Broadband. Reference Guide. Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. Airports. Casinos. Fitness Centers. Retail Stores. Assisted Living.

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1 Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. Broadband Reference Guide Airports Casinos Fitness Centers Retail Stores Houses of Worship Hotels Assisted Living Stadiums & Arenas Offices Broadcast Studios Schools & Universities Government Headends Hospitals MDUs Correctional Facilites

2 Next Generation - Broadband Reference Guide Select the desired channel or frequency by touching the respective blue arrow. At the bottom of the screen, select the icon for the channel application. The full range of channels is listed to the right, select your range, and then choose the appropriate number to the left. Click at the top left menu to return to your channel info.

3 Thank you for requesting our Broadband Reference Guide. We hope you find this latest update helpful as we strive to provide technical information for the broadband industry in a convenient pocket size book. Remember to look for previous versions of the reference guide on the Blonder Tongue website. We welcome any suggestion for further improvement, simply feedback@blondertongue.com. Bob Pallé President One Jake Brown Road, Old Bridge, NJ Phone: Fax: Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of their respective owner.

4 SAFETY System Planning...4 Cable Substitution Chart...5 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables...6 Headend HVAC Considerations...7 PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS Encoder Collection...11 Digital Collection EdgeQAM & IP Solutions DIGITAL REFERENCE Digital Cable (QAM) Digital Over-the-Air Encoding Diagram Digital Content Types Digital Closed Captioning Chroma Sub-Mapping Types Audio Encoding Digital Tech Tips Digital Signal Analysis CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency North American Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency.. 86 ANALOG REFERENCE Analog Cable (RF)...88 Analog Over-the-Air...88 Analog Content Types...89 Analog Closed Captioning...91 North America CATV Frequency Chart...92 US Frequency Spectrum...97 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart...99 FM Broadcast Channel Frequency CONNECTORS & INTERFACES Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference Optical Connectors iv

5 CATV RF CALCULATIONS System Calculations Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics Broadband RF Network Powering OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO Dipole Antenna Equations Multiplexers Antenna General Information Antenna Spacing Antenna Phasing Satellite Transmission Standards System Calculations North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites Broadcast Station "List" INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS Worldwide TV Standards CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics International Analog Channel Standards CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA Basic Cable Theory Conversion Factors Fiber Optics FCC RULES FCC Highlights FCC Rules SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS Common CATV Symbols Common IPTV Symbols CATV & IPTV Acronyms Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms Useful Websites and Publications v

6 Company Profile Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. provides system operators and integrators serving the cable, broadcast, satellite, IPTV, institutional and professional video markets with comprehensive solutions for the provision of content contribution, distribution and video delivery to homes and businesses. With over 60 years of experience, the company designs, manufactures, sells and supports an equipment portfolio of standard and high definition digital video solutions, as well as core analog video and high speed data solutions for distribution over coax, fiber and IP networks.

7 SAFETY PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS DIGITAL REFERENCE ANALOG REFERENCE CONNECTORS & INTERFACES CATV RF CALCULATIONS OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS 11 CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA FCC RULES SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS

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9 1 SAFETY System Planning... 4 Cable Substitution Chart... 5 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables... 6 Headend HVAC Considerations

10 4 System Planning Headend & Distribution System Construction The System Contractor must adhere to both national and local building codes when constructing a Broadband CATV System. This includes, but is not limited to the NEC, NFPA Codes and local building ordinances. Related National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles Article Grounding is one of the largest, most important, and least understood articles in the NEC. As specified in Section 90-1(a), safety is the key element and purpose of the NEC. Proper grounding and bonding is essential for maximum protection of life and property. If over-current protection is considered the first line of defense, grounding could be considered the last line of defense. Article Radio and Television Equipment covers radio and television receiving equipment and amateur radio transmitting and receiving equipment, but not equipment and antennas used for coupling carrier current to power line conductors. Article Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution Systems covers coaxial cable distribution of radio frequency signals typically employed in community antenna television (CATV) systems. National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) -

11 Cable Substitution Chart (Per 2005 NEC*) 5 FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVEL Test Requirements NEC ARTICLES PLENUM 4 (Highest) CMP MULTI-CONDUCTOR COAX NFPA 262 (UL 910 Steiner Tunnel) CL3P CL2P NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVE FPLP CATVP OFNP OFCP BLP CMP CL3P RISER 3 UL-1666 (Vertical Shaft) CMR MULTI-CONDUCTOR CL3R CL2R FPLR COAX CATVR OFNR OFCR BMR GENERAL PURPOSE 2 CMG CM MULTI-CONDUCTOR PLTC COAX BM UL-1685 Vertical Tray or CSA FT4 (UL 1581) CL3 CL2 FPL CATV OFNG OFCG RESIDENTIAL 1(Lowest) VW-1 (Vertical Frame) CMX CL3X CL2X COAX CATVX BLX All cables other than Network Powered Broadband Cables (BMR, BM, BLP, BLX) shall be coaxial cables. CMR CL3R CMG CM CL3 CMX CL3X Cables indicated can be substituted. NEC Type CMP, CMR, CMG, CM, CMX CL3P, CL3R, CL3, CL3X, CL2P, CL2R, CL2, CL2X FPLP, FPLR, FPL CATVP, CATVR, CATV, CATVX OFNP, OFNR, OFNG, OFN OFCP, OFCR, OFCG, OFC PLTC BMR, BM, BLP, BLX Definition Communications Cables Class 2 and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling and Power Limited Cables Power Limited Fire Alarm Cables Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution Cables Nonconductive Optical Fiber Cables Conductive Optical Fiber Cables Power Limited Tray Cables Network-powered Broadband Communications Cables *National Electrical Code and NEC are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, MA.

12 6 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables The maximum continuous current rating for an electronic cable is limited by conductor size, number of conductors contained within the cable, maximum temperature rating of the cable, and environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and air flow. To use the current capacity chart, first determine conductor size, temperature rating, and number of conductors from the applicable product description for the cable of interest. Next, find the current value on the chart for the proper temperature rating and conductor size. To calculate the maximum current rating/conductor, multiply the chart value by the appropriate conductor factor. The chart assumes cable is surrounded by still air at an ambient temperature of 25 C. Current values are in RMS Amperes and are valid for copper conductors only. No. of Conductors** Factors NOTE: Current ratings are intended as general guidelines for low power electronic communications and control applications. Current ratings for power applications generally are set by regulatory agencies such as UL, CSA, NEC, and others. ** Do not count shields unless used as a conductor.

13 Headend HVAC Considerations 7 To maximize equipment reliability and life span, the headend room should be temperature controlled. The heat generated by the headend is one of the major contributors to the total amount of BTU s required for heating and cooling. The specified AC wattage dissipation of a headend component directly correlates to the amount of heat it generates. The conversion from watts to the amount of heat generated in BTU s is as follows: Watts x = BTU s/hour With the total BTU s per hour the headend generates along with the buildings room details, a qualified HVAC technician can determine the necessary heating and cooling requirements.. Sample Headend BTU Calculations B + (8) 6241A s

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15 9 2 PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

16 10 ENCODER COLLECTION...11 HD Encoders SD Encoders DIGITAL COLLECTION...28 Modulators Demodulators Transcoders Multiplexers Processors EdgeQAM & IPTV SOLUTIONS...49 Clear IP-to-Clear/Pro:Idiom Bi-Directional ASI-to-IP Transcoder 12:4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer

17 ENCODER COLLECTION 11

18 12 HD264-2S-IP H.264 HD ENCODER 2xHD-SDI/2xHDMI/2xComponent 1xIP HD264-2S-IP (H.264 HD Encoder 2xHD-SDI/2xHDMI/2xComponent 2xIP) accepts up to two (2) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHD-SDI, 2xHDMI (unencrypted), and 2xComponent. Each input program, if applicable is first digitized, then H.264 or MPEG-2 encoded into a high-definition Single Program Transport Stream (SPTS), and finally IP-encapsulated and delivered in 10/100Base-T Ethernet format as an output. Each SPTS is also available via two (2) identical ancillary outputs in ASI format. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an auto-sensing relay that allows switching to an optional redundant power supply in the unlikely event of primary power supply failure. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. 2xHD-SDI + 2xHDMI + 2xComponent (2 Programs) 4xASI 2xIP UDP/RTP Uni- & Multi-Cast 1 program per each IP output HD264-1S-IP is identical to HD264-2S-IP, but it accepts only one (1) input program and simultaneously delivers 1xIP and 2xASI outputs.

19 13 Features Accepts up to two (2) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHD-SDI, 2xHDMI (unencrypted), and 2xComponent Digitizes & H.264 or MPEG-2 encodes up to two (2) input programs into two (2) 10/100Base-T Ethernet outputs Supports four (4) ancillary outputs in ASI format (2 identical ASI outputs for each input program) Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Provides optional redundant power supply Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HD264-2S-IP 6396 H.264 HD Encoder; 2xHD-SDI + 2xHDMI + 2xComponent inputs; 2xIP + 4xASI outputs HD264-1S-IP 6394 H.264 HD Encoder; 1xHD-SDI + 1xHDMI + 1xComponent inputs; 1xIP + 2xASI outputs HD264-SPS x Standby Power Supply (supports 2x 6396 units) Typical Application

20 14 HDE-2H/2S-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 2xHDMI/2xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-2H/2S-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder 2xHDMI/2xHD-SDI/4xComponent/ Composite 4xQAM) accepts up to four (4) high-definition (HD) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHDMI (unencrypted), 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite. MPEG- 2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 4xQAM, 4xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet), and 4xASI. To improve transport efficiency, the encoder allows operator to (i) assign one (1) to four (4) programs to each QAM output channel, and (ii) to individually turn on/off each of the four (4) adjacent QAM output channels. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. 2xHDMI + 2xHD-SDI + 4xComponent/Composite EAS (4 Inputs Total) 4xASI 4xGigE 4xAdjacent QAM (4 Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby Digital Audio Encoding

21 15 Features Accepts up to four (4) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHDMI (unencrypted), 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 4xQAM, 4xGigE, and 4xASI Multiplexes up to four (4) input programs in any of the following output combinations: (i) 1:1 (1 program per QAM channel) (ii) 2:1 (2 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8Mbps) (iii) 3:1 (3 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) (iv) 4:1 (4 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) Each of the four (4) QAM channels can (i) contain 1 or 2 programs, and (ii) be turned on/off individually Provides +52 dbmv QAM output level for four (4) combined channels (+60 dbmv for 1 QAM) Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model HDE-2H/2S-QAM 6379A Stock # Description Typical Application MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 2xHDMI+2xHD-SDI+4xComponent/ Composite inputs; 4xQAM+4xGigE+4xASI outputs; EAS compatible

22 16 HDE-4S-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 4xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-4S-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder 4xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite 4xQAM) accepts up to four (4) high-definition (HD) programs from any of the following inputs: 4xHD-SDI, 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 4xQAM, 4xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet), and 4xASI. To improve transport efficiency, the encoder allows operator to (i) assign one (1) to four (4) programs to each QAM output channel, and (ii) to individually turn on/off each of the four (4) adjacent QAM output channels. The encoder supports Dolby Digital and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. 4xHD-SDI + 4xComponent/Composite EAS (4 Inputs Total) 4xASI 4xGigE 4xAdjacent QAM (4 Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby Digital Audio Encoding

23 17 Features Accepts up to four (4) programs from any of the following inputs: 4xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 4xQAM, 4xGigE, and 4xASI Multiplexes up to four (4) input programs in any of the following output combinations: (i) 1:1 (1 program per QAM channel) (ii) 2:1 (2 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8Mbps) (iii) 3:1 (3 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) (iv) 4:1 (4 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) Each of the four (4) QAM channels can (i) contain 1 or 2 programs, and (ii) be turned on/off individually Provides +52 dbmv QAM output level for four (4) combined channels (+60 dbmv for 1 QAM) Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-4S-QAM 6374A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 4xHD-SDI+4xComponent/Composite inputs; 4xQAM+4xGigE+4xASI outputs; EAS compatible Typical Application

24 18 HDE-CHV-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite 1xQAM HDE-CHV-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite 1xQAM) accepts one (1) high-definition (HD) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T Ethernet). The QAM RF output is frequency agile over the entire CATV frequency range of MHz (channels 2-158) with an output level of +40 dbmv. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. A rear-panel VGA output port is available for loop-through applications. 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite (1 Program) 1xASI 1xIP 1xQAM (1 Program) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby Digital Audio Encoding

25 Features Accepts one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP Provides +40 dbmv QAM RF output level Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Compact design permits installation of up to 3 Encoder modules in 1RU Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-CHV-QAM 6384A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite inputs; 1xQAM+1xASI+1xIP outputs HDE-3MCH RU Rack mount chassis; holds 3 HDE-CHV-QAM modules Typical Application

26 20 HDE-CSV-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/Composite 1xQAM HDE-CSV-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/ Composite 1xQAM) accepts one (1) high-definition (HD) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHD-SDI, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T Ethernet). The QAM RF output is frequency agile over the entire CATV frequency range of MHz (channels 2-158) with an output level of +40 dbmv. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. A rear-panel VGA output port is available for loop-through applications. 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/Composite (1 Program) 1xASI 1xIP 1xQAM (1 Program) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby Digital Audio Encoding

27 21 Features Accepts one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHD-SDI, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP Provides +40 dbmv QAM RF output level Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Compact design permits installation of up to 3 Encoder modules in 1RU Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-CSV-QAM 6382A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/ Composite inputs; 1xQAM+1xASI+1xIP outputs HDE-3MCH RU Rack mount chassis; holds 3 HDE-CSV-QAM modules Typical Application

28 22 HDE-8C-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 8xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-8C-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder 8xComponent/Composite 4xQAM) accepts up to eight (8) analog programs from any of the following inputs: 8xComponent and 8xComposite. The encoder is equipped with a spare input (9th input) to replace any one (1) of the primary eight (8) inputs in the event of a failure. The encoder digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes each input into a high-definition stream, multiplexes the resulting eight (8) streams, and then modulates them onto four (4) adjacent QAM channels in the MHz range (CATV 2-158). Any one (1) of the four (4) QAM outputs is also available in ASI format. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. Optional software upgrade (Stock # 6371) enables the encoder to (i) accept eight (8) analog programs from DishNetwork s ViP211k satellite receivers, (ii) automatically switch over to any of the primary eight (8) receivers in the event of failure to maintain the program stream, and (iii) provide remote monitoring and control of up to nine (9) DishNetwork s ViP211K satellite receivers through UPnP protocol using a standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. HD-Device #1 HD-Device #2 HD-Device #8 Spare HD-Device #9 Component/ Composite # 1 Component/ Composite # 2 Component/ Composite # 8 Component/ Component #9 8xComponent/Composite + 1xSpare (8 HD Programs Total) EAS 1xASI 4xQAM (8 HD Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby Audio Encoding

29 Features Accepts up to 8 programs from any of the following inputs: 8xComponent and 8xComposite Supports additional 1 spare input to replace the failed input Digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes, and multiplexes up to 8 inputs into 4 QAM output channels (2 programs per QAM channel) Provides any 1 of the 4 QAM output streams in ASI format Compatible with ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 db below primary QAM output) Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-8C-QAM 6370 MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 8xComponent + 8xComposite + 1xSpare inputs; 4xQAM + 1xASI outputs; EAS compatible 6371 OPTION-1 MPEG-2 HD Encoder for DishNetwork s ViP211k Satellite Receivers Typical Application 23 6

30 110/230V 2.0/1.0A 50/60Hz CAUTION: FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION FUSE 3.0A 250V SB AGAINST FIRE HAZARD REPLACE WITH SAME TYPE FUSE EAS CONTROL DRY CONTACT GND 5 TO 12VDC QAM RF OUTPUT SD ENCODER 4AV-QAM MODEL: SDE-4AV-QAM STOCK NO HDMI R EAS INPUT L Pr Pb Y COMPONENT IN V VGA OUTPUT VGA INPUT R R INPUT 1 L L INPUT 2 V CC V R R INPUT 3 L L INPUT 4 V V 24 SDE-4AV-QAM MPEG-2 SD ENCODER 4xAV 1xQAM SDE-4AV-QAM (MPEG-2 SD Encoder 4xAV 1xQAM) accepts up to four (4) standard-definition (SD) input programs in NTSC baseband Audio/Video format. Each input program is digitized, MPEG-2 encoded, and then multiplexed into one Multi-Program Transport Stream (MPTS). The output is available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet). An optional high definition (HD) software upgrade allows the encoder to switch modes between SD and HD. When operating in HD mode, the encoder accepts one (1) program from any one of the following inputs: 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA or 1xComponent. The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. 4xAV (4 Inputs Total) EAS REMOTE DATA OUT CONTROL IP RESET GIGE 10/100 1xASI 1xGigE 1xQAM (4 Programs) Optional HD and VGA Inputs (Software Upgradable)

31 Features Accepts up to four (4) programs in NTSC baseband A/V format Digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes, & multiplexes up to four (4) programs into one MPTS Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xGigE Supports optional HD software upgrade to accept one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, or 1xComponent Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 db below primary QAM output) Compatible with ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 Supports user-defined PSIP configuration 25 6 Ordering Information Model Stock # Description SDE-4AV-QAM 6364 MPEG-2 SD Encoder; 4xAV inputs; 1xQAM + 1xASI + 1xGigE outputs; EAS compatible Typical Application

32 26 SDE-6S-ASI MPEG-2 SD/HD ENCODER/MULTIPLEXER 6xSD-SDI/NTSC 1xASI SDE-6S-ASI (MPEG-2 SD/HD Encoder/ Multiplexer 6xSD-SDI/6xNTSC 1xASI) accepts up to six (6) standard-definition (SD) programs from any of the following inputs: 6xSD-SDI, and 6xNTSC. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are multiplexed into one Multi- Program Transport Stream (MPTS) which is available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T). The encoder supports Dolby Digital audio encoding for (16) analog stereo audio pairs (L+R) which in addition to primary and secondary audio programs also provide a third pair for the Audio Descriptor Service, an additional narration track for blind and visually impaired, as mandated by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (CVAA). Ad insertion SCTE 30/35 compliant queuing messages are generated for each program from either the audio Cue Tone input or an insertion contact closure (operator selectable). A baseband audio analog encoding capability table is provided on the following page for easy reference. In addition to the baseband audio analog encoding capability audio programs that are already encoded and present on the SDI inputs may be multiplexed with the respective output (pass-through) without utilizing the baseband audio analog encoding resource. The encoder also supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608, and EIA-708), and Emergency Alert System (EAS). A front-panel DVI port is available for real-time monitoring of active programs during operation. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel SFP port (10/100BaseT). 6xSD-SDI or NTSC (6 Programs Total) EAS Uni- & Multi-cast UDP 1xIP 1xASI (6 Programs Total) MPEG-2 SD/HD Encoding Dolby Digital Audio Encoding

33 27 6 Features Accepts up to six (6) video programs from any of the following inputs: 6xSD-SDI and 6xNTSC Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xASI and 1xIP Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Provides audio encoding for Primary Audio, SAP (Secondary Audio Program), & Audio Descriptor Service Provides ad messaging via SCTE 30/35 activated by either Cue Tone Audio input or upon contact closure (user selectable) Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Supports Real-time Dolby Digital audio encoding Supports Emergency Alert System (EAS) Supports user-defined static PSIP configuration Supports compressed digital audio pass through for all HD-SDI & SDI inputs Ordering Information Model Stock # Description SDE-6S-ASI 6365 MPEG-2 SD Encoder/Multiplexer; accepts only up to six (6) SD-SDI or NTSC inputs SDE-6S-HD-UPG 6366 Optional software upgrade for 2 HD-SDI inputs (or eight (8) SD-SDI inputs) Typical Application

34 28 DIGITAL COLLECTION

35 Content from Satellite Dish 29 Digital QPSK/8PSK IRD IRD #1 IRD #2 1x ASI 2x ASI QTM Series QTM-II/HD/HDPLUS Stock No AQM Stock No. 6271B MUX-2A-QAM Stock No } Digital (QAM) IRD = Integrated Receiver/Decoder Content from Broadcasters Digital 8VSB 4x 8VSB 2x 8VSB DHDC Stock No. 6264A & 5A EAS EAS AQD Stock No MDDM Stock No Note: Output must be within UHF channels 14 to 69. AP A Stock No DAP PLUS Stock No AQP Stock No AQT Stock No EAS DQMx Stock No. 6259A MUX-2D-QAM Stock No MDDA Stock No Optional: Digital ASI Optional: Digital ASI } } Digital (8VSB) Analog (Composite) Analog (Modulated RF) } Digital (QAM) Digital (ASI) Analog UHF/VHF EAS AP A Stock No Analog (UHF/VHF)

36 30 Content from Cable Companies Digital CLEAR QAM } AP A EAS Stock No AQP Stock No AQT Stock No Digital (QAM) DQMx 4x QAM Stock No. 6259A MUX-2D-QAM 2x QAM EAS Stock No AQD Stock No Optional: Digital ASI Analog (Composite) MDDM } Stock No EAS EAS AP A Stock No DAP PLUS Stock No Optional: Digital ASI Analog } (Modulated RF) MDDA Stock No Digital (ASI)

37 The AP A (Agile Digital/Analog Processor) operates in one of the three following modes: Mode 1: Analog Heterodyne Processor (Analog RF IN > Analog RF OUT) Mode 2: Digital Heterodyne Processor (QAM IN > QAM OUT) Mode 3: Digital-to-Analog Processor (8VSB or QAM IN > Analog RF OUT) Mode 1 Analog RF CATV Ch. T7-T13 CATV Ch VHF Ch UHF Ch CATV Ch. T7-T13 CATV Ch Mode 2 QAM AP A Agile Processor Mode 3 QAM/8VSB CATV Ch VHF Ch UHF Ch EAS 31 CATV Ch CATV Ch CATV Ch Analog RF +60 dbmv QAM +55 dbmv Features As an agile analog heterodyne processor: accepts one Analog RF input (CATV sub-band channels T7-T13, CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one Analog RF output (CATV standard channels 2-135) As an agile digital heterodyne processor: accepts one Digital Cable QAM input (CATV sub-band channels T7-T13, and CATV standard channels 2-135) and delivers one Digital Cable QAM output (CATV standard channels 2-135) As an agile digital-to-analog processor: accepts one Digital Off-air 8VSB or Digital Cable QAM input (CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one Analog RF output (CATV standard channels 2-135) Equipped with EAS interface which can also be used as an IF (Intermediate Frequency) input Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AP A Agile, Processor, +60 dbmv, MHz output Related Products Model Description DAP Digital-to-Analog Processor; 1 RU AP Series Agile Heterodyne Processor; 1 RU Analog RF +60 dbmv

