiple infrared cameras with a net resolution of 1280 x 960 allowing it to sense and react to items touching the table top

32 Microsoft Surface: Behind the Scenes 1) Screen 2) Infrared 3) CPU 4) Projector Popular Mechanics: Microsoft Surface: Behind-the-Scenes First Look

33 Microsoft Surface A 30 acrylic touch screen using TI s DLP mirror technology with Bluetooth connectivity 5 separate cameras record touching or dragging fingertips Can also respond to real world tagged items Surface has been optimized to respond to 52 touches at a time, allowing multiple users

34 Capacitive Systems In the capacitive system, a layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor When the user touches the monitor with his/her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user The decrease is measured by circuits located at the corners of the display and the coordinate of the touch event are calculated Advantage Transmits 90% of light from the monitor Howstuffworks How do touch-screen monitors know where you re touching?

35 Apple s iphone Uses a capacitive technology on an LCD manufactured by Balda (a German company) Users tap soft buttons on this display Eliminates the WIMP interface (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointing) Uses accelerometers, similar to Nintendo s Wii game console interface Everything else is standard Daniel Turner. Apples iphone, Technology Review, September/October 2007.

36 Frustrated Internal Reflections Light from an LED is sent through the acrylic pane so that there is total internal reflection (Snell s Law) When a finger touches the surface, it scatters the light and the location is detected Advantages are high spatial and temporal resolutions and the technology is scalable to very large installations Multi-touch capability Jeff Han, 18 th Annual ACM Symposium

37 Multi- Touch Sensing through Frustrated Total Internal Reflection Multi-Touch Sensing through Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

38 Multitouch Future: Stick-on Plastic Film

39 Wacom Cintiq 22HD 1080p Stylus

40 Cornell SketchPad 2002

41 End

Current and Future Display Technology. NBA 6120 Donald P. Greenberg September 9, 2015 Lecture #4

Current and Future Display Technology NBA 6120 Donald P. Greenberg September 9, 2015 Lecture #4 Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte. 1884-1886 A Pixel Consists of Approximately 2 2/3 Triads A Pixel