38 32 AQC Series Agile QAM Converter AQC (Agile QAM Convertor) is designed for data-over-cable and digital Video-on-Demand (VoD) applications. The unit features an advanced menu system based on a flash upgradable microcontroller which facilitates programming information to be easily entered with frontpanel navigational key-pad. QAM IF 44 MHz QAM Agile MHz Refer to product instruction manual for additional specification measurements and notes. Features Agile output frequency range of MHz compatible with Standard, HRC, IRC channel assignments. Compact design allows for deployment of 6 modules in 2RU QAM output is tunable in 12.5 khz increments. Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQC 6274 Agile QAM Converter MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 modules) MIPS-12D 7722D VAC 50/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis) 6274 (1 of 6) 7722C 7715

39 AQD 33 ATSC/QAM DEMODULATOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xAV / 2xASI AQD (ATSC/QAM Demodulator) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in NTSC composite analog Audio/Video format, and two identical outputs in ASI format. AQD allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also allows an operator to cherry-pick channels from a clear QAM cable lineup. AQD PLUS is the same as AQD, but includes the AFD broadcast package. AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of codes embedded in the video stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally display a 16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format. Remote Monitoring & Control via AQD-RCS 8VSB OR QAM Composite Analog A/V 2 x ASI (AQD PLUS ASI only) Features Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (QAM 64 and 256) NTSC Composite Analog Audio/Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) Optional AQD-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQD modules Optional AQD-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply (AQD Power & Control module) Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQD 6245 ATSC/QAM Demodulator AQD PLUS 6244 AQD with AFD Broadcast Package AQD PLUS ASI AQD PLUS with 2x ASI outputs AQD-PCM 6246 AQD Power & Control Module 2730 QTRC 6233 QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis Options AQD-RCS 2730 AQD Remote Configuration Server Module AQD/AQT-SPS 6253 AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply QTHF 6235 QT Headend Fan 6245 (1 of 8)

40 AQM 34 AGILE QAM MODULATOR 1xASI 1xQAM AQM (Agile QAM Modulator) accepts one MPEG-2 digital transport stream encapsulated in an ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface) format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the MHz range. ASI QAM (with sub-band) Features Input standard supported is ASI with data stream not to exceed 270 Mbps Output standards supported are ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024) Optional IF output (Intermediate Frequency) and LVDS input (Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) is available Compact design allows for deployment of six modules in 2RU rack space Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQM 6271B Agile QAM Modulator MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 AQM modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110 VAC/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis) MIPS-12C PAL B7722C 220 VAC/50 Hz power supply (one per chassis) 6271 (1 of 6) 7722D 7715

41 AQP 35 ATSC/QAM PROCESSOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM AQP (ATSC/QAM Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, including the sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13, and delivers one output in QAM format in the MHz range. AQP can be utilized in a remote headend to regenerate a clean QAM channel from a degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM. It can also be utilized in remote digital origination applications, where the QAM channel needs to be delivered to the headend via the sub-band frequencies. 8VSB OR QAM QAM Agile MHz +55 dbmv (115 dbµv) Features Supports sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13 for remote digital origination applications Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB & 16VSB) and digital cable (QAM 16/32/64/128/206) Agile QAM output at +55 dbmv and in the frequency range of MHz range Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQP VSB/QAM-to-QAM Processor with sub-band input

42 36 AQT ATSC/QAM TRANSCODER 1x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM AQT (ATSC/QAM Transoder) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the MHz range. AQT can be utilized in a remote headend to regenerate a clean QAM channel from a degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM. Remote Monitoring & Control via AQT-RCS 8VSB OR QAM QAM Features Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB & 16VSB) and digital cable (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256) Agile QAM output at +40 dbmv and in the frequency range of MHz range Optional AQT-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQT modules Optional AQT-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply (AQT Power & Control module) Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQT 6275 ATSC-to-QAM Transcoder AQT-PCM 6276 AQT Power & Control Module 2736 QTRC 6233 QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis 6275 (1 of 8) Optional Equipment AQT-RCS 2736 AQT Remote Configuration Server Module AQD/AQT-SPS 6253 AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply QTHF 6235 Headend Fan HDA Series 6240 xx Integrated Combiner & Distribution Amplifier

43 AQT8 Series ATSC/QAM TRANSCODER 8x8VSB/QAM IP/QAM AQT8 Series (ATSC/QAM Transcoder) accepts up to eight (8) inputs in 8VSB (Digital off-air) or QAM (clear digital cable) format. Two models are available depending on the desired output format. The AQT8-IP provides an IP (GigE) output and the AQT8-QAM provides QAM and IP outputs simultaneously. The AQT8 Series features Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through either an ASI or IP format EAS input and terminal block contacts for triggering. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection. 37 8xATSC/QAM 8xQAM IP Features Accepts up to eight (8) ATSC or QAM channel inputs AQT8-IP (Stock No. 6280) provides IP output only AQT8-QAM (Stock No. 6281) provides IP and QAM outputs Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 when embedded in RF input(s) Accepts EAS input in ASI and IP formats Provides an ASI output of user selected input port Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQT8-IP 6280 ATSC/QAM Transcoder, 8xATSC/QAM inputs, 1xIP output AQT8-QAM 6281 ATSC/QAM Transcoder, 8xATSC/QAM inputs, IP + QAM outputs

44 38 BTPRO-1000 QAM/8VSB/Analog Signal Analyzer BTPRO-1000 is a versatile CATV test instrument for measuring both digital and analog CATV and Broadcast TV signals. Robust and easy to use, BTPRO-1000 provides hours of operating time from its high capacity battery. The instrument comes complete with a soft carrying case, AC main and automotive chargers. An optional Pro:Idiom Key Recovery feature is available for Hospitality applications that employ Pro:Idiom television sets. The option consists of a built-in frequency agile QAM modulator that connects directly to an affected Pro:Idiom TV to provide new encryption key information. Features QAM/8VSB/NTSC Measurements Extended frequency range of MHz MER, aber, bber, Noise Margin and Level/Power measurements plus Spectrum Analysis Automatic quality analysis: FAIL-MARGINAL-PASS Auto Seek & Store Function - an essential feature for creating custom memory channel plans. Scans receivable signals, determines signal type (QAM, 8VSB or analog) and stores only those channels having signal levels above user defined values Ingress and Leakage Modes Data Logger Function: Steps through each channel in the Active memory plan and stores all related measurements Graphics Display Alpha-numeric keypad Optional TV Key Recovery for Hospitality Pro:Idiom systems Ordering Information Model Stock # Description BTPRO QAM/8VSB/Analog Signal Analyzer 4230 RK Signal Analyzer with Pro:Idiom Key Recovery Option

45 DAP Series 39 DIGITAL/ANALOG PROCESSOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xANALOG RF/2xASI DAP PLUS (Digital/Analog Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in modulated analog RF format. DAP PLUS includes the AFD broadcast package. AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of codes embedded in the video stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally display a 16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format. The DAP PLUS can be equipped with an optional RNC module (Remote Network Card) for remote monitoring and control operations. One RNC module can monitor and control up to sixty-four DAP PLUS units installed in a headend. Additionally, it can be equipped with an optional ASI module (Asynchronous Serial Interface) that delivers two identical ASI stream outputs, allowing a seamless migration to an all-digital platform. Remote Monitoring & Control via RNC Module 8VSB OR QAM EAS 2xASI Optional Analog RF Features Agile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the MHz range Supports Emergency Alert System (EAS) input which can also be used as an Intermediate Frequency (IF) input Automated scanning captures all available off-air or cable programs present on the input signal Supports both the Primary and the SAP (Secondary Audio Program) audio programs Output power level range of +50 to +62 dbmv adjustable in 0.2 db increments Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DAP PLUS 6295 Digital-to-Analog Processor with AFD DAP PLUS ASI DAP PLUS equipped with ASI module DAP PLUS RNC DAP PLUS equipped with Remote Network Card (RNC) Module DAP PLUS A/R DAP PLUS equipped with both the ASI and the RNC Modules

46 40 DHDP Series DIGITAL HD PROCESSOR 1x8VSB 1xIF 1x8VSB DHDP (Digital High-Definition Processor) is a two-module system consisting of one down-converter module and one up-converter module. The down-converter accepts one 8VSB (digital off-air) input in the MHz range and delivers one output in IF (Intermediate Frequency) format. The up-converter accepts one IF input and delivers one output in 8VSB format. 8VSB 8VSB Features Agile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the MHz range Compatible with Digital TV and High-Definition TV applications Compact design allows for deployment of six Combo modules in 2RU rack space Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DHDC-DV 6264A Digital TV & High-Definition TV Down-converter module DHDC-UV 6265A Digital TV & High-Definition TV Up-converter module DHDP-V 6266B Combo modules (6264A A) MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 combo modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110 VAC/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis) DHDP A Digital TV & High-Definition Integrated Unit (+50 dbmv Output) 6264A (1 of 6) 6265A (1 of 6) 7722D 7715

47 DQMx DIGITAL QAM MULITPLEXER 4x8VSB/QAM/ASI 1xQAM DQMx (Digital QAM Multiplexer) accepts up to four inputs in ASI, 8VSB, and QAM formats, and delivers one output in QAM format in the MHz range. Two types of input modules are available (ASI and 8VSB/QAM), and any combination of input modules is allowed for example, DQMx can be equipped with 2 ASI and 2 8VSB/QAM input modules. Each ASI input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 270 Mbps. Each 8VSB/QAM input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 19.4 Mbps for 8VSB or 38.8 Mbps for QAM 256. The QAM-modulated output can contain up to twelve channels, not to exceed 38.8 Mpbs when operating in QAM 256 mode. ASI & 8VSB & QAM EAS 41 HD/SD MPEG-2 PROCESSING QAM Features Maintains MPEG-2 mapping if the input ASI stream is removed and the same stream is added later (for example, after a power cycle) In addition to PAT, PMT, and MGT tables, supports the RRT, STT, and VCT tables of the MPEG-2 transport stream Automatically re-maps duplicate PIDs, program numbers, and minor channel numbers Maintains mapping with new PAT/PMT/MGT versions and same programming User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DQMx 6259A Digital QAM Multiplexer; Mainframe only (requires input modules) DQMx-RF VSB/QAM input module DQMx-ASI 6257 ASI input module A

48 MDDA Micro ATSC/QAM Transcoder 1x8VSB/QAM 1xASI The MDDA-860 is a digital demodulator and transcoder that receives one input in ATSC 8VSB (digital off-air) or clear QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one output in ASI format. 6 8VSB OR QAM ASI Features Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256) Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress Demodulates & transcodes HDTV/SDTV digital signals to ASI Compact design allows for deployment of 12 units in 2RU On-site firmware updates available through front-panel Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MDDA ATSC/QAM-to-ASI Transcoder MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 12 modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110V/60Hz power supply (one per chassis configuration above) 6277 (1 of 12) 7722D 7715

49 6 MDDM Micro ATSC/QAM Demodulator 1x8VSB/QAM 1xAV The MDDM-860 is a digital demodulator and decoder that receives one input in ATSC 8VSB (digital off-air) or clear QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one NTSC composite analog video and stereo audio output. The unit allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also allows operators to cherry-pick channels from a clear QAM cable lineup. Headends processing analog broadcasts using Blonder Tongue s MIDM demodulators and MICM modulators can be upgraded seamlessly to process digital broadcasts by simply replacing the MIDM with a MDDM. 8VSB OR QAM Composite Analog A/V Features Compact design allows for deployment of 6 channels (6 MDDM modules + 6 MICM modulators) in 2RU NTSC Composite Analog Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256) Scans all 8VSB or QAM channels and stores in memory for quick channel selection Demodulates HDTV/SDTV digital signals to NTSC video and analog L/R audio On-site firmware updates/status monitoring available through front-panel Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress Adjustable picture sizes for 16:9 to 4:3 image conversion Supports Mono, Stereo, and SAP audio modes Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MDDM ATSC/QAM Demodulator MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 MDDM + 6 MICM modulators) MIPS-12D 7722D 110 V/60 Hz power supply 7797D (1 of 6) (one per chassis config. above) MICM 7797D Micro channel modulator 6273 (1 of 6) 7722D 7715

50 44 Mux-2D-QAM 8VSB/QAM Multiplexer 2x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM The MUX-2D-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two digital channels received in either 8VSB or QAM format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network. The MUX-2D-QAM accepts up to two (2) 8VSB or clear QAM channels and aggregates them onto one QAM RF output in the MHz range. The MUX-2D-QAM provides the capability to filter program streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each. The MUX-2D-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through ASI input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source, which must be in ASI format, can be shared among multiple MUX-2D-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the need for external splitting and amplification. 2x8VSB/QAM EAS EAS Loop 1xQAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS) Features Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels User-defined channel names EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps Accepts ASI input as EAS input source User-defined QAM Output Parameters Maintains MPEG-2 mapping Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-2D-QAM 6504 Multiplexer, 2x 8VSB/QAM Inputs, Agile MHz QAM output, EAS compatible

51 Mux-2A-QAM ASI Multiplexer 2xASI QAM The MUX-2A-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two input sources in ASI format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network. The MUX-2A-QAM accepts up to two (2) ASI inputs and aggregates them onto one QAM RF output in the MHz range. The MUX-2A-QAM provides the capability to filter program streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each. The MUX-2A-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through a third ASI input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source can be shared among multiple MUX-2A-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the need for external splitting and amplification. 2xASI EAS 45 EAS Loop 1xQAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS) Features Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels User-defined channel names EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps Accepts ASI input as EAS input source User-defined QAM Output Parameters Maintains MPEG-2 mapping Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-2A-QAM 6505 Multiplexer, 2x ASI Inputs, Agile MHz QAM output, EAS compatible

52 46 6 QTM QAM TRANSCODER MODULE 1xQPSK/8PSK 1xQAM QTM (QAM Transcoder Module) accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the MHz range. The four available models are: 1. QTM-II - accepts one input in QPSK format, and delivers one output in QAM 64 mode. 2. QTM-HD - accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers on output in QAM 256 mode. 3. QTM-HD PLUS - the same as QTM-HD, but capable of QAM 512/1024 modes. 4. QTM-HD NPU - the same as QTM-HD, but with a Null Packet feature that allows adding/removing null packets to/from the input stream. QPSK or 8PSK QAM Features Supports the 8PSK modulation typically used for High-Definition TV programming Supports ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B standards (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024) Compact design allows for deployment of 8 transcoders, and power & control module, in 3RU rack space Optional Headend Web Server allows for remote monitoring and control of each transcoder Optional Standby Power Supply allows for uninterrupted service in the unlikely event of a primary power supply failure Ordering Information Model Stock # Description QTM-II 6231A QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK input, QAM 64 output QTM-HD 6241 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output QTM-HD PLUS 6242 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 512/1024 output QTM-HD NPU 6278 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output; Null Packet add/remove capability QTRC 6233 Rack Chassis; 3RU (holds up to 8 QTM modules) QTPCM PLUS 6232B QT Power and Control Module (one per chassis) QTM (1 of 8) 6232B 6233 Optional Equipment QT-HWS-II 2728 QTM Headend Web Server for remote monitoring and control QTSPS 6239A QT Stand-by Power Supply with integrated fan tray (supports 2 fullyloaded rack chassis) QTHF 6235 QT 1RU rack-mounted fan tray QTRFC port QAM combiner (mounts on the top of the Rack Chassis 6233) 6239A QTRFS port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233) QTRFS x 4-port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233) 2728

53 QTM-HD-4 47 QAM TRANSCODER MODULE 4xQPSK/8PSK 4xQAM QTM-HD-4 (QAM Transcoder Module) contains four (4) independent transcoders in a single module. Each of these transcoders accepts one (1) input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and the module delivers four outputs in QAM format in the MHz range. An integrated satellite selector switch allows operator to select any of the QPSK/8PSK inputs from up to 4 different satellites without the need for a separate external multiswitch. The 4 RF QAM output channels can be grouped in any 42 MHz-wide span, for example grouped consecutively in a 24 MHz-wide span, or grouped as two pairs of adjoining RF channels each 12 MHz wide, or any other possible combination of 4x 6 MHz-wide channels placed in a 42 MHz-wide span. The QTM-HD-4 modules are designed to be housed in the same chassis and to be powered with the same power/control module currently used with our QTM-HD-PLUS modules (Stock 6242) that are QAM 512/1024 compatible. The QTM-HD-4 may be monitored and controlled via GUI-based web pages from any computer either locally or via the internet. 42 MHz 6 MHz 4xQPSK/8PSK user-selectable from 4 different satellites 4xQAM 4x 6 MHz-wide chs. in any 42 MHz-wide span TYPICAL DEPLOYMENT: 4x consecutive QAMs 24 MHz Features Supports QPSK/8PSK inputs (DVB-S, DVB-S2, Turbo FEC) Equipped with integrated satellite switch allowing operator to select inputs from 4 different satellites Supports ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B QAM output (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256) Can be deployed with QTM-HD-Plus (Stock 6242) for applications requiring QAM 512/1024 modulation Compact design allows for deployment of 4 units (16 transcoders), including the power & control module, in 3RU Optional Standby Power Supply allows for uninterrupted service in the unlikely event of a primary power supply failure GUI-based menu, including SNMP-based management, provides remote monitoring/control capabilities Ordering Information Model Stock # Description QTM-HD QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output QTRC 6233A Rack Chassis; 3RU (holds up to 4 QTM-HD-4 modules) QTPCM QT Power & Control Module (one per chassis) 3RU Optional Equipment QTSPS 6239A QT Standby Power Supply with integrated fan tray (supports 2 fully-loaded rack chassis) QTHF 6235 QT 1RU rack-mounted fan tray 6239A QTM-HD-4 (1of4) A

54 48

55 EdgeQAM & IPTV SOLUTIONS 49

56 50 EdgeQAM Solutions Dish Network (ViP222 receivers) DTCP-IP 64 programs EQAM-400B Stock No. 6520B 16 RF QAM Ch. 4 programs per QAM BellTV (6131 or 6400 receivers) DTCP-IP 48 programs EQAM-450B Stock No. 6525B 16 RF QAM Ch. 3 programs per QAM }Pro:Idiom QAM Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via Web browser User-selectable QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 modulation modes Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 db below primary QAM output) Provides SNMP v2 for product and network management Provides comprehensive management of receivers Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams Provides Null Packet deletion and addition MSO headend IP over Fiber Transport Network Clear-IP SPTS Mode: 64 SPTS MPTS Mode: 16 MPTS (64 Programs) EQAM-420B Stock No. 6522B 16 RF QAM Ch. 4 programs per QAM Clear/ Pro:Idiom QAM SPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) MPTS Mode: Accepts up sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum 4 programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps Each input program can contain 1 video and up to 2 audio elementary streams Supports IGMPv3 protocol Configurable with 4 modules, each with four (4) adjacent QAM channels, for a total of 16 QAM channels Supports network based EAS program switching based on SCTE-18 Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via standard Web browsers Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 db below primary QAM output) Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams Provides Null packet insertion and deletion

57 IPTV Solutions 51 1xASI 1xASI IPAT Stock No xGigE 1xGigE ASI Input/Output interface Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Input/Output interface Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols Supports variable and constant bitrates Optional RF modules RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14 RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dbmv 12xASI 144 un-encrypted programs EAS MUX-12A-IP Stock No xASI 20 programs 4xGigE ASI Input Supports unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) ASI port #12 is user-selectable for EAS messaging Supports 12 unencrypted ASI inputs, each up to 270 Mbps Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction Performs Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Output Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols Supports variable and constant bitrates Provides a single IPv4 address & port

58 52 EQAM-420 Series EdgeQAM with EAS 2xGbE 16xQAM (Clear/Pro:Idiom ) EQAM-420B (EdgeQAM with EAS) is designed to allow CATV operators to aggregate multiple SDTV/HDTV programs received in IP format and to deliver them over a standard coaxial distribution network. Each input program can contain one (1) video and up to two (2) audio Elementary streams. The EQAM-420B is capable of accepting unencrypted (clear) 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) streams in one of the following two modes: SPTS Mode: Up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) MPTS Mode: Up to sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum four (4) programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps. The input streams are aggregated in up to sixteen (16) QAM RF channels in the MHz range. The unit can be configured with four (4) QAM output modules, each capable of delivering four (4) adjoining QAM channels. Each QAM channel can contain up to four (4) programs. The EQAM-420B supports network-based (Soft/IP enabled Trigger) EAS program switching based on the SCTE 18 standard. The unit also allows the operator to maintain the QAM RF output unencrypted, or to encrypt it with Pro:Idiom against content piracy. To utilize the Pro:Idiom encryption feature, the input streams must be received on a dedicated GbE port and must meet the Pro:Idiom requirements. When Pro:Idiom encryption is activated, QAM set-top box or external Pro:Idiom decrypter is required to view Pro:Idiom encrypted premium channels. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection. The SCTE-18 based EAS trigger is also received via the same port. Mode 1 Mode 2 64 SPTS 16 MPTS EAS (SCTE-18 Compliant) Clear GbE 16xQAM (Clear/Pro:Idiom )

59 53 Features SPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) MPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum 4 programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps Each input program can contain 1 video and up to 2 audio elementary streams Supports IGMPv3 protocol Configurable with 4 modules, each with four (4) adjacent QAM channels, for a total of 16 QAM channels Supports network based EAS program switching based on SCTE-18 Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring/control via standard Web browsers Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 db below primary QAM output) Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams Provides Null packet insertion and deletion Ordering Information Model Stock # Description EQAM-420B B-4-64 EdgeQAM-420B equipped with 4 Quad-QAM output modules (accepts 64 unencrypted HD programs) EQAM-420B-PIL 6522B-PIL* Software option to add Pro:Idiom encryption * Available to Pro:Idiom licensees only Typical Application

60 54 IPAT 1xGbE IP - ASI Transcoder 1xASI IPAT (IP ASI Transcoder) is a bi-direction IP ASI transcoder that accepts MPEG2/4- encoded input streams in 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) and ASI formats simultaneously. GbE input is transcoded to ASI output while ASI input is transcoded to GbE output. IP GbE IP GbE ASI or QAM/8VSB (with optional RF IN module) ASI or QAM (with optional RF OUT module) Two factory-installed optional modules (the RF IN and the RF OUT) allow input/output in QAM & 8VSB formats rendering the product suitable for a wider range of applications. An integrated web server provides comprehensive GUI-based local and remote control/ monitoring thru any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT interface. Features ASI Input/Output interface Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Input/Output interface Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols Supports variable and constant bitrates Optional RF modules RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14 RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dbmv Ordering Information Model Stock # Description IPAT 6510 GbE-to-ASI and ASI-to-GbE transcoder IPAT-RFO 6512 IPAT equipped with RF OUT module IPAT-RFI 6514 IPAT equipped with RF IN module

61 Typical Applications 55 ASI Multiple Programs QAM/8VSB-to-ASI Transcoder Model: MDDA Stock No CATV Headend Multiple virtual channels GbE Multiple Programs 1. IPAT's "native ASI Input with Single- or Multi-Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) 2. RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing the optional "RF IN" module 3. RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing an external QAM-to-ASI transcoder 4. GbE output with uni- or multi-cast programs 5. Display: Computer equipped with typical media player or typical TV via an IP-to-RF settop box GbE Multiple Programs 1. GbE interface with uni- or multi-cast programs 2. The "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM utilizing the optional "RF OUT" module ASI Multiple Programs 3. THe "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM utilizing an external QAM modulator 4. The "standard" ASI output multiplexed with other ASI streams and modulated to RF QAM 5. Display: Digital TV Multiple virtual channels ASI streams from Other IPATs/sources Multiple virtual channels ASI-to-QAM Modulator Model: AQM Stock No. 6271B Multiple virtual channels

62 Mux-12A-IP 56 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer 12xASI 4xIP MUX-12A-IP (12:4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer; 12xASI > 4xIP) is designed for cherrypicking applications, allowing operators to create custom-made channel lineups by grooming standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) programs on an as-needed basis. The multiplexer accepts up to twelve (12) unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 inputs in ASI format and multiplexes them into up to four (4) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi-Program Transport Streams (MPTS) which are then encapsulated and assigned to up to four (4) IPv4 addresses in 1000Base-T Ethernet (GigE) format suitable for distribution over Cat-5 networks. Any two (2) of the four (4) MPTS output streams are also available in ASI format. Each ASI input stream can contain up to 20 unencrypted programs, for a total of 240 input programs. The GigE output can contain up to 20 programs groomed in up to four (4) MPTS output streams from any of the available 240 input programs, each MPTS output stream not to exceed 214 Mbps, and the sum of programs in all MPTS output streams not to exceed 20. The multiplexer is EAS-compliant (Emergency Alert System) operator can assign ASI port #12 as an EAS input which, when activated, will override the content of all other ASI inputs. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished via a GUI-based interface using any standard web browser. 12xASI (240 Programs Total) EAS 1x ASI (port #12) Any 2 of 4 MPTS output streams 2xASI 4xIP (GigE) 20 Programs Total Up to 4 IPv4 addresses Uni- & Multi-cast UDP/RTP

63 57 Features Accepts up to 12 unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi-Program Transport Streams (SPTS or MPTS) in ASI format, each up to 270 Mbps Provides 1, 2, 3, or 4 MPTS output streams when operating in Single, Dual, Triple, or Quad IP Outputs Modes respectively Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web Browsers Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction, null packet insertion, and deletion Supports EAS (Emergency Alert System) input on ASI Input port 12 Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols Supports ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-12A-IP :4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer; 12xASI inputs; 4xIP (GigE) + 2xASI outputs; EAS compliant

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65 59 3 DIGITAL REFERENCE Digital Cable (QAM)...60 Digital Over-the-Air...60 Encoding Diagram...61 Digital Content Types...62 Digital Closed Captioning...64 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types...66 Audio Encoding...67 Digital Tech Tips...70 Digital Signal Analysis...75 CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency...84 North American Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency...86

66 60 Digital Cable (QAM) Type: Digital Cable (since 1990) Name: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: Variable depends of modulation scheme QAM modulation modulation = 26.9 = 26.9 Mbps Mbps QAM 256 modulation = 38.8 Mbps QAM 256 modulation = 38.8 Mbps 6 MHz AM QAM Point Signal Constellation 26.9 Mbps bitrate Can accommodate: 1x1080i HD 17.9 Mbps, or 4x480i SD programs 4.2 Mbps, or 1x720p HD 8.8 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 4.2 Mbps, or any combination not to exceed 26.9 Mbps QAM Point Signal Constellation 38.8 Mbps bitrate Can accommodate: 1x1080i HD 36.5 Mbps, or 2x720p HD programs 17.6 Mbps, or 4x480i SD programs 8.8 Mbps, or 1x720p HD 17.6 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 8.8 Mbps, or any combination not to exceed 38.8 Mbps Digital Over-the-Air (8VSB) Type: Digital Over-the-Air (Since Digital Transition of 2009) Name: 8VSB (8-level Vestigial SideBand) Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 19.8 Mbps One 8VSB channel may contain 1 HD program identified, for example, as "Major" One 8VSB channel channel 2.1, and may several contain SD 1 programs HD program identified identified, as "Minor" for example, channels as Major channel 2.1, and several SD programs identified as Minor channels 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, , 2.3, 2.4,... 1 Pilot Carrier 6 MHz

67 Encoding Diagram 61 1 Un-compressed Digital content arrives in HD-SDI, SD-SDI, & HDMI formats. Uncompressed Digital Signal 2 Compress using MPEG-2/4 and convert to MPEG-TS (MPEG Transport Stream). Encoder (Compressor) 3 Pack Several MPEG-TS into one ASI stream. QAM Modulation ASI Transport Stream ASI Carrier (TS) 4 Convert ASI stream into QAM. 4 Convert ASI stream into QAM. QAM Modulation 5 Deliver QAM over coax. Coaxial Distribution Network MPEG-2 Transport Stream 5 Deliver QAM over coax Coaxial Distribution Network PID CAT TSDT Video Audio (English) Audio (French) EIT = Event Information Table CAT = Conditional Access Table MGT = Management Table PAT = Program Association Table PID = Packet Identifier SI Base PID STT, MGT, VCT, RRT EIT-n, ETT-n, other tables referenced by MGT

68 62 Digital Content Types SDI SDI (Serial Digital Interface) refers to a family of un-compressed audio/video interfaces standardized by SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers). HD-SDI (High-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 292M, provides a nominal data rate of Gbit/s. Typical video formats are 720p and 1080i. SD-SDI (Standard-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 259M, provides a nominal data rate of 270 Mbit/s. Typical video format is 480i. Typical interface type is a BNC connector for both HD-SDI and SD-SDI. HDMI (High Definition Multi-media Interface) is an audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed un-compressed digital data. It was founded in 2002 by Hitachi, Panasonic, Philips, Thomson, Toshiba, Silicon Image, and Sony. The proprietary content encryption scheme used is HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) which is developed by Intel and licensed by the Digital Content Protection, LLC. Nominal data rate is 10.2 Gbits/s and various video formats from 480i to 2160p are supported. The only interface type is the HDMI connector. ASI ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface) is a streaming data format which often carries an MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-TS). Unlike the SD-SDI and HD- SDI that are uncompressed, an ASI signal can carry one or multiple SD, HD, or audio programs that are already compressed. Generally, the ASI signal is the final product of video compression, either MPEG2 or MPEG4, and ready for transmission, after necessary conversions, over various types of transmission paths such as coax, fiber, or microwave. For example, for CATV applications the ASI stream is typically converted into QAM. It is converted into 8VSB for broadcast applications. The two transmission formats commonly used by the ASI interface are the 188 byte format and the 204 byte format. The 188 byte format is the more common ASI transport stream. When optional Reed-Solomon error correction data is included the packet can stretch an extra 16 bytes to 204 bytes total. Data rate is variable and dependent on user s application requirements, but the ASI interface of most products support 270 Mbps per DVB-ASI standard.

69 63 DVI DVI (Digital Visual Interface) is a video-only standard designed to provide very high visual quality on digital display devices such as LCD TVs and computers. It was developed to replace the analog VGA (Video Graphics Array) technology. Depending on the DVI type (single or dual link) the data rate is 3.96 and 7.92 Gbits/s. In most CATV applications, a DVI-to-HDMI cable is used to display the DVI signal on a HDMI-compatible TV.

70 64 Digital Closed Captioning For ATSC (digital television) programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible Line 21 captions (CEA-608), and the third is a set of additional caption streams encoded in EIA-708 format. The captioning data is carried in the video user bits of the MPEG-2 bitstream (as specified in ATSC A/53B) and is applicable to both HD and SD. The CEA-708 specification provides for improved captioning compared with CEA-608: Up to 63 services per program (16 announced in PSIP) 8 independently controlled display windows Extended range of characters (i.e. more accented letters and non-latin letters) and fonts (monospaced and proportional spaced, serif and sans-serif) Additional font sizes (viewer-adjustable), backgrounds (including both transparent and translucent backgrounds to optionally replace the big black block), colors and edges More text styles, including edged or drop-shadowed text rather than the letters on a solid background Higher bandwidth, to allow more data per minute of video More language channels, to allow the encoding of more independent caption streams

71 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types 65 4:4:4 YCbCr Each of the three YCbCr components have the same sample rate. This scheme is sometimes used in high-end film scanners and cinematic postproduction. Two SDI connections are normally required to carry this bandwidth: Link A would carry a 4:2:2 signal, Link B a 0:2:2, when combined would make 4:4:4. 4:4:4 RGB (no subsampling) Note that "4:4:4" may instead be referring to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color space, which implicitly does not have any chroma subsampling at all. 4:2:2 The two chroma components are sampled at half the sample rate of luma: the horizontal chroma resolution is halved. This reduces the bandwidth of an uncompressed video signal by one-third with little to no visual difference. This rate is often used in high-end encoders and video production equipment. 4:2:1 Although this mode is defined, very few firmware or hardware codecs use this sampling mode. Cb horizontal resolution is twice as low as one of Cr (and four times as low as one of Y). This exploits the fact that human eye has less spatial sensitivity to blue/yellow than to red/green. Similar to NTSC, in using lower resolution for blue/yellow than red/green, which in turn has less resolution than luma. 4:1:1 In 4:1:1 chroma subsampling, the horizontal color resolution is quartered, and the bandwidth is halved compared to no chroma subsampling. Originally, 4:1:1 chroma subsampling was not considered to be broadcast quality and was only acceptable for low-end and consumer applications.

72 66 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types Continued 4:2:0 Cb and Cr are each subsampled at a factor of 2 both horizontally and vertically. There are three variants of 4:2:0 schemes, that are sited differently both horizontally and vertically. In MPEG-2, Cb and Cr are co-sited horizontally. Cb and Cr are sited between pixels in the vertical direction (sited interstitially). In JPEG/JFIF, H.261, and MPEG-1, Cb and Cr are sited interstitially, halfway between alternate luma samples. In 4:2:0 DV, Cb and Cr are co-sited in the horizontal direction. In the vertical direction, they are co-sited on alternating lines. The PAL and SECAM color systems are especially well-suited to this kind of data reduction. Most digital video formats corresponding to PAL use 4:2:0 chroma subsampling,

73 Audio Encoding 67 Dolby Digital: Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. The most elaborate mode in common usage involves five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz 20,000 Hz) (right front, center, left front, rear right, rear left) and one channel (20 Hz 120 Hz) for the subwoofer. Dolby Digital (also known as AC-3): AC-3 is a perceptual digital audio coding technique that reduces the amount of data needed to produce high-quality sound. AC-3 is the sound format for digital television ( DTV ), digital versatile discs (DVD s), high definition television ( HDTV ), and digital cable and satellite transmissions. AC-3 is a 5.1 format, which means that it provides five full-bandwidth channels. AC-3 also has a downmixing feature that ensures compatibility with devices that do not support the 5.1 format. Dolby Digital Plus (also known as E-AC-3): E-AC-3 is an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec. It offers increased bitrates (up to Mbit/s), support for more audio channels (up to 13.1), and improved coding techniques to reduce compression artifacts, enabling lower data rates than those supported by AC-3 (e.g. 5.1-channel audio at 256 kbit/s). It is not backward compatible with existing AC-3 hardware. Dolby Digital EX: EX adds an extension to the standard 5.1 channel Dolby Digital codec in the form of matrixed rear channels, creating 6.1 or 7.1 channel output.

74 68 Audio Encoding Continued Dolby Digital Live: Dolby Digital Live (DDL) is a real-time encoding technology for interactive media such as video games. It converts any audio signals on a PC or game console into a 5.1-channel 16-bit/48 khz Dolby Digital format at 640 kbit/s and transports it via a single S/PDIF cable. Dolby Digital Live is available in sound cards using various manufacturers' audio chipsets. Dolby True HD: Dolby True HD is an advanced lossless audio codec. Dolby TrueHD supports 24-bit, 96 khz audio channels at up to 18 Mbit/s over 14 channels (HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc standards currently limit the maximum number of audio channels to eight). It supports metadata, including dialog normalization and Dynamic Range Control. Dolby Surround: Dolby Surround was the earliest consumer version of Dolby's multichannel analog film sound decoding format Dolby Stereo. When a Dolby Stereo / Dolby Surround soundtrack is produced, four channels of audio information - left, center, right, and mono surround - are matrix-encoded onto two audio tracks. The stereo information is then carried on stereo sources such as videotapes, laserdiscsand television broadcasts from which the surround information can be decoded by a processor to recreate the original four-channel surround sound.

75 69 AAC: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a standardized, lossy compression and encoding scheme for digital audio and is a part of the MPEG-4 Systems Standard. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates. An AAC encoded file can include up to 48 full-bandwith audio channels (up to 96 khz) and 15 Low Frequency Enhancement channels (limited to 120 Hz) plus 15 data streams. AAC encoding methods are organized into Profiles (MPEG-2) or Object Types (MPEG-4). These different Object Types are not necessarily compatible with each other and may not be playable with various decoders. MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (Also known as MP2): MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is a lossy audio compression format defined by ISO/IEC and primarily used in European countries. MP2 is an audio codec, and is the dominant standard for audio broadcasting. It is similar to MP3, but MP3 has become the dominant standard for PC and Internet applications. MP2 can have sampling rates of 32, 44.1 and 48 khz and bitrates of 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s. PCM: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Blu-ray, Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps.

76 70 Digital Tech Tips BER (Bit Error Rate) is the ratio of errored bits to the total number of bits transmitted, received, or processed over a defined length of time. Example: 3 errored bits in a total of 1,000,000 transmitted bits will result in a BER of: 3/1,000,000 = = 3 x MER (Modulation Error Ratio) is the ratio, in decibels, of average symbol power to average error power: MER(dB) = 10 x log (average symbol power / average error power) MER is influenced by everything present in the signal s transmission path such as: Phase Noise; CNR (Carrier-to-Noise Ratio); CTB distortion (Composite Triple Beat); CSO distortion (Composite Second Order); Cross Modulation (X-mod); Micro-reflections (Ghosting); Amplitude tilt/ripple; Group Delay; Ingress. (8VSB) (QAM 64) (QAM 256) to To help maintain the relative signal level difference between Analog and Digital channels, after adjusting for a sloped output from the amplifier, do the following: When using QAM 64, set signal level of digital channels 8 to 10 db below the equivalent Analog channels. When using QAM 256, set signal level of digital channels 6 to 8 db below the equivalent Analog channels.

77 71 Interlace (1080i) vs. Progressive (1080p) Interlace First, all odd lines are scanned (1/60 sec), then all even lines (1/60 sec), presenting a full picture (1/30 sec) Progressive All lines are scanned in a single pass, presenting a full picture (1/60 sec) ATSC Scanning Formats Definition Lines/Frame Pixels/Line Aspect Ratios Frame Rates High (HD) : p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 20i High (HD) : p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97p, 59.94p, 60p Standard (SD) :3, 16: p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p Standard (SD) : p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p

78 72 Digital Tech Tips db vs dbmv Decibel (db) A logarithmic ratio of two power levels: 10Log(P1/P2) 20Log(V1/V2) It s used to measure: Gain Loss Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Isolation (e.g. directional couplers) Noise Figure Decibel Millivolt (dbmv) A logarithmic expression of RF signals referenced to one millivolt (or 1000 microvolts) across 75. It s used to measure: Maximum output voltage of an amplifier Minimum input signal Maximum input signal dbmv vs µv Typical input range for a Digital Tuner Typical input Range for an Analog Tuner dbmv µv , , , , V Reference Voltage Level: 0 dbmv = 1000 microvolts across 75

79 73 Bitrates vs Bandwidth Format Description Bitrate (Mbits/sec) Bandwidth (MHz) HD-SDI Uncompressed High-Def digital stream 1,485 N/A SD-SDI Uncompressed Standard-Def digital stream 270 N/A ASI Typically carries multiple compressed HD/SD-SDI programs (via MPEG Transport Stream) 270 N/A QAM-256 Digital Cable QAM-64 Digital Cable VSB Digital Over-the-Air Encoding-vs-Quality Tradeoff 1,485 Mbps IN HD-SDI Uncompressed OUT Compressed MPEG-2 Chip w/ variable output bitrate 40:1 compression 40:1 compression 36 Mbps (1080i quality) 80:1 compression 80:1 or 18 Mbps (720p quality) compression 185:1 compression 185:1 or 8 Mbps (480i quality) compression

80 74 Digital Tech Tips PID Information PID: : Packet Identifier Used in program header to identify different programs in a stream There are separate PIDs for Audio stream info and Video stream info PIDs do NOT affect the channel number displayed on screen PIDs have no relation to what RF channel the programming is on Programs from different sources can have SAME PIDs EX: two different programs coming from satellite If both programs are multiplexed, the multiplexer typically changes one set of PIDs so they are not the same This change will NOT impact anything the customer sees Two programs on different QAM streams can have same PIDs with no impact PSIP Information PSIP: : Program and System Information Protocol Allows user to set Virtual Channel Numbers for each program PSIP tables can contain WHOLE numbers up to 4 digits (2 9999), like CATV channels PSIP tables can be formatted with Major/Minor channel numbers like Terrestrial channels (7-1, 7-2, etc.) 7-2, etc.) PSIP tables are INDEPENDENT of physical RF channel the content is on. PSIP tables can be modified in some Digital Equipment DQMx MUX-2D-QAM PSIP tables can be created in some Digital Equipment HDE-2H/2S-QAM HDE-CSV-QAM MUX-12A-IP SDE-6S-ASI HDE-8C-QAM

81 Digital Signal Analysis 75 Digital signals such as QPSK & QAM use many different factors to determine the quality and performance of the signal. The following section will describe some of the most common factors used in digital signal analysis. QAM Signal to Noise Ratio vs. BER The theoretical bit-error rate of the QAM signal as a function of the SNR is provided for reference. To obtain an estimated BER of the QAM signal, one can use the following diagram to get theoretical values for BER. In the case that the QAM 64 mode SNR is >32, it indicates BER. It should be noted that changing the S/N value by as little as 1 db alters approximately one decade. The diagram below depicts the theoretical BER vs. SNR.

82 76 Digital Signal Analysis QAM Signal to Noise Ratio The following table depicts the theoretical maximum values for various orders of QAM: Order of QAM SNR max db db db db db db QAM MER Modulation Error Ratio The modulation error is a calculated quantity indicating the mean or the maximum deviation of the I/Q values from ideal signal states and thus provides a measure of signal quality. The following diagram shows the vectors used for calculating the modulation error:

83 77 The modulation error is specified as rms and as peak value. To calculate the modulation error, all decisions fields are investigated on after the other: To obtain peak modulation error, the maximum magnitude of the difference vector (error vector) formed by the vector of the ideal and the actual signal status is determined for each decision field. From the maximum value of these results, the peak MER (modulation error ratio) is calculated using the following formula: To obtain the rms modulation error, the squares of the magnitude of all differential vectors formed by the ideal-status and actualstatus vectors are added up, and the number of symbols is counted. Then the rms modulation error is calculated as follows: The peak and rms modulation error can also be specified on a logarithmic scale. Conversion is done using the following formula:

84 78 Digital Signal Analysis For quantized I/Q values, the peak value is output in discrete form only since no averaging is performed in the calculation. The rms modulation error can be calculated within the limit values specified in the following table. The limit values are obtained for quantized I/Q values: Order MER RMS MER PK MER PK MER db of QAM min min min max % % % 46 db % % % 46 db % % % 43 db % % % 46 db % % % 43 db % % % 46 db The term Modulation Error Ratio and the prescribed method of calculation were declared an international standard by the DVB Measurement Group.

85 79 What is a QAM Signal Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) uses many different phases known as states: 16, 32, 64, and 256. Each state is defined by a specific amplitude and phase. This means the generation and detection of symbols is more complex than a simple phase or amplitude device. Each time the number of states per symbol is increased the total data and bandwidth increases. The modulation schemes shown occupy the same bandwidth (after filtering), but have varying efficiencies (in theory at least). QAM Constellation Diagrams Constellation diagrams are used to graphically represent the quality and distortion of a digital signal. In practice, there is always a combination of modulation errors that may be difficult to separate and identify, as such, it is recommended to evaluate the measured constellation diagrams using mathematical and statistically methods. The following section will provide application and interpretation information of constellation diagrams of digital modulated signals.

86 80 Digital Signal Analysis The constellation diagram examples shown are based on 64 QAM modulation and use the following basic settings: maximum possible DVB data transmission rate of 6.92 Msps or Mbit/s (64 QAM); Cosine roll-off filtering with roll-off factor r = 0.15 and PRBS (pseudo random binary sequence) data stream, no coding. Constellation Diagram for an Ideal 64 QAM Signal Amplitude Imbalance describes the different gains of the I and Q components of a signal. In a constellation diagram, amplitude imbalance shows by one signal component being expanded and the other one being compressed. This is due to the fact that the receiver AGC makes a constant average signal level. Phase Error is the difference between the phase angles of the I and Q components referred to 90. A phase error is caused by an error of the phase shifter of the I/Q modulator. The I and Q components are in this case not orthogonal to each other after demodulation.

87 81 Interferers are understood to be sinusoidal spurious signals occurring in the transmission frequency range and superimposed on the QAM signal at some point in the transmission path. After demodulation, the interferer is contained in the baseband form of low-frequency sinusoidal spurious signals. The frequency of these signals corresponds to the difference between the frequency of the original sinusoidal interference and the carrier frequency in the RF band. In the constellation diagram, an interferer shows in the form of a rotating pointer superimposed on each signal status. The example applies the condition that there is no other error present at the same time, The constellation diagram shows the path of the pointer as a circle around each ideal signal status. Constellation Diagram 64 QAM signal with Interferer (C/I = 25.0 db)

88 82 Digital Signal Analysis Carrier suppression or leakage is a special type of interference in which it s frequency equals the carrier frequency in the RF channel. Carrier leakage can be superimposed on the QAM signal in the I/Q modulator. In the constellation diagram, carrier leakage shows up as a shifting of the signal states corresponding to the DC components of the I and Q components. Additive Gaussian noise can disturb the digitally modulated signal during analog transmission, for instance in the analog channel. Additive superimposed noise normally has a constant power density and a Gaussian amplitude distribution throughout the bandwidth of a channel. If no other error is present at the same time, the points representing the ideal signal status are expanded to form circular clouds. Constellation Diagram 64 QAM signal with Additive Noise (SNR = 30.0 db) (Note: This diagram may also be obtained for other types of interference so that a distinction from noise-produced patterns cannot be made)

89 83 Phase Jitter or phase noise in the QAM signal is caused by transponders in the transmission path or by the I/Q modulator. It may be produced in carrier recovery, a possibility that is to be excluded here. In contrast to the phase error described above, phase jitter is a statistical quantity that affects the I and Q path equally. In the constellation diagram, phase jitter shows up by the signal states being shifted about their coordinate origin. Constellation Diagram 64 QAM signal with Phase Jitter (PJRMS = 1.73 ) Source: Rohde & Schwarz EFA QAM Analyzer documentation

90 84 CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency EIA CH. MHz Center Frequency Bandwith (MHz) EIA CH. MHz Center Frequency Bandwith (MHz)

91 85 EIA CH. MHz Center Frequency Bandwith (MHz) EIA CH. MHz Center Frequency Bandwith (MHz)

92 86 North America Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency Broadcast Channel Center Freq (MHz) BW (MHz) Broadcast Channel Center Freq (MHz) BW (MHz)

93 87 4 ANALOG REFERENCE Analog Cable (RF) Analog Over-the-Air Analog Content Types Analog Closed Captioning North America CATV Frequency Chart US Frequency Spectrum North America Off-Air Frequency Chart FM Broadcast Channel Frequency

94 88 Analog Cable (RF) MHz MHz Type: Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953) Name: NTSC (National Television System Committee) Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 1 program 1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content Analog Over-the-Air MHz MHz Type: Name: Bandwidth: Capacity: 1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content Analog Over-the-Air NTSC (National Television System Committee) 6MHz 1 program Same as Analog Cable

95 Analog Content Types 89 Component video Video is an analog video-only signal that is transmitted as three separate signals. Component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables. Component video is capable of carrying signals such as 480i, 720p, and 1080i and most high-definition TVs support the use of component video up to their native resolution. The three most commonly used component types are: YP b P r YP bp r is the converted version of RGB which is split into three components: Y carries luma (brightness) and sync information; Pb carries the difference between blue and luma; and Pr carries the difference between red and luma. The primary advantages of YPbPr over RGB and S-video is that it is able to transfer non-interlaced video and, and at the same time, provide high resolution video such as 1080i or better. RGB RGB (Red, Green, Blue) uses no compression and contains redundant data since most programs typically contain the same black & white image, therefore, it requires large bandwidth to carry the signal. It s becoming obsolete as home theaters move toward HDMI and computers toward DVI interfaces. S-Video S-Video (Separated Video) is an extension of the analog Composite standard. Compared to the two standards above, it provides the poorest quality of image. It s rarely used for today s applications because it cannot be used for high definition standards unless its standard is changed to accommodate for signal modulation of the carrier frequency.

96 90 Analog Content Types Composite Video is an analog video-only signal which is a composite of three source signals called Y, U, and V. Y represents the brightness of the picture and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation and carry the color information For residential and commercial applications, the composite video signal is typically connected using an RCA jack, normally yellow, which is often accompanied with red and white for right and left audio channels.

97 Analog Closed Captioning 91 Closed captioning rules and regulations are found in FCC 47 C.F.R (part 79). Closed captioning information is embedded in the program/ signal and is decoded and displayed by the television. For all types of NTSC programming, captions are "encoded" into Line 21 of the vertical blanking interval. Line 21 closed captioning has two styles: 1. Scrolling (or Roll-up), and 2. Block (or Pop-on). It allows for up to four caption services per program and provides the limited range of white characters with-in a boxed black background. The Line 21 data stream can consist of data from several data channels multiplexed together. Field 1 has four data channels: two Captions (CC1, CC2) and two Text (T1, T2). Field 2 has five additional data channels: two Captions (CC3, CC4), two Text (T3, T4), and Extended Data Services (XDS). XDS data structure is defined in CEA 608. As CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, if there is a lot of data in CC1, there will be little room for CC2 data. Similarly CC3 and CC4 share the second field of line 21. The FCC recommends bilingual programming should have the second caption language in CC3.

98 92 North America CATV Frequency Chart EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio T7 none NA NA NA NA T8 none NA NA NA NA T9 none NA NA NA NA T10 none NA NA NA NA T11 none NA NA NA NA T12 none NA NA NA NA T13 none NA NA NA NA T14 none NA NA NA NA A8 01 NA N A A A A A2 98* Cannot lock to comb A1 99* ref: refer to FCC regs A 14* B 15* C 16* D E F G H I J K 24* L 25* * Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 khz

99 93 EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio M 26* N 27* O 28* P 29* Q 30* R 31* S 32* T 33* U 34* V 35* W 36* AA 37* BB 38* CC 39* DD 40* EE 41* FF 42* GG 43* HH 44* II 45* JJ 46* KK 47* LL 48* MM 49* NN 50* * PP 52* QQ 53* RR SS TT UU VV WW XX YY ZZ AAA * Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 khz

100 94 North America CATV Frequency Chart 4 EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio BBB CCC DDD EEE FFF GGG HHH III JJJ KKK LLL MMM NNN C PPP * Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 khz

101 4 95 EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio

102 96 North America CATV Frequency Chart 4 EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio

103 4 US Frequency Spectrum 97

104 98 FCC Aeronautical Band Frequencies Used for Communication and Navigation 4 NOTE: The FCC mandated that- All full power TV stations in the US cease analog broadcasts by June Currently only low power and TV Translators are authorized for Analog Broadcasts.

105 4 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart CH. BW (MHz) VIDEO CHROMA AUDIO Lo VHF Hi VHF UHF

106 100 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart CH. BW (MHz) VIDEO CHROMA AUDIO UHF NOTE: Channels are no longer licensed for broadcast (full power stations) after the digital transition date.

107 FM Broadcast Channel Frequency (MHz) 101 Channel Frequency Channel Frequency Channel Frequency

108

109 103 5 CONTENT TYPES & INTERFACES Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference Optical Connectors...112

110 104 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference DB25 Male and Female RS232 on DB25 (RS-232C) Note: This is NOT the same as the DB25 Parallel port on a PC. Pin Name Dir Notes/Description No Protective/shielded ground 2 TD OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx) (ASYNC) 3 RD IN Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx) (ASYNC) 4 RTS OUT Request To Send (ASYNC) 5 CTS IN Clear To Send (ASYNC) 6 DSR IN Data Set Ready (ASYNC) 7 SGND - Signal Ground 8 CD IN Carrier Detect (a.k.a. DCD) Reserved for data set testing Reserved for data set testing Unassigned 12 SDCD IN Secondary Carrier Detect. Only needed if second channel being used. 13 SCTS IN Secondary Clear To Send. Only needed if second channel being used. 14 STD OUT Secondary Transmit Data. Only needed if second channel being used. 15 DB OUT Transmit Clock (a.k.a. TCLK, TxCLK). Synchronous use only. 16 SRD IN Secondary Receive Data. Only needed if second channel being used. 17 DD IN Receive Clock (a.k.a. RCLK). Synchronous use only. 18 LL - Loop Loopback 19 SRTS OUT Secondary Request to Send. Only needed if second channel being used. 20 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready. (ASYNC) 21 RL/SQ - Signal Quality Detector/Remote loopback 22 RI IN Ring Indicator. DCE (Modem) raises when incoming call detected used for auto answer applications. 23 CH/CI OUT Signal Rate selector. 24 DA - Auxiliary Clock (a.k.a. ACLK). Secondary Channel only Unassigned Note: Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.

111 105 RS232 DB25 NULL Modem Pinout DB9 Male and Female

112 106 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference RS232 on DB9 (EIA/TIA 574) The column marked Dir shows signal direction with respect to the DTE. Pin No. Name Dir Notes/Description 1 DCD IN Data Carrier Detect. Raised by DCE when modem synchronized. 2 RD IN Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx). Arriving data from DCE. 3 TD OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx). Sending data from DTE. 4 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready. Raised by DTE when powered on. In auto-answer mode raised only when RI arrives from DCE. 5 SGND - Ground 6 DSR IN Data Set Ready. Raised by DCE to indicate ready. 7 RTS OUT Request To Send. Raised by DTE when it wishes to send. Expects CTS from DCE. 8 CTS IN Clear To Send. Raised by DCE in response to RTS from DTE. 9 RI IN Ring Indicator. Set when incoming ring detected - used for auto-answer application. DTE raised DTR to answer. RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout Use when connecting two systems, for example two PCs, via their DB9 interfaces without a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL modem connection.

113 107 RS232 DB9 to DB25 NULL Modem Pinout Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) when one has a DB9 interface and the other a DB25 interface without a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL modem connection. RS232 DB9 to DB25 Pinout Use when connecting a DB9 (e.g. a PC) to a DB25 (e.g. a modem) interface.

114 108 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference RJ 45 Pinout

115 RS232 on RJ45 (RS-232D) 109

116 110 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference HDMI Connector Pin Assignment Pin Signal Assignment Pin Signal Assignment

117 111 VGA Video Connector Pinout Male Connector

118 112 Optical Connectors FC Type Connectors FC APC (angled tip) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers. FC UPC Typically used in data network only. Not used in broadband CATV applications. SC Type Connectors SC APC (angled tip green body) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers. SC UPC (blue body) Typically used in data networks only. Not used in broadband CATV applications. ST Type Connector ST (AT&T Trademark) connectors are widely used in multimode data networks found in buildings and campuses. Not used in broadband CATV applications.

119 113 6 CATV RF CALCULATIONS System Calculations Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics..128 Broadband RF Network Powering...129

120 114 System Calculations Carrier/Cross Modulation (XM) 1. Cross Modulation for One Amplifier at Operating Level: 2. To Sum Identical Cross Modulation Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different Cross Modulation Ratios: See examples starting on pages Cross Modulation vs Channel Loading: XM = Cross Modulation Ratio, expressed as a negative (-) number. Rule: 1 db change of the output of an amplifier will change the cross modulation by 2 db. Rule: For every double the number of amplifiers with identical cross modulation there is a 6 db degradation in the total cross modulation. FCC Requirement XM = 51 db N = Number of equal contributors NF = Noise Figure = Thermal Noise in 4 MHz Bandwidth (dbmv)

121 115 Carrier/Composite Triple Beat (CTB) 1. Composite Triple Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level: 2. To Sum Identical Composite Triple Beat Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different Composite Triple Beat Ratios: See examples starting on pages Composite Triple Beat vs Channel Loading: A 1 db change of the output of an amplifier will change the CTB ratio by 2 db. For every double the number of amplifiers with identical CTB, there is a 6 db degradation in the total CTB ratio. FCC Requirement CTB: Standard = 51 db IRC = 47 db HRC = 47 db

122 116 System Calculations Carrier/Single Second Order Distortion (C/SSO) 1. Single Second Order Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level: 2. To Sum Identical SSO Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different SSO Ratios: A 1 db change of the output of an amplifier will change SSO by 1 db. The 10 log assumptions shown here for second order are conservative. Some engineers use 13 log or 15 log assumptions. FCC Requirement SSO = 51 db

123 117 Carrier/Composite Second Order Distortion (C/CSO) 1. Composite Second Order for One Amplifier at Operating Level: 2. To Sum Identical CSO Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different CSO Ratios: See examples starting on pages CSO vs Channel Loading: A 1 db change of the output of an amplifier will change CSO by 1 db. FCC Requirement CSO = 51 db

124 118 System Calculations Composite Intermodulation Noise (CIN) It is assumed that CIN is dominated by 3rd order distortion (CIN3). This is the case in systems with analog television channels to 550 MHz and digital video above 550 MHz. 1. Composite Intermodulation Noise for One Amplifier at Operating Level. 2. To Sum Identical Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios: See examples starting on pages To Sum Carrier/Noise and Composite Intermodulation Ratios: Rule: CIN behaves like CTB in a cascade of amplifiers, but it adds to the C/N noise.

125 119 Carrier/Hum Modulation (C/H) 1. To Sum Identical Carrier/Hum Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different Carrier/Hum Ratios: See examples starting on page 84. Note: Above calculations assume connection of all power supplies to the same powerline phase. 3. To Convert Percent Hum to C/H Ratio: 4. To Convert C/H Ratio to % Hum:

126 120 System Calculations Carrier/Noise 1. The Carrier/Noise contribution of a single amplifier when the Noise Figure (NF) is known: 2. To Sum Identical Carrier/Noise Ratios: See charts & examples starting on pages To Sum Different Carrier/Noise Ratios: See examples starting on pages Carrier/Noise Ratio vs Bandwidth: Rule: For every 1 db increase in input signal level, the C/N improves by 1 db. For every double the number of amplifiers with identical Carrier/Noise Ratios there is a degradation of 3 db in the total C/N. FCC Requirement C/N = 43 db N = Number of equal contributors NF = Noise Figure = Thermal Noise in 4 MHz Bandwidth (dbmv)

127 121 Determining Acceptable Peak-to-Valley Deviation To determine what degree of overall peak-to-valley deviation is acceptable for the Nth amplifier in a cascade, use this formula. Where x is equal to the acceptable P-V deviation and, N = number of amplifiers in cascade. For example, what is the maximum acceptable peak-tovalley deviation at the 32nd amplifier in a cascade? Thus, 4.2 db is the maximum acceptable peak-to-valley deviation (highest peak to lowest valley in the broadband signal) at the 32nd amplifier.

128 122 System Calculations Amplifier Cascade Factor C/N + SSO CSO CTB & XMOD CASCADE (N) 10*LOG(N) 15*LOG(N) 20*LOG(N)

129 123 Amplifier Cascade Factor - Example The Amplifier Cascade Factor Chart (on previous page) is used to predict performance considering the contribution of various numbers of amplifiers. It assumes that all amplifiers are operated at the same level (input level for noise, output level for distortion). This is generally the case in a Unity Gain Based System. Example: What is the trunk CTB after 13 trunk amplifiers? Given: 1. Single trunk amplifier CTB specification is dbmv flat (from Manufacturers specs.) 2. Trunk output is 25 dbmv, channel 2 Trunk output is 32 dbmv, channel 60 (7 db linear tilt) Step 1 Re-rate performance of single amp based on actual operating level. Geometric tilt center = 28.5 dbmv Add.5 db correction factor = 29 dbmv average level = 3 db x 2 (for CTB) = 6 db 87 db + 6 db = 93 db 29 dbmv average level Step 2 Find cascade factor for CTB for 13 amps, on the chart = db Step 3 Subtract cascade factor from single amp operating performance 93 db = db CTB = db after 13 amps

130 124 System Calculations Note: Summing different ratios requires a grasp of the antilog concept. For brevity, the example shown is for CTB only, but the approach is identical for all system distortion and noise calculations. Determine End Of Line CTB Given The Following: 10 Trunk CTB = 65 dbc 1 Bridger CTB = 60 dbc 3 Line Extender CTB = 58 dbc Step 1. CTB s = 20 log ( ) Step 2. CTB s = 20 log ( ) CTB s 20 log (antilog antilog antilog -2.90) Note: To perform the operations in step 2, use the inverse log or antilog function on most calculators. Antilog (Inverse Log) is used to re-express the different exponent values to voltage so the amounts may be easily summed. Don t forget the minus sign Step 3. CTB s = 20 log (5.62 x x x 10 ) Step 4. CTB s = 20 log (5.62 x x x 10 ) -4 Step 5. CTB s = 20 log (28.12 x 10 ) CTB = 51 dbc The 20 Log and 10 Log function derate charts & example on pages 86, 87 and 88 may also be used to sum different ratios if a scientific calculator is not available.

131 20 Log Function Derate Chart (use for CTB and XMOD) diff SUBTRACTION VALUES (db)

132 Log Function Derate Chart (use for CNR and SSO) diff SUBTRACTION VALUES (db)

133 Combining Two X-MOD or CTB Performance Ratings (20 Log) 10 Trunk CTB = 65 dbc Using db Subtraction Values 1 Bridger CTB = 60 dbc The 20 log & 10 log derate Line Extender CTB = 58 dbc charts are used to sum different ratios. The following example demonstrates how: Step 1 Sum Trunk and Bridger CTB 1.1 Find the db difference between the two ratios (65-60=5 db) 1.2 Look up the derate (db Subtraction) for 5.0 db difference in the chart (3.88 db) 1.3 Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios by this amount (60-3.9=56.1 dbc) Step 2 Sum the Sum of Trunk and Bridger from Step 1 with the line extenders 2.1 Find the db difference between the two ratios ( =1.88) 2.2 Look up the derate (db Subtraction) for 1.88 db difference in the chart (5.12) (round 1.88 up to 1.9). 2.3 Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios by this amount ( = 51.0 dbc) Combining Two CNR or SSO Performance Ratings (10 Log) Using db Subtraction Values 10 Trunk CNR = 56.5 db Example: Combine trunk and bridger 1 Bridger CNR = 65 db CNR to find the resultant CNR at the Bridger output (no line extenders). db difference = = 8.5 db db subtraction figure = 0.6 db Bridger output CNR = = 55.9 db So then, the resultant CNR measure is about 55.9 db. 127

134 128 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics Cable and Equalizer Formulas 1. Cable Loss Ratio The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies. Example: To calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 db, 2. Tilt to Cable Loss To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency: Example: To calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency when the measured tilt is 12 db between 55 and 450 MHz

135 Broadband RF Network Powering 129 When determining the power supply location in a cable system, it is important to know OHM s Law, cable loop resistance, amplifier current drain and the minimum operating voltage required for amplifier operation. The cable resistance is included in the manufacturers specification sheet. Resistance is usually stated as center conductor, shield, and loop. Loop resistance is the sum of the center conductor and shield resistance. The amplifier current drain and voltage requirements are also part of the manufacturers specifications. The ideal location of the power supply is such that the current supplied flows equally both, away from, and towards the headend. The total current supplied should be between 80-90% of the power supply s rated output. Current passing through the amplifiers is usually limited to about 6 Amps. Since power supplies are available with various current handling abilities, one with slightly higher capability than required should be selected. Determining power supply placement, refer to the figure on the next page. 1. First determine the loop resistance for each span of cable. Example: Loop resistance = 1.7 Ohms/1000 ft. x 800 = 1.36 Ohms. 2. Locate the last amplifier, determine the voltage drop across the span of cable. 3. Using the current draw of the amplifier, determine the voltage drop across the span of cable. Example: 0.375A x 1.36 Ohms = 0.51 volts. 4. Since the minimum operating voltage for the amplifier is 43 volts, the voltage level at the beginning of the 800 span would be 43.5 volts ( ). 5. At this point, the total current flow in the coax will increase due to the addition of another amplifier. Current flow in this span of cable will be 0.75A ( ).

136 130 Broadband RF Network Powering 6. Determine the voltage across the next span of cable x 1.36 Ohms = 1.02 Volts Therefore the voltage at the output of the bridger amp is 44.5 volts. The total current at the input to the bridger amp is 2.0 amps. This is the sum of both output legs of the bridger (1.5A) and the current draw of the bridger amp itself. 7. Continue working towards the headend until the current draw is 40-50% of the power supplies rated capability or the voltage level nears 60 volts. 8. At this time, a guesstimate of where to place a power block in the section between the power supply and headend must be made. Add the current draw for the line extender(s) off each trunk station to the trunk station current requirements. A few trial calculations will show how many amplifiers can be powered going in this direction.

137 131 7 OFF-AIR ANTENNAS & SATELLITE INFO Dipole Antenna Equations Multiplexers Antenna General Information Antenna Spacing Antenna Phasing Satellite Transmission Standards System Calculations North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites Broadcast Station "List"...143

138 132 Dipole Antenna Equations Shown below is a typical half-wave dipole antenna. The radiation pattern of a Hertz dipole antenna is perpendicular to the axis of the antenna. In directions other than the optimum directions, the antenna is ineffective. L λ To calculate the wavelength of a signal, l or the dipole length, L, or the frequency, f, of a half-wave dipole antenna, use the following three formulas: where: l = Wavelength (m) k = Velocity Factor c = Speed of light = 3 x 10 8 (m/s) f = Frequency (Hz) L = Length of the Dipole (m)

139 Multiplexers 133 ZUVSJ ZHLSJ ZUVSJ ZHLSJ LUV 2150 LUV 2150

140 134 Antenna General Information Factors Which Determine The Quality Of Reception: A) Distance to transmitter B) Height of transmitting antenna C) Transmitter power D) Transmitter frequency (TV channel) E) Type of receiving antenna F) Height of receiving antenna G) Terrain between the transmitter and receiving antenna H) Obstacles between the transmitter and receiving antenna (tall buildings, water tower, etc.) Major Characteristics: Gain: Indicates the amount of received signal level increase as compared to reference antenna. (usually a resonant dipole) Bandwidth: The range of frequencies (TV channels) over which the antenna is designed to operate. In principle, there are two types of antennas: 1) Broadband 2) Single-Channel Impedance: Home type antennas are usually 300 Ohms and commercial antennas are usually 75 Ohms. Pattern: Generally consists of two components, beam width and front to back ratio. Refer to diagram.

141 Antenna Spacing 135 Mounting Channelized Antennas on the Same Mast NOTE: Refer to Antenna Spacing Chart for dimensions

142 136 Antenna Spacing Chart Dimension Notes: A) The minimum horizontal spacing between the tower structure and the antenna crossbar. B) The recommended vertical spacing for a gain of 3 db. Channel A B C D No. 2/3 λ 1 λ 1/2 λ FM Dimensions are in inches B/2) The minimum vertical spacing between the antenna crossbar and adjacent mechanical structures. C) The recommended horizontal spacing for a gain of 3 db. D) The minimum spacing between antennas of different channels and is the figure given for the antenna with the lowest frequency Formulae: One Wavelength in space... λ (inches) = Freq. in MHz One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (solid) λ (inches) = 7783 Freq. in MHz One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (foam)... λ (inches) = 9565 Freq. in MHz Antenna Nulling (finding H)...d (λ) = 1 2 sin φ

143 Antenna Phasing 137 Signal Nulling Chart No. II φ λ(inches) FM Chart No. III φ d(λ) φ d(λ) Instructions: 1. Determine angle φ using a field strength meter, compass, and a single channel antenna. 2. Locate angle φ in chart No. III and determine d(λ); multiply λ(inches) in chart No. II to find the spacing of H. 3. Both antennas must be identical, facing in the same direction, in the same horizontal plane and both be right side up. 4. For angles not listed, d(λ) = 1 2 sin (φ)

144 138 Satellite Transmission Standards In North America, the satellite programs are transmited primarily in digital format using the following two standards: QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) 8PSK (8th-order Phase Shift Keying) ~ 28 MHz The QPSK programs are typically transmitted in the C-band (3.7 to 4.2 GHz) and the Ku-band (11.7 to 12.2 GHz). The 8PSK programs are typically transmitted in DBS (12.2 to 12.7 GHz ). DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite), also known more broadly as direct-to-home, is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception.

145 System Calculations 139 TVRO Formulas 1. System Gain Over Temperature Ag = Antenna Gain (db) AT = Antenna Temperature ( K) LNAT = Low Noise Amp Temperature ( K) 2. Carrier to Noise Ratio* 3. C/N for other RxBw 4. Convert C/N to S/N* 5. Declination Angle (Polar Mount Antenna) 3964 = Radius of the Earth = Distance to Satellite Arc L = Site Latitude * RxBw = 30 MHz

146 140 Aximuth and Elevation Angles Antenna pointing angles can be calculated in degrees from true north from the following equations: Where is the absolute value of the difference between satellite and TVRO site longitudes and Φ is the site latitude. Noise Temperature & Noise Figure Noise Noise Noise Noise Figure Temperature Figure Temperature (db) ( K) (db) ( K)

147 North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites W EchoStar W EchoStar W EchoStar 12 EchoStar W Telstar W Star One C W AMC W Star One C W AMC W DirecTV 1R Nimiq W Horizons W Brasilsat B W EchoStar W EchoStar 4 (incl. 2.3 ) EchoStar W Simón Bolívar 79.0 W AMC 2 AMC W Intelsat 3R (incl. 1.2 ) 82.0 W Nimiq W AMC W Brasilsat B W AMC W XM W Sirius XM W AMC W 91.0 W Galaxy 28 Nimiq 1 Galaxy W Galaxy W Galaxy 3C 95.0 W Spaceway W Sirius FM W Galaxy W W W W W Galaxy 16 Spaceway 2 & DirecTV 11 SES 1 DirecTV 4S/8 Spaceway 1 & DirecTV 10/12 AMC 1 AMC 15 AMC 18 Anik F1 Anik F1R DirecTV W EchoStar 10 EchoStar W Anik F W SatMex W Solidaridad 2 (incl. 2.5 ) W XM W SatMex 5 Anik F W DirecTV 7S EchoStar W EchoStar 9/Galaxy W Galaxy W Galaxy 14 AMC W Galaxy 13/Horizons W Ciel W AMC W Galaxy W AMC W AMC W AMC 8 For up to date info visit

148 142

149 Broadcast Station List For Blonder Tongue Labs Headquarters Address 143 The FCC released the "Final DTV" channel allotments on March 21, The final DTV channels are RF channels that will are used after February 17, The Final DTV assignments reflect the new core spectrum for TV broadcasts of channels 2 to 51. Channels 52 to 69 have been re-assigned for public safety and advanced wireless services. The former analog channel number information is carried in the new digital channel's PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol) information. It may also be referred to as the "tune to" or as a "virtual" channel. Digital TVs and STBs use this channel number to tune to the particular program that in most cases is transmitted over a completely different RF channel. Below is a sample Station List. Because these can frequently change, For the most up to date information, visit DTV Antenna Type Call Sign Channel Network City, State Live Data Compass Heading Miles From RF Channel * yellow uhf WNJT- DT 52.1 PBS TRENTON, NJ 258º * yellow uhf WNJU- DT 47.1 TEL LINDEN, NJ 50º * yellow uhf WPXN- DT 31.1 ION NEW YORK, NY 50º * yellow uhf WNBC- DT 4.1 NBC NEW YORK, NY 51º * yellow uhf WFUT- DT 68.1 TFA NEWARK, NJ 50º * yellow uhf WWOR- DT 9.1 MNT SECAUCUS, NJ 50º * yellow uhf WCBS- DT 2.1 CBS NEW YORK, NY 51º * green uhf WXTV- DT 41.1 UNI PATERSON, NJ 50ºº * red uhf WABC- DT 7.1 ABC NEW YORK, NY 51º * red uhf WNET- DT 13.1 PBS NEWARK, NJ 50º * red uhf WMBC- DT 63.1 IND NEWTON, NJ 25º * red uhf WNVW- DT 44 FOX NEW YORK, NY 50º * red uhf WPIX- DT 11.1 CW NEW YORK, NY 51º * blue uhf WNJB- DT 58.1 PBS NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 50º * blue uhf WNJN- DT 50.1 PBS MONTCLAIR, NJ 25º * violet uhf WTXF- DT 29.1 FOX PHILADELPHIA, PA 256º

150

151 145 8 INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS Worldwide TV Standards CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics International Analog Channel Standards...153

152 146 Worldwide TV Standards Country Population (millions) Analog Standard Digital TV Standard Albania 3.7 PAL BG DVB-T (trial) Analog Shut-off Date N/A Algeria 35 PAL B DVB-T 2014 Argentina 40 PAL N ISDB-T (custom) 7/9/16 Australia 22.4 PAL BG DVB-T 5/11/11 Austria 8.3 PAL BG DVB-T X Bahamas 0.33 NTSC TBD Bahrain 0.79 PAL B DVB-T N/A Barbados NTSC TBD Belgium 10.8 PAL BH DVB-T completed X Bermuda NTSC DVB-T? Bolivia 10.9 NTSC ISDB-T (custom) Brazil 192 PAL M ISDB-T (custom)? 6/29/16 Bulgaria 7.5 SECAM D DVB-T 2012 X Burma 50 NTSC DVB-T >2020 Cambodia 14.8 DVB-T 2015 Canada 34 NTSC 8VSB 8/31/11 Chile 17 NTSC ISDB-T (custom) 2017 China 1330 PAL D DTMB 2015 EU

153 147 Country Columbia 45 NTSC DVB-T 1/1/17 Costa Rica NTSC ISDB- T(custom) 12/1/18 Croatia 4.5 DVB-T 2011 Cuba 11.2 NTSC TBD 2025 Curacao TBD Cyprus 0.87 PAL BG DVB-T 2011 X Czech Republic 10.5 SECAM DK DVB-T 2012 X Denmark 5.5 PAL BG DVB-T completed X Dominican Rep. 10 NTSC TBD Dubai 2.2 DVB-H Egypt 77.4 SECAM BG El Salvador Population (millions) Analog Standard Digital TV Standard DVB-T 6 NTSC 8VSB 1/1/14 Equador 13.6 NTSC ISDB- T(custom) Estonia 1.34 DVB-T 2010 X Ethiopia 79.2 PAL BG TBD Analog Shut-off Date Finland 5.3 PAL BG DVB-T completed X France 60 SECAM EL DVB-T 11/30/11 X EU

154 148 Worldwide TV Standards Country Germany 82.5 SECAM BG DVB-T completed X Ghana 23.8 PAL BG DVB-T 2013 Greece 11 SECAM BG Greenland NTSC DVB-T Guam NTSC TBD DVB-T 2012 X Guatemala 14 NTSC *8VSB testing Haiti 9 NTSC TBD Honduras 7.5 NTSC 8VSB Hong Kong Population (millions) Analog Standard 7 PAL I DTMB? Hungary 9.9 SECAM DK Digital TV Standard DVB-T Analog Shut-off Date Dec. 2012? Iceland PAL B DVB-T? India 1000 PAL B DVB-T2 3/13/15 Indonesia 230 PAL B DVB-T 2015 Iran 74 PAL BG DVB-T? Iraq 31 PAL B DVB-H? Ireland 4 PAL I DVB-T end of 2012 EU X X

155 149 Country Israel 7.6 PAL BG DVB-T 3/30/2011 Italy 57.4 PAL BG DVB-T 2012 X Jamaica 2.8 NTSC TBD Japan NTSC ISDB-T 7/24/12 Kenya 39 PAL BG DVB-T Korea (South) 50 NTSC 8VSB 12/31/12 Latvia 2.5 DVB-T 2010 X Libya 6.4 SECAM BG DVB-H Lithuania 3.3 DVB-T 10/29/12 X Luxembourg 0.5 SECAM C DVB-T X Malaysia 28.3 PAL BG DVB-T 2015 Malta DVB-T 6/1/11 X Mexico 107 NTSC 8VSB 2022 Morocco 32 PAL B DVB-T by 2015 Netherlands 16 PAL BG DVB-T completed X New Zealand Population (millions) Analog Standard Digital TV Standard 4.4 PAL B DVB-T Nov Nigeria 154 PAL B DVB-H Norway 4.9 PAL BG DVB-T completed Oman 2.8 PAL BG DVB-T Analog Shut-off Date EU

156 150 Worldwide TV Standards Country Pakistan 170 PAL B TBD Panama 3.3 NTSC DVB-T 2020 Paraquay 6.3 PAL N ISDB-T (custom) Peru 29.4 PAL N ISDB-T (custom) Phillipines 92 NTSC DVB-T2 Mar Poland 37.8 SECAM DK DVB-T 7/31/13 X Portugal 11.3 PAL BG DVB-T 4/26/12 X Puerto Rico 3.9 NTSC 8VSB 6/12/09 Qatar 1.4 PAL B DVB-H Romania 22.2 SECAM K DVB-T 2012 X Russia SECAM D DVB-T 2015 Samoa NTSC TBD Saudi Arabia Population (millions) Analog Standard 28.7 SECAM BG Digital TV Standard DVB-T Analog Shut-off Date Serbia 7.3 DVB-T2 Apr-12 Singapore 5 PAL BG DVB-T Slovakia 5.3 DVB-T2 by 2012 X Slovenia 2 DVB-T 12/1/10 X EU

157 151 Country South Africa Population (millions) Analog Standard 49.3 PAL I DVB-T2 (? Review) Dec Spain 46 PAL BG DVB-T2 completed X St. Martin NTSC TBD Surinam TBD Sweden 9.3 PAL BG DVB-T completed X Switzerland 7.1 PAL BG DVB-T completed Taiwan 23 NTSC DVB-T by 2013 Thailand 66.4 PAL B DVB-T 2015 Trinidad 1.4 NTSC DVB-T Turkey 72.5 PAL BG DVB-T Uganda 31 PAL BG DVB-T (?) Dec-12 UK 62 PAL I DVB-T 2012 X Ukraine 46 DVB-T by 2015 Uruguay 3.5 PAL N DVB-T USA 310 NTSC 8VSB 6/12/09 Venezuela 26.8 NTSC ISDB-T (custom) Vietnam 85.8 SECAM DM Digital TV Standard Analog Shut-off Date 1/1/20 DVB-T 2015 EU

158 152 CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics For Off Air Channels LINES FIELD LINE CHAN. VIDEO VID/SND Freq. Freq. Width B/W Spacing Sideb VEST VISUAL SYSTEM (Hz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) MOD MOD AURAL B/G ,625 7/ NEG FM C , POS AM D/K , NEG FM H , NEG FM I , NEG FM K , NEG FM L , / POS AM M , NEG FM N , NEG FM CCIR: NTSC: PAL: Commitée Consulatif International Radiocommunications National Television Systems Committee Phase Alternating Lines SECAM: Sequential Color with Memory (Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire) OIRT: Organisation Internationale Radiodiffusion - Television

159 International Analog Channel Standards Broadcast Std. Color Standard Channel Voltage and Country System VHF UHF Frequencies Cycles (Hz) Argentina PAL N N Amer Australia PAL B G Australian Austria PAL B G West Euro Bahamas NTSC M Amer Belgium PAL B H West Euro Bermuda NTSC M Amer Bolivia NTSC M M Amer Brazil PAL M M Amer Canada NTSC M M Amer Chile NTSC M Amer China PAL D Chinese Colombia NTSC M M Amer Costa Rica NTSC M Amer Denmark PAL B G West Euro Ecuador NTSC M Amer Egypt SECAM B West Euro Finland PAL B G West Euro France SECAM L L French Germany SECAM/PAL B G West Euro Greece SECAM B G West Euro Hong Kong PAL I West Euro Hungary SECAM D K East Euro India PAL B West Euro Indonesia PAL B West Euro Iran SECAM B G West Euro Iraq SECAM B West Euro Ireland PAL A I Irish / / / / / /

160 154 Broadcast Std. Color Standard Channel Voltage and Country System VHF UHF Frequencies Cycles (Hz) Israel PAL B G West Euro Italy PAL B G Italian 127/ Japan W M M JPN /60 Jordan PAL B G West Euro Korea S. NTSC M M Amer 100/ Malaysia PAL B G West Euro Mexico NTSC M M Amer Morocco SECAM B Morocco 127/ Netherlands PAL B G West Euro New Zealand PAL B G NZ Norway PAL B G West Euro 220/ Panama NTSC M M Amer 110/115/ Peru NTSC M M Amer Philippines NTSC M Amer 110/115/ Poland SECAM D K East Euro Portugal PAL B G West Euro Romania SECAM D K East Euro Russia SECAM D K East Euro 127/ Singapore PAL B G West Euro Spain PAL B G West Euro 127/ Sweden PAL B G West Euro Switzerland PAL B G West Euro United King. PAL I I West Euro Uruguay PAL N Amer USA NTSC M M Amer Venezuela NTSC M Amer

161 155 9 CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA Basic Cable Theory Conversion Factors Fiber Optics...175

162 156 Basic Cable Theory The Decibel The decibel (db) provides a means of representing large power ratios as manageable, small numbers, and allows the overall gains and losses in a module or a network to be calculated by addition and subtraction, rather than by multiplication and division. The original unit is the Bel (named after Alexander Graham Bell). The decibel is one-tenth of a Bel. The power ratio of two power measurements is calculated as follows: Ratio of power P1 to power P2, in db: The power ratio of two voltage measurements is calculated as follows: Power ratio of voltage V1 to voltage V2, in db: Voltage Confusion dbmv and dbµv expressions of power contain an upper case V. This does not mean they are expressions of voltage. They are expressions of power. When all the power scales (dbm, dbmv and dbµv) are laid next to each other, it is easy to see that each track on a db for db basis.

163 Power Conversions 157 dbmv A power measurement of x dbmv indicates that a particular signal is x db greater than ( above ) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms. A negative dbmv value indicates that the signal is x db less than ( below ) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms. To convert x millivolts to dbmv: dbµv Similarly, a measurement of x dbµv indicates that the signal is x db above one microvolt in 75 ohms. To convert x microvolts to dbµv: To convert dbmv to dbµv, add 60 to the dbmv reading: dbm A measurement of x dbm indicates that a particular signal is x db greater than ( above ) 1 milliwatt. A negative dbm value indicates that the signal is x db less than ( below ) 1 milliwatt. To convert x milliwatts to dbm:

164 158 Power Conversion A power level, in dbmv, can be converted directly to power in dbm, if the impedance, Z. is known: To convert x dbmv directly to dbm: The inverse operation is also possible if impedance is known: To convert dbm directly to dbmv: Impedance Mismatch It frequently happens that the input impedance of a measuring device (spectrum analyzer; field strength meter, etc.) does not match the impedance of the system under test. In such a case, a correction must be made to the reading displayed on the instrument. Where Zi is the impedance of the instrument, and Zs is the impedance of the system under test.

165 Table of Conversions 159 mv dbmv dbµv dbm mv dbmv dbµv dbm

166 160 Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Return Reflec. VSWR Return Reflec. VSWR Loss (db) Coefficient (%) Loss (db) Coefficient (%)

167 Return Loss Ratio (RLR) 161 RLR (db) VSWR Note: In a 75-Ohm transmission line.

168 162 Conversion Factors Signal Levels 0 dbm = dbmv /75 ohms 0 dbw = dbmv /75 ohms 0 dbmv = 60 dbµv Prefixes milli (m) = 1/1,000 micro (µ) = 1/1,000,000 nano (n) = 1/1,000,000,000 pica (p) = 1/1,000,000,000,000 kilo (k) = 1,000 mega (M) = 1,000,000 giga (G) = 1,000,000,000 Energy/Heat 12,000 BTU = One Ton 1 Watt / hour = Btu 1 horsepower = 746 Watts 1 atmosphere = 14.6 pounds per square inch Fahrenheit = (9/5 x C) + 32 CELSIUS = 5/9 x ( F - 32)

169 163 Volume 1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet 1 cubic inch = cubic centimeters 1 cubic meter = cubic yards 1 US gallon = liters 1 US gallon = 128 fluid ounces 1 US gallon = Imperial Gallons 1 liter = cubic inches 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters Weight 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 pound = grams 1 kilogram = pounds 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 ton = kilograms 1 metric ton = 2205 pounds

170 164 Conversion Factors Linear 1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = kilometers 1 kilometer = feet 1 kilometer = miles 1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 meter = inches 1 meter = feet 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 centimeter = inches 1 millimeter = 1000 microns 1 micron = 1000 nanometers 1 foot = centimeters 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters 1 inch = 1000 mils 1 mil = 25.4 microns 1 micron = mil 1 yard = 36 inches

171 165 Degrees, Fahrenheit to Celsius F

172 166 Conversion Factors Ohm s Law & Joule s Law Ohm s Law V = IR V = voltage in volts I = current in amperes R = resistance in ohms Joule s Law P = IV P = power in watts I = current in amperes V = voltage in volts Equations Summary of Ohm s & Joule s Laws Ohms Law (1863) A Law in Electricity: the strength of a direct current is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit (Georg Simon Ohm )

173 Miscellaneous Data & Constants Ohm Attenuator Table & Equation Loss (db) T-Attenuator Resistor (Ohm) Pi-Attenuator Resistor (Ohm) a b c d

174 Ohm Attenuator Table & Equations The equations necessary to calculate the resistance values in ohms for T and Pi pad Attenuators are as follows: where: n = loss in db z = impedance value in Ohm To obtain resistance values at various impedances, simply multiply the resistances by the impedance value. Example: Given n = 2.0, calculate the resistance values for a 75 Ohm T-Attenuator:

175 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics 169 Cable and Equalizer Formulas 1. Cable Loss Ratio The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies. Example: To calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 db, 2. Tilt to Cable Loss To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency: Example: To calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency when the measured tilt is 12 db between 55 and 450 MHz

176 170 Cable and Equalizer Formulas 3. Equalizer Loss at any Frequency To calculate the equalizer loss at any frequency, the following formula may be used: Example: To calculate the loss of an equalizer for 20 db of cable at 450 MHz at a frequency f1 of 55 MHz,

177 Cable Loss Conversion Chart Use this chart to find a cable span s attenuation at a new frequency if you already know its attenuation at one frequency. If you know the cable loss at f 1 and want to find the corresponding loss at a higher frequency f 2 multiply the loss at f 1 by the conversion factor. The result is the cable loss at f 2. If you know the cable loss at f 2 and want to find the corresponding loss at a lower frequency f 1 divide the loss at f 2 by the conversion factor. The result is the cable loss at f 1. f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) Example: If a cable span attenuates a 220 MHz signal by 10 db, by how much will it attenuate a 300 MHz signal? Loss at 300 MHz = Loss at 220 MHz x conversion factor = 10 db x = db 171

178 172 Cable Loss and Temperature This equation calculates the percentage of change in cable attenuation (loss) caused by a temperature change: % change in cable loss = 1.1% per 10 F This equation calculates the change in cable loss in a span of cable, expressed in db. change in cable loss (in db) = standard loss x % change in cable loss Example: If the standard loss is 22 db* when the temperature is 70 F and the temperature drops to -40 F, what is the change in attenuation for that cable span? 1. Determine the number of degrees of temperature change. T = T 2 - T 1 = (-40 F) - 70 F = (-110 F) 2. Find the percent change in cable loss. % change = 1% per 10 F x (-110 F) = (1%/10 F) x (-110 F) = - 11% 3. Find the db change in the span s loss. Change in cable loss (in db) = -11% x 22 db = db So, if the span s loss was 22 db at 70 F it becomes 22 db + (-2.42 db) = db at -40 F. Changes in cable loss accumulate over multiple cable spans and can cause performance degradation if not controlled by AGC/ASC units.

179 Typical Cable Attenuation Chart in db/ F (20 C) 173

180 174 Directional Couplers Insertion Loss TAP VALUE (db) STOCK # SRT SRT-2A SRT-4A SRT-8A Indoor NO. OF OUTPUTS THRU-LINE LOSS MHz MHz Terminated MHz Terminated MHz Terminated MODEL STOCK NO. DMT #3852 DMT #3854 DMT #3858 Outdoor TAP VALUE (db) THRU-LINE LOSS MHz Terminated Terminated Terminated TAP THRU-LINE MODEL VALUE LOSS (db) STOCK NO. MHz TL-PI-1000 #3850 N/A TLS # TLS #3855 N/A TLS #3856 N/A TLS U #3857 N/A 5.0/ /9.2 (unbalanced) Please refer to the Blonder Tongue catalog for more detailed specifications common to indoor and outdoor passives.

181 Fiber Optics 175 Siecor MIC Cable Fiber Identification Guide (SOLID) (DASHED) (STRIPED) 1-1O Blue 11 Blue + Black Dash 21 Blue + Black Stripe 2 Orange 12 Orange+ Black Dash 22 Orange+ Black Stripe 3 Green 13 Green+ Black Dash 23 Green+ Black Stripe 4 Brown 14 Brown+ Black Dash 24 Brown+ Black Stripe 5 Slate 15 Slate+ Black Dash 25 Slate+ Black Stripe 6 White 16 White+ Black Dash 26 White+ Black Stripe 7 Red 17 Red+ Black Dash 27 Red+ Black Stripe 8 Black 18 Black+ White Dash 28 Black+ White Stripe 9 Yellow 19 Yellow+ Black Dash 29 Yellow+ Black Stripe 10 Violet 20 Violet+ Black Dash 30 Violet+ Black Stripe Standard Single Mode Fiber Wavelength Attenuation Dispersion 1310 nm 0.35 db/km 3 ps/(nm km) 1550 nm 0.24 db/km 19 ps/(nm km) Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDM) Wavelengths Bandpass Insertion Loss Directivity 1310/1550 nm + 20 nm < 0.5 db 60 db Amphenol Optical Connectors SC-FC/APC Super SC-FC/PC Insertion Loss 0.3 db.15 db Back Reflection -65 db -45 db

182 176 Fiber Optics Converting MW to DBM Use the conversion table below, to convert milliwatts (mw) to decibel milliwatts (dbm). mw dbm mw dbm

183 177 Optical Coupler Design Tool Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (db) 1 x 2 50/50 3.6/3.6 40/60 4.7/2.7 30/70 6.0/1.9 20/80 7.9/1.2 10/ /0.6 5/ /0.5 Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (db) 1 x 3 33/33/33 6.0/6.0/6.0 40/30/30 4.7/6.4/6.4 50/25/25 3.6/7.3/7.3 60/20/20 2.7/8.4/8.4 70/15/15 1.9/9.6/9.6 80/10/10 1.2/11.3/11.3 Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (db) 1 x 4 25% per port 7.3 per port Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (db) 1 x % per port 9.7 per port Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (db) 1 x % per port 10.8 per port

184

185 FCC RULES FCC Highlights FCC Rules...188

186 180 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76! This section is a summary of FCC specifications that CATV systems are required to meet. This section was created so technicians and engineers could have a ready reference at their fingertips. All specifications in this handbook were taken from Title 47 Telecommunications, part from the FCC. It spells out the rule, standard, number of channels to be tested, frequency of testing, and equipment needed to perform each test. The intention of this section is to summarize FCC specifications it is not intended to replace them. Consult the current editions of all specifications and regulations for complete and detailed requirements. Aeronautical Operational Requirements Frequency Offsets All carrier signals or signal components carried at an average power level equal to or greater than 10-4 watts in a 25 khz bandwidth in any 160 microseconds period must operate at frequencies offset from certain frequencies which may be used by aeronautical radio services operated by FCC licensees or by the United States Government or its Agencies. The following table summarizes the frequency offset requirements. Frequency Offsets Frequency Band(Standard and IRC) Offset Tolerance , and MHz 12.5 khz ±5 khz and MHz 25.0 khz ±5 khz For Harmonically Related Carrier (HRC) systems, the fundamental frequency from which the visual carrier frequencies are derived should be a multiple of MHz ±1 Hz

187 181 Aeronautical Frequency Notifications Cable operators planning to use the frequencies in the communications and navigational frequency bands must notify the FCC prior to the activation of these frequencies. The aeronautical operational requirements in the aeronautical bands are contained in 47 CFR Sections Each notification shall include an FCC Form 159. Legal name and local address of the cable television operator; The names and FCC identifiers (e.g. CA0001) of the system communities affected; The names and telephone numbers of local system officials who are responsible for compliance with , , and through of the rules; Carrier and subcarrier frequencies and tolerance, type of modulation and the maximum average power levels of all carriers and subcarriers occurring at any location in the cable distribution system; The geographical coordinates of a point near the center of the cable system, together with the distance (in kilometers) from the designated point to the most remote point of the cable plant, existing or planned, which defines a circle enclosing the entire cable plant; A description of the routine monitoring procedure to be used; The cumulative leakage index derived under (a) (1) or the results of airspace measurements derived under (a)(2), including a description of the method by which compliance with the basic signal leakage criteria is achieved and the method of calibrating the measurement equipment. Use FCC Form 320 to submit the results.

188 182 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76 Visual Carrier Center Frequency Tolerance: aeronautical channels ± 5 KHz indicated by asterisk. For all other channels no specific tolerance indicated by FCC. Good engineering practice ± 10 KHz for non broadcast. Local VHF broadcasts carried on channel should be zero frequency tolerance. See Option 14 in Section 1. Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a)(2) Aural Carrier Center Frequency 4.5 MHz 5 khz at subscriber terminal & out put of modulating or processing equipment 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/ MHz 6 Channels/ MHz 7 Channels/ MHz 8 Channels/ MHz Two times per year Spectrum analyzer, frequency counter, or automated testing system (a)(3) Minimum Visual Carrier Level 0 dbmv at subscriber terminal and 3.0 dbmv at end of 100 ft. drop cable connected to tap All NTSC or similar video channels Two times per year SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

189 183 Rule (a)(4) Visual Carrier Level 24 Hour Variation Standard Not to vary more than 8 db within any six month interval (measured before the converter) Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system Rule (a)(4)(i) Maximum Signal Level of Adjacent Channel Standard Within 3 db of any visual carrier within 6 MHz Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

190 184 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76 Rule (a) (4) (ii) Minimum/Maximum Bandwidth Standard Within 10 db of the visual signal on any other channel on a cable system of up to 300 MHz. A 1 db increase in level separation for each additional 100 MHz of bandwidth 11 db for a 400 MHz System 12 db for a 500 MHz System 13 db for a 600 MHz System Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a) (4) (iii) Maximum Visual A maximum level that will not overload the subscribers terminal or receiver All NTSC or similar video channels Two times per year SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

191 185 Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a)(5) Aural Carrier Level 10 db to 17 db below the associated visual signal level. Baseband converter: 6.5 db to 17 db below the associated visual-signal level All NTSC or similar video channels Two times per year SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system Rule (a)(6) Amplitude Characteristic of a Single CATV Channel Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment ± 2 db from MHz to 5.0 MHz from the channels bottom boundary at tap and before converter (prior to Dec. 30, 1999) above lower boundary frequency of CATV channel (referenced to average of the highest and lowest amplitudes) 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/ MHz 6 Channels/ MHz 7 Channels/ MHz 8 Channels/ MHz Two times per year Sweep transmitter/receiver, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

192 186 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76 Rule Standard Carrier to noise shall not be less than: 1) 40 db (June 30,1993-June 30, 1995) 2) 43 db (As of July 1,1995) Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, + 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/ MHz 6 Channels/ MHz 7 Channels/ MHz 8 Channels/ MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment (a)(7)(ii) Carrier to Noise (C/N) (a)(7)(iii) Carrier to Noise (C/N) SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a)(8)(i) Visual Signal-to-Coherent Beats Not less than 51 db for non-coherent (standard) CATV systems Or not less than 47 db for coherent (HRC/IRC) CATV systems 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/ MHz 6 Channels/ MHz 7 Channels/ MHz 8 Channels/ MHz Two times per year SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

193 187 Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a)(9)(i)(ii) Terminal Isolation Not less than 18 db (manufacturer s specification) and sufficient to prevent subscriber-caused terminal reflections 4 channel minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/ MHz 6 Channels/ MHz 7 Channels/ MHz 8 Channels/ MHz Two times per year Manufacturer s specifications Rule Standard Number Of Channels Frequency Of Testing Type Of Equipment (a)(10) Hum Not to exceed 3% of visual signal level Only on a single channel with a single unmodulated carrier Two times per year Testing SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

194 188 FCC Rules Cumulative Leakage Index Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI), also referred to as a figure of merit measurement, is a method for assessing the leakage integrity of a cable plant. The cable operator demonstrates compliance with a cumulative signal leakage index by showing either that: using either: where: r ø R E n and where: = Distance in meters (m) between the leakage source and the center of the cable system. = Fraction of the system cable length actually examined for leakage sources. The fraction is equal to the strand miles tested divided by total strand miles. = Slant height distance (m) from leakage source i to a point 3,000 meters above the center of the cable system. = Electric field strength in microvolts per meter (µv/m) measured 3 meters from leak i. = Number of leaks found with a field strength 50 µv/m.

195 189 Cumulative Leakage Index - continued The following formula may be substituted to determine the CLI figure of merit. Compliance is attained if the formula yields a figure of merit less than or equal to 64. where: Mp = Total Plant Miles (miles) Md = Total Plant Miles Driven (miles) n = Number of leaks with the same level L = Level of the leak in microvolts per meter (µv/m) k = Number of different levels Example: Given the following information about a cable system, determine the CLI. Mp = Total plant miles = 1500 miles Md = Plant miles driven = 1350 miles Number of leaks and level of each in µv/m = n1 = 300 L1 = 50 µv/m n2 = 30 L2 = 100 µv/m n3 = 3 L3 = 450 µv/m Sum of: nili2 + n2l22 + n3l32 = (300 x 50 x 50) + (30 x 100 x 100) + (3 x 450 x 450) = = CLI = 10 log (1.11 x ) = 10 log ( ) =

196 190 FCC Rules Maximum Leakage Levels The following table gives the maximum leakage levels at the given channels and voltage level. Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m CH# Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv) CH# Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv) T T T T T T T

197 191 Maximum Leakage Levels - continued Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m CH. Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv) CH. Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv)

198 192 FCC Rules Maximum Leakage Levels - continued Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m Visual 20 µv/m 50 µv/m CH. Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv) CH. Carrier (dbmv) (dbmv) Determine the maximum leakage levels by using the following equation: where: L = Maximum leakage level (dbmv) E = Voltage ƒ ƒ = Visual Carrier Frequency (MHz) Step 1 Convert dbmv to µv. Use tables in Section 6 to convert dbmv to mv. Multiply mv by 1000 to set µv. Step 2 Convert µv to µv/m. Multiply µv times frequency (in MHz) times.021

199 193 Common CATV Symbols Common IPTV Symbols CATV & IPTV Acronyms Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms Useful Websites and Publications SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS

200 194 Common CATV Symbols

201 Common CATV Symbols 195

202 196 Common IPTV Symbols

203 Common IPTV Symbols 197

204 198 CATV & IPTV Acronyms 1xRTT 3DES 3DTV 3G 3GPP Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology Triple Data Encryption Standard Three Dimensional Television 3rd Generation Third Generation Partnership Project AAC AAC AACS ABSBH AC AC AC_BE Advanced Audio Codec Advanced Audio Compression Advanced Access Content System Average Busy Season Busy Hour Access Category Alternating Current Access Category Best Effort ADI Ad-ID ADM ADSL AES AF Asynchronous Digital Interface Advertising- Digital Interface Add/Drop Multiplexing Administration Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Advanced Encryption Standard Assured Forwarding 4C 5C A/D A/D/A A/O A/V AAA AAAA Consortium of Intel, IBM, Matsushita, and Toshiba Consortium of Intel, Sony, Matsushita, Toshiba, and Hitachi Analog to Digital Analog to Digital to Analog Additional Outlet Audio/Video Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting American Association of Advertising Agencies AC_BK AC_VI AC_VO AC-3 ACE ACK ACL ACL ACM AD ADI Access Category BacKground Access Category VIdeo Access Category VOice Audio Coding Revision 3 Advanced Component Exchange Acknowledge Access Control List Applications Connection-Less Adaptive Coding and Modulation Activity Detection Asset Distribution Interface AFF AGC AGW AI AIFS AIN AIS AIT AKA ALG AM Adaptive Field/ Frame Automatic Gain Control Access Gateway Artificial Intelligence Arbitration InterFrame Space Advanced Intelligent Network Alarm Indication Signal Application Information Table Authentication and Key Agreement Application Layer Gateway Amplitude Modulation

205 199 AM AMA AMOL A-MPDU AMS ANA ANC ANF Application Manager Automatic Message Accounting Automated Measurement Of Lineup Aggregated MAC (Media Access Control) Protocol Data Unit Asset Management System Association of National Advertisers Announcement Aggregate Noise Factor APON Apps APS APSK ARCNET ARDP ARF ARIN ATM-based Passive Optical Network Applications Automatic Protection Switching Amplitude Phase Shift Keying Attached Resource Computer Network Advanced Return Path Modulator Advertising Research Foundation and Businesses American Registry of Internet Numbers ASI AsiaPac ASIC ASM ASP ASP ASR ASTB ASTD Asynchronous Serial Interface Asia Pacific Application- Specific Integrated Circuit Asset Management System Advanced Streaming Profile Average Selling Price Access Switch Router Advanced Set- Top Box American Society for Training and Development ANP Announcement Player ARP Address Resolution Protocol AT Advanced Technology ANSI AOD AoR AP AP APD API American National Standards Institute Advertising On Demand Address of Record Audio Processor Automatic Power Avalanche Photo Diode Application Programming Interface ARPU AS ASAP ASCII ASF ASF Average Revenue per Unit (or User) Application Server As Soon As Possible American Standard Code for Information Interchange Advanced Streaming Format Advanced Systems Format ATA ATDMA ATM ATSC ATTN AUP Advanced Technology Attachment Asynchronous Time Division Multiple Access Asynchronous Transfer Mode Advanced Television Systems Committee Attenuator Acceptable Use Policy

206 200 CATV & IPTV Acronyms AV AV AVC Audio/Video Audiovisual Advanced Video Coding BDR BE BER Baseband Digital Reverse Best Effort Bit Error Rate BOOTP BP BPDU Bootstrap Protocol Boundary Point Bridge Protocol Data Unit AVI AWGN AWT B2B B2BUA Advanced Video Interface Additive White Gaussian Noise Abstract Window Toolkit Business to Business Back-to-Back User Agent BERT BFS BFT BGCF BGP Bit Error Rate Test Broadcast File System Broadcast File Transfer Breakout Gateway Control Function Border Gateway Protocol BPF BPI BPI+ BPL B-PON Band-Pass Filter Baseline Privacy Interface Baseline Privacy Interface Plus Broadband over Power Line Broadband Passive Optical Network B2C BA BAF BB BB BC BC/NC BC-BS BCID Business to Consumer Behavioral Aggregate Bellcore AMA Format Baseband Broadband Broadcast Broadcast/ Narrowcast Backwards- Compatible Broadcast Services Billing Correlation Identifier BICSI BIF bits/ sym BIU BMS BNC BNN BoD Building Industry Consulting Services Binary Interchange Format Bits per Symbol Broadband Interface Unit Business Management System Broadcast Network Bit-Error-Rate in the Noise Notch Broadcast on Demand bps BRAS BRI BRI BRS BS BSAM BSAM BSC Bits Per Second Broadband Remote Access Server Basic Rate Interface Brand Rating Index Broadband Radio Service Broadcast Services Basic Sequential Access Method Broadband Services Access Multiplexer Base Station BDF Broadband Digital Forward BOM Bill of Material BSCC Broadcast Stream Client Connector

207 201 BSS BSS BTS BTS BTSC BTU/hr BW BYOI C/N CA CA CA CAB Basic Service Set Business Support System Base Transceiver Station Business Telecom Services Broadcast Television Systems Committee British Thermal Unit Per Hour Bandwidth Bring Your Own Infrastructure Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Call Agent Conditional Access Content Archive Cable Advertising Bureau CAN Canitec CapEx CAPMAN CAS CAS CAT Cellular Access Network Camara Nacional de la Industria Television por Cable Capital Expenditure Capacity Management Conditional Access Server Conditional Access System Conditional Access Table CAT5 Category 5 CATV Community Antenna Television (or Cable Television) CB CB CBR Channel Bonding Citizen Band Constant Bit Rate CCI CCK CCM CCM CCNR CCS CCS CD CD CDC CDC CDL Copy Control Information Complimentary Code Keying Channel Change Message Constant Coding and Modulation Completion of Calls No Reply Centum Call Seconds Control Compact Disc Chromatic Dispersion Compact Disc Changed Data Capture Connected Device Configuration Code DownLoad CAC CAD CALA CALEA CAM Call Admission Control Computer Aided Design Central America and Latin America Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act Content Addressable Memory CBT CC CCA CCCM CCDF Computer Based Testing (or Training) Closed Caption Circuit Card Assembly CPE Controlled Cable Modem Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function CDMA CDN CDP CDR CD-ROM CDT Code Division Multiple Access Content Delivery Network Cisco Discovery Protocol Call Detail Record Compact Disk-Read Only Memory Carrier Definition Table

208 202 CATV & IPTV Acronyms CE CE CEA CEBus CEO CEP CEPCA CER CES CFO CFP CH Consumer Electronics Customer Equipment Consumer Electronics Association Consumer Electronic Bus Chief Executive Officer Cable Entry Point Consumer Electronics Powerline Communication Alliance Codeword Error Ratio Circuit Emulation Service Chief Financial Officer Contention Free Periods CableHome CIN CINIT CIR CLASS CLDC CLE CLEC CLI CLI CLR Call Indentity Number Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion en Telecomunicaciones Committed Information Rate Custom Local Area Signaling Services Connection Limited Device Configuration Customer Located Equipment Common Local Echange Carrier Command Line Interface Cumulative Leakage Index Common Language Runtime CMOS CMS CMTS CNAM CNIR CNR CNR CO CODEC COFDM COLD COPS Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Call Management Server Cable Modem Termination System Calling NAMe Carrier-to-Noise/ Ingress Ratio Carrier-to-Noise Ratio Chronic Non- Responder Central Office Coder/Decoder Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Central Office Layout Design Common Open Policy Service Ch CIDR CIF CIFS CIM Channel Classless Inter Domain Routing Common Image Format Common Internet File System Common Information Model CLV CM CMCI CMLA Consumer Lifetime Value Cable Modem CM (Cable Modem) To CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) Interface Content Management License Administrator CORBA CoS COT CP CPD Common Object Request Broker Architecture Class of Service Central Office Terminal Copy Protection Common Path Distortion

209 203 CPE CPM CPMS CPPM CPRM CPTWG CPU CQoS Customer Premises Equipment Cost per Thousand Impressions Copy Protection Management System Copy Protection for Prerecorded Media Content Protection for Recordable Media Copy Protection Technical Working Group Central Processing Unit CableHome Quality of Service CR-LDP CRM CSA CSCF CSH CSMA/ CA CSMA/ CD Constraintbased Label Distribution Protocol Customer Relationship Management Common Scrambling Algorithim Call State/Session Control(ler) Function Central Switch Homerun Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSV CTAM CTB CTIA CTO CVCT CW CW CWDM Comma Separated Value Cable & Telecommunications Association for Marketing Composite Triple Beat Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association Chief Technology Officer Cable Virtual Channel Table Codeword Continuous Wave Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing CQP CRA CableHome QoS Portal Contention Resolution Algorithm CSO CSR Composite Second Order Customer Service Representative CWM D&B Common Warehouse Metamodel Dun & Bradstreet CRC CRC CRG CRL Cyclic Redundancy Check Cyclic Redundancy Check CableHome Residential Gateway Certificate Revocation List CS-RZ CSS CSU/ DSU Carrier- Suppressed Return-to-Zero Content Scrambling System Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit D/E DA DAB DAC DAC Decrypt/Extract Destination Address Digital Audio Broadcast Descrambler Authorization Center Digital Addressable

210 204 CATV & IPTV Acronyms DAC DANIS DARPA DAS Digital to Analog Converter Digital Addressable Network Interface System Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Direct Attached Storage; Distributed Antenna System DC DC DCA D- CAPMAN DCAS Directional Coupler Dispersion Compensator Digital Cable Application Dynamic Capacity Management Downloadable Conditional Access System DCR DCS DCT DCT DCT Digital Cable Ready Digital Crossconnect System Digital Communications (Cable) Terminal Discrete Cosine Transform Discrete Cosine Transform DASE DAT DAT DAVIC DB db dbc dbfs dbm dbmv DBPSK DBS DC DC Digital TV Application Software Environment Digital Audio Tape DOCSIS Settop Gateway Address Table Digital Audio Visual Council Database Decibel Decibel Referenced to the Carrier Decibel Below Full Scale Decibel milliwatt Decibel millivolt Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying Direct Broadcast Satellite DigiCipher Direct Current DCC DCC DCD DCD DCE DCF DCF DCII DCM DCP DCP Data Communication Channel Dynamic Channel Change Disconnection Delay Downstream Channel Descriptor Data Circuit Comm Equipment Dispersion Compensating Fiber Distributed Coordination Function DigiCipher II Dispersion Compensation Module Device Control Protocol Digital Convergence Platform DE DeCSS DEM DENI DES DES DF DFAST DFB DHCP Default Defeat Content Scrambling System DigiCipher Even Manager Digital Entertainment Networking Initiative Data Encryption Standard Digital Encryption Standard Delivery Function Dynamic Feedback Arrangement Scrambling Technique Distributed Feedback Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

211 205 DHEI DHWG DiffServ Div DIX DLCI DLL DLNA DLS DM DM DM DM DMA DMB DMC DMCA DMH DigiCable Headend Expansion Interface Digital Home Working Group Differentiated Services Division DEC-Intel-Xerox Data Link Connection Identifier Data Link Layer Digital Living Network Alliance Down Load Server Degraded Modem Demodulator Device Manager Dispersion Mitigation Designated Marketing Area Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Dual Modem Cards Digital Millennium Copyright Act Degraded Modem Hours DMIF DML DNCS DNS DOA DOCS DIAG DOCSIS DOCSIS -RFI DoD DoS DPI DPON DPSK DPT DQoS DQPSK Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework Direct Modulated Distributed Feedback Laser Digital Network Control System Domain Name System Dead on Arrival DOCSIS Diagnostic Program Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications DOCSIS Radio Frequency Interface Department of Defense Denial of Service Digital Program Insertion Deep-Fiber Passive Optical Network Differential Phase Shift Keying Dynamic Packet Transport Dynamic Quality of Service Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying DRAM DRC DRM DS DS0 DSA DSCP DSE DSG DSL DSLAM DSM DSM- CC DSM- CC DSP DSP Dynamic Random Access Memory Dynamic Range Control Digital Rights Management Downstream Digital Signal 0 (zero) Dynamic Service Addition Differentiated Service Code Point Digital Service Encoder DOCSIS Settop Gateway Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer Digital Storage Media, DNCS Session Manager Digital Storage Medium Command & Control UN Digital Storage Media Command and Control Userto-Network Digital Signal Processing Digital Signal Processor

212 206 CATV & IPTV Acronyms DSR DSSS DSTB DS-UWB DS-x DSx DTCP DTCP/5C DTD DTE DTH DTMF DTV Digital Satellite Receiver Direct Sequencing Spread Spectrum Digital Set-top Box Direct Sequence Ultra-WideBand Digital Signal (level) Dynamic Service Change Digital Transmission Content Protection Digital Transmission Content Protection/5 Companies Dial Tone Delay Data Terminal Equipment Direct To Home Dual Tone Multifrequency Digital Television DVB- DSNG DVB-H DVB- RCS DVB-S DVB-S DVB-T DVC DVD DVD+R DVD+ RW DVD CCA DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) Digital Satellite News Gathering DVB Handheld DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) Return Channel via Satellite DVB (Digital Video Broadcast Standard DVB Satellite DVB Terrestial Digital Video Compressor Digital Versatile Disc Recordable Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable Digital Versatile Disc Digital Versatile Disc Copy Control Association DVS DWDM Digital Video Subcommittee Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex E/I Encrypt/Insert EA-DFB Electro-Absorption Modulator Integrated Distributed Feedback Laser EAP EAS ebif EBITDA ECC ecm Extensible Authentication Protocol Emergency Alert System Enhanced Binary Interchange Format Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization Encryption Control Center Embedded Cable Modem DUN DUT DVB DVB- ASI Dial-Up Networking Device Under Test Digital Video Broadcast DVB (Digital Video Broadcast) Asynchronous Serial Interface DVI DVNR DVR DVS Display Visual Interface Digital Vision Noise Reducer Digital Video Recorder Digital Video Standard ECM ECR ECR EDC Entitlement Control Message Efficient Consumer Response Engineering Change Request Electronic Dispersion Compensator

213 207 EDCA EDFA EDGE edocsis EEPROM EF EFM EFMS EFS EHDR EIA EIC EIGRP Enhanced Distributed Channel Access Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution Embedded Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Expedited Forwarding Ethernet in the First Mile Error Free Milliseconds Error Free Seconds Extended Header Electronics Industry Association Entertainment, Information, and Communications Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIRP EIS/SCS ELA E-LSP EM EMC EMEA EMI EML EMM EMS emta ENDEC ENUM Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Event Information Scheduler/ SimulCrypt Synchronizer Ethernet Line Aggregation EXP-Inferred-PSC Label Switch Path Element Manager Encoder Monitor and Control Europe, Middle East and Asia Electro-Magnetic Interference Externally Modulated Laser Entitlement Management Message Element Management System Embedded Multimedia Terminal Adapter Encode/Decode Electronic Numbering EoS EP EPG EPL EPON EPRI EPROM EQAM ER ERIM ERM ERS ES ES ESC ESCON Ethernet over SONET End Point Electronic Program Guide Ethernet Private Line Ethernet Passive Optical Network Electric Power Research Institute Electrically Readable Programmable Read Only Memory Edge QAM Edge Router Erasmus Research Institute of Management Edge Resource Manager Encryption Renewal System Errored Seconds Exclusive Session Embedded Signaling Channel Enterprise System Connection EIR Excess Information Rate E-O EoD Electrical-Optical Everything on Demand ESF Extended SuperFrame

214 208 CATV & IPTV Acronyms ES Errored Seconds ExCCI Extended CC FF Fast Forward ES ESC ESCON ESF ESM ESP Exclusive Session Embedded Signaling Channel Enterprise System Connection Extended SuperFrame EOD Server Manager Encapsulating Security Payload EX-MOD EXP FastE FAT FBI FC Externally Modulated Experimental Fast Ethernet File Allocation Table Federal Bureau of Investigation Fiber Channel FC-AL Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop FFT FGPS FHCS FHSS FICON Fast Fourier Transform FEC, Guard time, Preamble, Stuffing bytes Fragment Header Check Sequence Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Fiber Connection ETS ETSI ETTH ETTx etv EVC EV-DO EVM EVPL EVPLAN EXC Event Trigger System European Telecommunication Standards Institute Ethernet To The Home Ethernet To The x (end point) Enhanced Television Ethernet Virtual Circuit Evolution-Data Only Error Vector Magnitude Ethernet Virtual Private Line Ethernet Virtual Private Local Area Network Electronic Cross Connect FCC FCP FCRC FDD FDDI FDIS Federal Communications Commission Fibre Channel Protocol Fragment Cyclic Redundancy Check Frequency Division Duplexed Fiberoptic Digital Data Interface Final Draft International Standard FDP Face Description FE Fast Ethernet FEC Forward Error Correction FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class FIFO FLR FM FN FOADM FOD FOSC FP FPM FQDN FR FRAG First In First Out Frame Loss Ratio Frequency Modulation Fiber Node Fixed Filter Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexer Free on Demand Fiber Optic Splice Closure Fabry-Perot FEC and Packet Multiplexer Fully Qualified Domain Name Frame Relay Fragmentation

215 209 FS- CWDM FSN FSO Full Spectrum Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing Full Service Network Free Space Optical FTA Free to Air FTP FTTB FTTC FTTH FTTN FTTP FTTU FTTx FW FWM FXS G2B GaAs File Transfer Protocol Fiber to the Business Fiber to the Curb Fiber to the Home Fiber to the Node Fiber to the Premises Fiber to the User Fiber to the (endpoint) Firewall Four-Wave Mixing Foreign exchange Station Go2BroadbandSM Gallium Arsenide GBIC Module Gbps Gigabits per Second GC Gateway GCR Group Configuration Request GDV GE GEM GFL GFP GFP-F GFP-T GFP-T GGSN GHz GigE Group Delay Variation Gigabit Ethernet Globally Executable MHP Group Flow Label Generalized Framing Procedure Generic Framing Procedure-Framed Generic Framing Procedure-Transparent Transparent Generalized Framing Procedure Gateway GPRS Support Node Gigahertz Gigabit Ethernet GNT GOP GPI G-PON GPRS GPS GQoS GR GRE GRM GRX GS GSM Grant Group of Pictures General Purpose Interface Gigabit Passive Optical Network General Packet Radio Service Global Positioning System Generic Quality of Service Generic Requirement Generic Routing Encapsulation Global Resource Manager GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Roaming exchange Global Server Global System for Mobile communications GARP GB GB/s GbE GBIC Generic Attribute Registration Protocol Gigabyte Gigabits per Second Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Interface Converter GIGO GIS GMPLS Garbage In, Garbage Out Geographic Information System Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switching GSMA GSRM GTP Global System for Mobile communications Association Global System Resource Manager GPRS Tunneling Protocol

216 210 CATV & IPTV Acronyms GUI Graphical User Interface HDD High Definition Decoder HIT Headend Interface Terminal GVRP GW GWC H&S HAN HAVi HCCA HCF HCM HCRP HCS HCT GARP VLAN Registration Protocol Gateway Gateway Hub and Spoke Home Area Network Home Audio Video Interoperability Hybrid Coordination function controlled Channel Access Hybrid Coordination Function Hardware Control Message Hard Copy Cable Replacement Header Check Sequence Headend Configuration Tool HDE High Definition Encoder HDLC High Level Data Link Control HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface HD-PLC High Definitionready Powerline Communications HDR Header HDT Host Digital Terminal HDTV High Definition Television HDVOD High-Definition Video on Demand HE HEC HEM HF HFC Headend Headend Cable Headend Modem High Frequency Hybrid Fiber/Coax HITS HLR HMAC HMS HMS HMS HN H-Net HNv1 HOD HOM Home PNA Headend In The Sky Home Location Register keyed-hashing for Message Authentication Code Headend Management System Home Media Server Hybrid Management Sub-layer Home Network Home Network Home Networking Version 1 HBO On Demand High-Order Modulation Home Phoneline Networking Alliance HD Hardware HGW Home Gateway HP Homes Passed HD High Definition HH HouseHold HPF High Pass Filter HDBH HDCP HDD High-Day Busy Hour High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection Hard Disk Drive HHP HHR Hi-PHY Households Passed Half Horizontal Resolution High Performance Physical Layer HPLMN HPNA HPOV Home Public Land Mobile Network Home Phoneline Networking Alliance Hewlitt Packard Open View

217 211 HQ HRC HSA HSCI HSD HSDPA HSE HSI HSP HSRP HSS HSS/ HLR HSUPA HTML HTPC HTTP HVAC High Quality Harmonically Related Carriers High Speed Access High Speed Cable Interface High Speed Data High Speed Downlink Packet Access HD Service Encoder High-Speed Internet Headset Profile Hot Standby Router Protocol Home Subscriber Server High Speed Serial/ Home Location Register High Speed Uplink Packet Access Hyper Text Markup Language Home Theatre Personal Computer Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning HVS Hz I/O IAG IAMS IANA IB ICB ICC ICE ICE ICMP ICO i-cscf i-cscf ID Human Vision System Hertz Input/Output Interactive Advertising Guidelines Intelligent Asset Management System Internet Assigned Numbers Authority In-Band Independent Customer Builds Instant Channel Change Information & Content Exchange Inter Chip Encryption Internet Control Message Protocol Incumbent Cable Operator Interrogating- Call State Control Function Interrogating-Call State/Session Control(ler) Function Identifier IDE IDE iden IDS IDT IEC IEEE IEEE-SA IETF IF IFC IGMP IGRP Integrated Development Environment Integrated Device Electronics integrated Digital Enhanced Network Intrusion Detection System Integrated Digital Terminal International Electrotechnical Commission Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association Internet Engineering Task Force Intermediate Frequency Initial First Cost Internet Group Multicast Protocol Interior Gateway Routing Protocol HVAC HVC High Voltage Alternating Current HD Video Compressor IDC IDCT International Data Group Inc. Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform IKE ILEC Internet Key Exchange Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier

218 212 CATV & IPTV Acronyms ILMI IM IMD IMS INA I-NET INP INA INT IntServ IP IPAT IP-CAN IPCDN IPDR IPDT IPG IPG Interim Link Management Interface Instant Messaging Intermodulation Distortion IP Multimedia Subsystem Interactive Network Adaptor Institutional Network Input Interface Adaptor International Integrated Services Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Access Terminal Internet Protocol Cellular Access Network IP over Cable Data Network Internet Protocol Detail Record Internet Protocol Digital Terminal Interactive Program Guide Inter-Packet Gap IPM IPMP IPPV IPRM IPSec IPTA IPTV IPv4 IR IRD IRI IRR IRT IRTDBG IS IS Intelligent Policy Management Intellectual Property Management & Protection Impulse Pay Per View IP Rights Management System Internet Protocol Security Internet Protocol Transport Agreement Internet Protocol Television Internet Protocol version 4 Infrared Integrated Receiver/Decoder Industrial Reporting Inc Internal Rate of Return Integrated Receiver/ Transcoder Integrated Receiver Transmitter DeBuG Information Systems International Standard ISA iscsi ISDB ISDB-T ISDN ISI IS-IS ISM ISMS ISO ISP ISP ISTP Interactive Service Architecture Internet Small Computer System Interface Integrated Service Digital Broadcast Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting -Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital Network Inter-Symbol Interference Intermediate System-to- Intermediate System Industrial Scientific Medical Integrated Service Management System International Organization for Standardization Inside Plant Internet Service Provider Internet Signaling Transport Protocol

219 213 ISUP ISV IT Integrated Services Digital Network User Part Independent Software Vendor Information Technology JCP JMF JND JNI Java Community Process Java Medium Framework Just Noticeable Difference Java Native Interface ksym/s ksym/ sec Kilosymbols Per Second Kilosymbols Per Second KTTA Korean Telecommunications Technology Association ITA ITU ITU-T itv IUC Interactive Television Association International Telecommunications Union International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector Interactive Television Interval Usage Code JPEG JSR JTA JVM JVT JVT Joint Photographic Experts Group Java Specification Request Job Task Analysis Java Virtual Machine Java Vision Toolkit Joint Video Team k Kilo = 1000 kb Kilobyte kva 1000 Volt Amperes kw Kilowatt l Current L/R Left/Right L2 Level 2 L2TP Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol L2TPv3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 IVR IVRM IWF IWF IXC IXP J2ME Interactive Voice Response Intelligent Video Resource Manager Internetworking Function InterWorking Function Interexchange Carrier Internet Exchange Provider Java2 MicroEdition kb/s kbps KDC KDCF khz KLS km KP KSA Kilobits per Second Kilobits per Second Key Distribution Center Korea Digital Cable Forum Kilohertz Key List Server Kilometer Kernel Processor Knowledge, Skills & Abilities LAeq LAN LATA LC LCAS LCC LCD Long-term A-weighted loudness EQuivalent Local Area Network Local Access and Transport Area Local Convergence Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme Life-Cycle Cost Liquid Crystal Display

220 214 CATV & IPTV Acronyms LCP Local Convergence Point LMP Link Management Protocol M/U Modulator/ Upconverter LCS LD LDAP Line Code Signaling Long Distance Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LNB LNP LO Low Noise Blockdownconverter Local Number Portability Local Origination M3UA MAC MACD MTP-3 User Adaptation Media Access Control Moves, Adds, Changes, Deletes LDP LDPC Label Distribution Protocol Low Density Parity Check LOADM LOS Lightweight Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexer Line Of Sight MAN MAP Metropolitan Area Network Main Audio Program LDS LEC LED LEN LEO LER LF LFA LH DWDM LLC L-LSP LMDS LMI Local Digital Switch Local Exchange Carrier Light Emitting Diode Length Low Earth Orbit Label Edge Router Low Frequency Long Format Advertising Long Haul Dense Wave Division Multiplex Logical Link Control Label-Only- Inferred-PSC LSP Local Multipoint Distribution Service Link Management Interface LOS LovSAN LP LPCM LRU LSB LSP LSP LSR LTC LTS LUA LVI LWP Loss of Signal a.k.a The Blaster Worm Long Play Linear Pulse Code Modulation Least Recently Used Least Significant Byte Label Switched Path Legacy Set-top Profile Label Switch Router Longitudinal Time Code Long Term Storage Last User Activity Low Voltage Integrator Low Water Peak MAS MB Mb/s MB/s MB-AFF Mbaud Mbits/ sec MBOA MB- OFDM Mbps MBps MPEG-Aware Switch Megabyte Megabits per Second Megabytes per Second Macro Block Adaptive Frame/Field Megabaud Megabits per Second MultiBand OFDM Alliance Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Domain Modulation Megabits per Second MegaByte per Second

221 215 MBS MC M- CMTS Mission Bit Stream Motion Compensation Modular Cable Modem Termination System MGCF MGCP MGW Media Gateway Control(ler) Function Media Gateway Control Protocol Media GateWay MOS MP Mean Opinion Score Media Player Main High Level MC-PC MCPC MCTF MDA MDA Media Center Personal Computers Multiple Channel Per Carrier Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering Message-Digest Algorithm Model Driven Architecture MHP MHz MIB MIDP MIMO MIP Multimedia Home Platform Megahertz Management Information Base Mobile Information Device Profile Multiple Input, Multiple Output Mobile IP MP3 MPEG-2 Layer 3 MPAA Motion Picture Association of America MPBGP MPC MPDU MultiProtocol Border Gateway Protocol Media Player MAC (Media Access Control) Protocol Data Unit MDR Mobile Digital Recorder MIPS Million Instructions Per Second MPE Multi Protocol Encapsulation MDU mdvr MEMS MEN MER MF MF MG MGC Multiple Dwelling Unit Multi-TV Digital Video Recorder Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems Metro Ethernet Network Modulation Error Ratio Multifield Multifrequency Media Gateway Control(ler) Media Gateway ML@ MP MLD MM MMD MMI MMT MOCA MOD MOF Main Main Profile Multicast Listener Discovery Multimedia Multipoint Microwave Distribution Man Machine Interface Modulation Mode Table Multimedia Over Coax Alliance Movies on Demand Meta Object Facility MPEG MPEG- TS MPLS MPS MPTS MPTS- TE MQ M-QAM Moving Pictures Expert Group Moving Pictures Expert Group Transport Stream Multiprotocol Label Switching Modular Processing System Multiple Program Transport Stream MPLS Traffic Engineering Medium Quality M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

222 216 CATV & IPTV Acronyms MRFC Multimedia Resource Function MTBF Mean Time Between Failures NASS Network Access Attachment Function(s) MRFP Multimedia Resource Function Processor MTP-3 Message Transfer Part Level 3 NAT Network Address Translation MRTG MS ms Multi Router Traffic Grapher Master Server Millisecond MTTF MTTR MTTU Mean-Time-To-Failure Mean Time- To- Repair Mean Time to Understand NBC-BS NBI Non Backwards- Compatible Broadcast Services Northbound Interface MSA300 Standard 10 Gigabit Ethernet Connector MUX MV Multiplexer Motion Vector NC NCM Network Next Century Media MSB MSC MSE msec MSFT MSN MSO MSPP Msps MSR MSRP MTA Most Significant Byte Mobile Switching Center Multi-Standard Encoder Millisecond Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Network Multiple System Operator Multi-Service Provisioning Platform Mega-Symbols per Second Multi-Standard Receiver Manufacturer s Suggested Retail Price Multimedia Terminal Adapter MVNO MVoD MVP MZ NABTS NANPA NAP NAPT NAS NAS NASRAC Mobile Virtual Network Operator Mobile Video on Demand Multi-View Profile Mach-Zehnder North American Broadcast Teletext Standard North American Numbering Plan Administration Network Access Point Network Address & Protocol Translation National Authorization Service Network Attached Storage National Authorization Service Regional Access NCS NCS NCTA NDA NDE NDMH NDVR NE NEBS NEMA Network Control System Network-based Call Signaling National Cable & Telecommunications Association Non-Disclosure Agreement Network Dimensioning Engine Non-Degraded Modem Hours Network Digital Video Recording Network Element Network Equipment Building System National Electrical Manufactures Association

223 217 NEMS Network Element Management System NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology nrtp Non Real-time Transport Protocol NETBIOS Network Version of Basic Input/ Output System NF Noise Figure NFS Network File System NG STB Next Generation Set-Top Box NG-L1 Next Generation Layer 1 NGN NGNA NGO ngoss ng- SONET NI NIC NID NIM NIS Next Generation Network Next Generation Network Architecture Non-Government Organization Next Generation Operations Support System Next Generation Synchronous Optical NETwork Network Interface Network Interface Card Network Interface Device Network Interface Module Network Infrastructure Solutions NIT NIU NLOS nm NMS NNI NNOC NNTP NOC NP NPAC NPR NPT npvr NRSS Network Information Table Network Interface Unit Non-Line of Sight Nanometer Network Management System Network-Network Interface National Network Operations Center Network News Transfer Protocol Network Operations Center Number Portability Number Portability Administration Center Noise Power Ratio Network Performance Tool Network-based Personal Video Recorder Network Renewable Security Standard NRTC National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative nrtps NRVC NRZ ns NSI NSP NTIA NTP NTS NTSC NTSC NVM NVOD NW Non-Real Time Polling Service Noise Reduction Video Compression NonReturn to Zero Nanosecond Network Side Interface Network Service Provider National Telecommunications and Information Administration Network Time Protocol Near Term Storage National Television System Committee National Television System Committee Non-Volatile Memory Near Video-On- Demand Network

224 218 CATV & IPTV Acronyms O/E OADM OAM OAM&P OCAP OC-CC Optical Signal-to- Electrical Signal Conversion Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexer Operations, Administration, & Maintenance Operations, Administration, Maintenance & Provisioning OpenCable Application Platform OpenCable CableCARD OC-CFR OpenCable - Core Functional Requirements OCn OCSP OCST OC-x ODA ODRL OE O-E OEM Optical Carrier (level) Online Certificate Status Protocol Office of Cable Signal Theft Optical Carrier (level) Outlet Digital Adapter Open Digital Rights Language Optical Ethernet Optical-Electrical Original Equipment Manufacturer O-E-O OEPL Optical-to- Electrical-to-Optical Optical Ethernet Private Line OEPLAN Optical Ethernet Private Local Area Network OEVPL OEV PLAN OFC OFDM OH OIU OJT OLT OM OMA OMG ONDS ONT OOB Optical Ethernet Virtual Private Line Optical Ethernet Virtual Private Local Area Network Optical Fiber Communication Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Overhead Organizationally Unique Identifier On-The-Job Training Optical Line Terminal Out of Band Modulator Open Mobile Alliance Object Management Group Optical Node Distribution Switch Optical Network Termination Out-of-Band OOK OOO OpEx OpLT OpTN ORX OS OSA OSC OSD OSGi OSI OSMINE OSNR On-Off-Keying Optical-Optical- Optical Operations Expenditure Optical Line Termination Optical Transport Network Optical Receiver Operating System Open Service Access Optical Supervisory Channel On-Screen Display Open Services Gateway Initiative Open Systems Interconnect Operations Systems Modification for the Integration of Network Elements Optical Signal-to- Noise Ratio OSP Outside Plant OSPF Open Shortest Path First OSS Operational Support System OSSI OSS Interface

225 219 OSW OTDR Optical Switch Optical Time Domain Reflectometer PBP PBR PBX Personal Basis Profile Policy Based Routing Private Branch Exchange PDG PDH PDI Packet Data Gateway Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy Path Defect Indicator OTN OTU-N OTX OUI OWG Optical Transition Node Optical Transport Unit Optical Transmitter Organizationally Unique Identifier OnRamp Working Group PC PC PCI PCM PacketCable Personal Computer Peripheral Component Interconnect Pulse Code Modulation PDL PDP PDU PDW Polarization Dependent Loss Policy Decision Point Protocol Data Unit Polarization Dependent Wavelength OXC P2P P2P PACM PAL PAN PAR PARM Optical Cross Connect Peer to Peer Point to Point Provisioning, Activation, Configuration & Management Phase Alternating Line Personal Area Network Project Authorization Request Parameter PCMCIA PCMM PCR PCR PCS P-CSCF Personal Computer Memory Card PacketCable Multimedia Peak Cell Rate Program Clock Reference Personal Communications System Proxy-Call State/Session Control(ler) Function PEG PEP PER PES PESQ PHB PHS PHY Public, Education, Government Policy Enforcement Point Packet Error Rate Packetized Elementary Stream Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality Per-hop Behavior Payload Header Suppression Physical (layer) PAT PAT PBIA Port Address Termination Program Association Table Personal Broadband Industry Association PDA PDD PDF PDF Personal Digital Assistant Post-dial Delay Policy Distribution Function Probability Density Function PID PID PIM PIM-SM Packet Identifier Program Identifier Protocol Independent Multicast Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode

226 220 CATV & IPTV Acronyms PIN PIN PING PIP PKI PKT PL PLC PLC PLMN PLT PM PMB Personal Identification Number Positive-Intrinsic- Negative Packet Internet Gopher Picture In Picture Public Key Infrastructure Packet Packet Loss Packet Loss Concealment Powerline Communications Public Land Mobile Network Powerline Telecommunications Performance Monitoring Permanent Message Buffer PN PNA PO POD POH PON POP POP3 POS POTS POTS PPD PPE PPP Program Number Phone Network Alliance Purchase Order Point of Deployment Path Overhead Passive Optical Network Point Of Presence Post Office Protocol 3 Packet Over SONET Plain Old Telephone Service Plain Old Telephone System Post-pickup Delay Programmable Processing Element Point-to-Point Protocol PRBS PRCF PRI PRM PRNG PRV PS PS PS PS PSA PSI PSIP PSK Pseudo-Random Bits Stream Positioning Radio Coordination Function Primary Rate Interface Polarization Recovery Module Pseudo Random Number Generators Privacy Policy Server Portal Services Power Supply Provisioning Server PacketCable Service Agreement Program Specific Information Program & System Information Protocol Phase Shift Keying PMD PMI PMK PML PMP PMT Polarization Mode Dispersion Packet Multiplex Interface Pairwise Master Key Packet Multiplex Link Point to MultiPoint Program Map Table PPPoA PPPoE PPT PPTP PPV PRBS PPP over ATM Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet Power Passing Tap Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol Pay per View Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence PSK PSNR PSP PSP PSQ PreShared Key Peak Signal to Noise Ratio Packet Streaming Protocol Packet Success Probability Packet Streaming Queue

227 221 PSQM PSTN PSTN PTK PTS PTT PTV PVC PVC PVR PWE3 QAM QBP QCC QCS QEF Perceptual Spec Quality Measurement Public Switched Telephone Network Public Switched Telephone Network Pairwise Temporal Key Program Transport Stream Postal, Telegraph & Telephone PowerTV Permanent Virtual Circuit Private Virtual Circuit Personal Video Recorder Pseudo-Wire End-to-End Working Group Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Boundary Point QoS Characteristics Management Client QoS Characteristics Management Server Quasi-Error Free QFM QL QL/BR QLP QoE QOS QPSK R&D R.H. RACF RACS RADD RADIUS RAID RAM RAN RAP QoS prioritized Forwarding and Media Access Quantization Level Quantization Level/Bit Rate Quantization Level Processor Quality of Experience Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Research and Development Relative Humidity Resource Access Control Facility Resource & Admission Control Function(s) Remote Addressable DANIS/DLS Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service Redundant Array Of Inexpensive Disks Random Access Memory Radio Access Network Regional Access Point RAP RARP RBOC RBW RCA Resource Allocation Protocol Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Regional Bell Operating Company Resolution Bandwidth Root Cause Analysis RCV Receiver RDI Remote Defect Indicator ReTP Real Time Protocol ReCOM Rear-Chassis Output Module REL Rights Expression Language REQ Request ResApp Resident Application RF Radio Frequency RFC Request for Comment RFP Request for Proposal RG Residential Gateway RIAA Recording Industry Association of America RIM RIN Rear-Chassis Input Module Relative Intensity Noise

228 222 CATV & IPTV Acronyms RIP Routing Information Protocol RSA Rivest-Shawir-Adleman (crypto algorithm) S/IMP Signal-to-Impulse Ratio RISC RJ RKS RM RMS RMX RNOC RO ROADM ROAP ROB Reduced Instruction Set Computer Rights Object Acquisition Protocol Return on Bandwidth RSM Registered Jack RSU Record-Keeping Server RSVP Resource Manager RSVP- Root Mean Square TE Remux RT Regional Network Operations Center RTI Read Only RTN Re-configurable Optical Add/Drop RTOS Multiplexing RTP RTSP Remote Satellite Modulator Resynchronization Software Utility Resource reservation Protocol Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering Real Time Real Time Ingest Regional Transport Network Real Time Operating System Real-time Transport Protocol Real Time Streaming Protocol S/N SAC SAG SAN SAP SAP SARA SAS SATA SAW SB Signal-to-Noise Ratio Subscriber Authorization Center Synthetic Analog Gateway Storage Area Network Secondary Audio Program Service Access Point Scientific-Atlanta Resident Application Subscriber Authorization System Serial Advanced Technology Attachment Surface Acoustic Wave Switched Broadcast ROI ROM RPD RPM RPR RS Return on Investment Read Only Memory Return Path Demodulator Revolutions per Minute Resilient Packet Ring Reed-Solomon RTT RU RW RX RZ RZ-DPSK s.f. Round-trip Time Rack Unit Rewind Receiver Return to Zero Return to Zero Differential Phase Shift keying Square Foot SBC SBCA SBM SBS SBS Switched Broadcast Client Satellite Broadcasting Communication Association Switched Broadcast Manager Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering Switched Broadcast Server RSA Reed-Solomon Association S/I Signal-to- Interference Ratio SBV Switched Broadcast Video

229 223 SBW SC/APC SCADA S-CDMA SCE SCM SCM SCMS SCN SCN SCO SCP SCPC SCR SCS s-cscf Signal Bandwidth Standard Connector/Angled Physical Contact Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access Single Channel Encoder Stored Content Manager Sub-Carrier Multiplexing Serial Copy Management System Service Class Name Shared Content Network Synchronous Connection Oriented Service Control Platform Single Channel Per Carrier Silicon Controlled Rectifier Service Capability Server Serving-Call State/ Session Control(ler) Function SCSI SCTE SD SDB SDH SDI SDIO SDK SDL SDM SDMH SDMI SDP SDPF SDRAM SDTV Small Computer System Interface Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers Standard Definition Switched Digital Broadast Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Serial Digital Interface Secure Digital Input/Output Software Development Kit Simple DirectMedia Layer SmartStream Device Manager Severely Degraded Modem Hours Secure Digital Music Initiative Session Description Protocol Service Policy Decision Function Synchronous Direct Random Access Memory Standard Definition Television SDV SDVOD SE SEM SEP SeRTP SERDES SES SF SF SFID SFP SG SG SGC SGW SHA-1 SHDB SI Switched Digital Video Standard Definition Video-on-Demand Single Encoder SmartStream Encryptor Modulator Simulcast Edge Processor Sequenced Routing Table Protocol Serializer/ Deserializer Severely Errored Seconds Service Flow SuperFrame Service Flow Identifier Small Formfactor Pluggable Service Group Signaling Gateway Signaling Gateway Security GateWay Secure Hash Algorithm 1 Switched High- Definition Digital Broadcast System Information

230 224 CATV & IPTV Acronyms SIC Standard Industrial Classification SMS Service Management System SPIT SPAM over IP Telephony SID AMOL SID SIFS SIM SIP SISO SIT SL SLA SLC SLIC SLM SM SMB SME SMF SMPTE Source Identification Automatic Measurement of Lineups Service Identifier Shortest InterFrame Space Subscriber Identity Module Session Initiation Protocol Single-Input Single-Output Splice Information Table Sync Layer Service Level Agreement Shorten Last Codeword Subscriber Line Interface Card Signal Level Meter Single Mode Small & Medium Business Small &Medium Enterprise Single Mode Fiber Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers S-MTA SMTP SNG SNMP SNR SOA SOAP SoC S-OFDM SOH SOHO SONET SP SPAN SPDF SPDIF SPE Standalone Multimedia Terminal Adaptor Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Satellite News Gathering Simple Network Management Protocol Signal-to-Noise Ratio Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Simple Object Access Protocol Systems on a Chip Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing State of Health Small Office/ Home Office Synchronous Optical Network Service Provider Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks Synchronous Piggybacked Data Flow Sony/Philips Digital Interface Synchronous Payload Envelope SpIM SPM SPP SPTS SQL SR SR SRAM SRM SRS SRTP SRUP SS7 SSB SSD SSH SSI SSL Splice Information Message Self phase Modulation Serial Port Profile Single Program Transport Stream Structured Query Language Satellite Receiver Switch Router Static Random Access Memory System Resource Manager Stimulated Raman Scattering Secure Realtime Transport Protocol Sequenced Routing Update Protocol Signaling System number 7 Single Sideband Solid State Disk Secure Shell Synchronous Serial Interface Secure Sockets Layer

231 225 SSM SSMF Source Specific Multicast Standard Single Mode Fiber SW SX SYNC Software Short Reach as in 1000Base-SX Synchronization Profile TDMA TDMoIP Time Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiplexing over Internet Protocol SSP STAMP STB STG STL STM STP STS STT STT STTD STUN SU SUT SVOD SVP Session Setup Protocol Set-top Applications & Middleware Platform Set-Top Box Subscriber Telephony Gateway Studio-to- Transmitter Link Synchronous Transport Module Spanning Tree Protocol Synchronous Transport Signal Set-top Terminal System Time Table Space Time Transmit Diversity Simple Transversal of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) Subscriber Unit System Under Test Subscription Video on Demand Secure Video Processor SYSLOG SYST T1 TAM TB TBD Tbps TC TCAP TCM TCM TCO TCP TCP/IP TDD TDM System Log System Integration & Test A Telecommunications Standard Committee T1 Tier Addressed Message Terabyte To Be Determined Terabits per Second Transmission Convergence Transaction Capabilities Application Part Tandem Connection Monitoring Trellis Coded Modulation Total Cost of Ownership Transmission Control Protocol Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiplexing TDT TEC TELR TFC Time & Date Table Triggered Event Command Talker Echo Loudness Rating Tunable Filter Chip TFF hin Film Filter TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol TGCP Trunking Gateway Control Protocol TGS THz TIA TIA TIPHON TISPAN TKIP TL1 Ticket Granting Server Terahertz Telecommunication Industry Association Trans Impedance Amplifier Telecommunications & Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks Telecom & Internet Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks Temporal Key Integrity Protocol Transaction Language One

232 226 CATV & IPTV Acronyms TLS Transparent LAN Service TSID Transport Stream Identifier UCC Upstream Channel Change TLS Transport Layer Security TSP Television Service Processor UCD Upstream Channel Descriptor TLV TMX TN TNCS TOADM TOD Type, Length, Value Transport Multiplexer Transit Node Transmission Network Control System Tunable Optical Add/ Drop Multiplexer Television on Demand T-SPEC TSR TSS TTL TTLS TTS Traffic SPECification Technical Service Representative Telephony Switching Sub-System Time-to-Live Tunnel Transparent Layer Security Text To Speech UCID UCS UDDI UDLR UDP Upstream Channel Identifier Uplink Control System Universal Description, Discover & Integration Uni-Directional Link Routing User Datagram Protocol ToD TOS TOS TP TPL TPS TR TRI TRP trto TSI Time of Day Theft of Service Type of Service Transport Processor TDM Private Line Transport Parameter Signaling Technical Reference Telephony Return Interface Target Rating Points TCP Retransmit Timeout Time Slot Interchange TURN Traversal Using Relay NAT (Network Address Translation) TV Television TVCT Terrestrial Virtual Channel Table TVOD Television on Demand TWC Time Warner Cable TX Transmit TXOP Transmission Opportunity U/S Upstream UA User Agent U-ASPD Unscheduled - Automatic Power Save Delivery UBR Unspecified Bit Rate UDP/IP UDSL UDWDM UEQ UGS UGS/ AD UHF UI UKL User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol Unidirectional Digital Subscriber Line Ultra Dense Wave Division Multiplex Universal Edge QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Unsolicited Grant Service UGS with Activity Detection Ultra High Frequency User Interface Unit Key List

233 227 UMA UML UMTS UNE Unlicensed Mobile Access Unified Modeling Language Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Unbundled Network Element USM UTI UTP UWB V User-based Security Model Universal Transport Interface Unshielded Twisted Pair Ultra Wideband Voltage VCM VCO VCO VCR VCT Virtual Channel Map Virtual Channel Override Voltage Cut Off Video Cassette Recorder Virtual Channel Table UNE-P UNI U-NII Unbundled Network Element - Platform User Network Interface Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure V/A VAC VAD VAG Video/Audio Volts Alternating Current Voice Activity Detection Voice Access Gateway VDC VDLM VDSL VDT Volts Direct Current Virtual Data Line Monitor Very High-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line Video Dial Tone UPA UPrS UPnP UPS URI URL US Usability Professionals Association Uplink Product Support Universal Plug & Play Uninterruptible Power Supply Uniform Resource Identifier Uniform Resource Locator Upstream VBI VBR VBR- NRT VBR-RT VC VC-1 VCAT Vertical Blanking Interval Variable Bit Rate Variable Bit Rate Non-Real Time Variable Bit Rate Real Time Virtual Channel Video Compression (Coding) 1 (Formerly VC-9-- Soon to be VCAT) Virtual Concatenation VER VF VHF VHS VLAN VLL VLR VM Virtual Ethernet Ring Voice Frequency Very High Frequency Video Home System Virtual Local Area Network Virtual Leased Line Visitor Location Register Virtual Machine USB USF Universal Serial Bus Universal Service Fund VCI VCM Virtual Channel Identifier Variable Coding & Modulation VN VOD Voltage Null Video on Demand

234 228 CATV & IPTV Acronyms VoDSL VoIP VoWi-Fi VP VPI VPL VPLS VPN VPWS VQ VRF VRN VRNAV VRTX VS VSA VSAT Video over Digital Subscriber Line Voice over Internet Protocol Voice over Wi-Fi Voltage Peak Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Private Line Virtual Private LAN Service Virtual Private Network Virtual Private Wire Service Vector Quantization Virtual Routing & Forwarding Tables Video-Rich Navigation Video-Rich Navigation Audio/Visual Virtual Real-Time Extension Video Server Vector Signal Analyzer Very Small Aperture Terminal VSB VT VTS WAN WCD WCDMA WCM WCMTS WDM WECA WEP WFA WFM WiFi WiMax Vestigial Sideband Virtual Tributary Video Transport Service Wide Area Network Wideband Channel Descriptor Wireless Code Division Multiple Access Wideband Cable Modem Wideband Cable Modem Termination System Wave Division Multiplex Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance Wired Equivalent Privacy Workforce Automation Workforce Management Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMedia WIP WLAN WM WM9 WMAN WME WMM WMM- SA WOFDM WPA WPA- FSK WPAN WPE An alliance for Wireless Multimedia Work in Process Wireless Local Area Network Wave Multiplexing or Wave Mixing Windows Media Player, version 9 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network Wireless Multimedia Extension Wi-Fi MultiMedia Wi-Fi MultiMedia Standards Association/ Alliance Wavelet Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Wireless (Wi-Fi) Protected Access Wireless (Wi-Fi) Protected Access with Pre-Shared Key Wireless Personal Area Network Wireless Plant Extension

235 229 WRED WSDL Weighted Random Early Detection Web Services Definition Language xod xoip X-service on Demand (i.e., Movies on Demand) Anything Over Internet Protocol WSS Wavelength Selective Switch XPM Cross-Phase Modulation WWAN WWDM XAUI xdsl XENPAK XFP Wireless Wide area Network Wide WDM 10 Gigabit Ethernet Attachment Unit Interface Any variant of the Digital Subscriber Line technology Fiber Optic Transceiver Module conforming to 10GigE Standard 10-Gigabit Small Form-factor Pluggable xpon xvod xwdm y/y ZWP ZWPF X version of Passive Optical Network X version (or form) of Video on Demand (i.e., Subscription, Near, etc.) Non-specific form of Wave Multiplex Year Over Year Zero Water Peak Zero Water Peak Fiber xhtml Extensible Hypertext Markup Language XMI XML Metadata Interchange XML Extensible Markup language XMOD Cross Modulation

236 230 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms For more information, visit the Technical Services section of our web site and the Blonder Tongue Broadband Reference Guide. A Access List: List kept by routers to control access to or from the router for a number of services. Address Mask: Bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the network or subnet and which part refers to the host. mask.also subnet mask. Administrative Distance: A rate of the trustworthiness of a routing information source. The higher the value, the lower the trustworthiness rating. Amplification: The act of increasing the amplitude or strength of a signal. Amplifier: Device used to increase strength of TV signals. Amplitude Modulation: A process whereby the amplitude of a single frequency carrier is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of a modulating wave. Analog Signal: A signal which is continually variable and not expressed by discrete states of amplitude, frequency, or phase. Agile (Frequency Agile): The capability to change channels quickly and easily, usually by setting switches, i.e. agile modulator, agile processor. Application Layer: Layer 7 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation). Provides user authentication. ATSC (Advanced Television System Committee): A digital television format standard that will replace the US analog NTSC television system by February 17, The high definition television standards defined by the ATSC produce wide screen 16:9 images up to pixels in size, more than six times the display resolution of NTSC. In lieu of an HD broadcast, up to six standard-definition virtual channels can be broadcast over a 6 MHz TV station. Attenuator: Device used to reduce signal strength. Automatic Gain Control (AGC): A feature of some amplifiers and radio receivers which provides a substantially constant output even though the signal input varies over wide limits. B Bandwidth: A range of frequencies (a portion of spectrum) defined by upper and lower frequency limits. Bit-Error Rate: In a digital communications system, the fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. Bit Rate (Baud): The speed at which digital information is transmitted, usually expressed in bits per second. Block Size: Number of hosts that can be used in a subnet. Block sizes typically can be used in increments of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128. Bridge: A deivce for connecting two segments of a network using identical protocols to communicate and transmitting packets between them. Operates at the Data Link layer, layer 2 of the OSI model. The purpose of the bridge is to filter, send or flood any incoming frame, based on MAC address of that particular frame. Broadcast Address: Special address reserved for sending a message to all stations. Generally, a broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all ones. Broadcast Domain: The set of all devices that will receive broadcast frames originating from any device within the set. Broadcast domains are typically bounded by routers because routers do not forward broadcast frames. C Cable Equalizer: Device used to counter the effects of cable slope. Can be a stand alone device or an optional plug-in module for an amplifier. Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N Ratio or CNR): The difference in amplitude of a carrier, and the noise power that is present in that portion of spectrum occupied by the carrier. See Noise. Cascade: Term used when referring to amplifiers serially connected. Cherry Picker: Type of headend system where a desired limited number of channels are selected from a CATV feed, rather than distributing all of the available CATV channels common in schools. CIDR: CIDR allows routers to group routes together in order to cut down on the quantity of routing information carried by the core routers. With CIDR, several IP networks appear to networks outside the group as a single, larger entity. Class A Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical addressing scheme. Class A networks have only 8 bits for defining networks and 24 bits for defining hosts and subnets on each network. Class B Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical addressing scheme. Class B networks have 16 bits for defining networks and 16 bits for defining hosts and subnets on each network. Class C Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical addressing scheme. Class A networks have 24 bits for defining networks and 8 bits for defining hosts and subnets on each network. Classful Routing: Routing protocols that do not send subnet mask information when a route update is sent. Classless Routing: Routing protocols that send subnet mask information in the routing updates. Classless Routing allows Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) and supernetting.

237 231 Combiner: Device, which permits combining of several signals into one output with a high degree of isolation between, inputs. Usually used for combining outputs of processors and modulators. Community: In SNMP, a logical group of managed devices and NMSs in the same administrative domain. Community String: Text string that acts as a password and is used to authenticate messages sent between a management station and a router containing a SNMP agent. The community string is sent in every packet between the manager and the agent. Connectionless: Data transfer without the existence of a virtual circuit. It has low overhead, uses best-effort delivery and is not reliable. Connection-Oriented: Data transfer method that sets up a virtual circuit before any data is transferred. Uses acknowledgement and flow control for reliable data transfer. Console: In SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), a software program that has the capability of interacting with an agent, including examining or changing the values of the data objects in the agent's Management Information Base (MIB). Composite Triple Beat Distortion (CTB): CTB in an important distortion measurement of analog CATV systems. It is mainly caused by second order distortion in distribution systems. Couplers: In fiber optics, a device which links three or more fibers, providing two or more paths for the transmission signal. D Data Link Layer: Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing, network topology, line discipline, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. The IEEE has divided this layer into two sublayers: The MAC sublayer and the LLC sublayer. Decibel (db): A logarithmic unit of measure expressing the ratio of two discrete levels, input and output for example, of power, voltage, or current. May be used to denote either loss (-db) or gain (+db). Decibel-Millivolts (dbmv): The db denotes a ratio between two levels (see Decibel) but the qualifying term mv establishes one of the levels as a reference. Zero dbmv (0 dbmv) is one millivolt (0.001 or 10-1 volts) measured across a 75 Ohm impedance. Decibel-Milliwatt (dbm): A unit of power. Decibels referenced to a unit of one milliwatt. Zero dbm = 1 mw. Decibel-Watt (dbw): A unit of power. Decibels referred to a unit of one watt. Zero dbw = 1 Watt. Demodulator: Device that provides baseband audio and video outputs from a TV channel input. DHCP : A TCP/IP protocol that dynamically assigns an IP address to a computer. Dynamic addressing simplifies network administration because the software keeps track of IP addresses rather than requiring a network administrator to do so. Digital signal: A signal which is expressed by discrete states. Information may be assigned value or meaning by combinations of the discrete states of the signal using a code of pulses or digits. Directional coupler: A network or device that divides the input signal in a fixed ratio between the output and tap ports. Diplexer: A device used to combine or separate two signals. A U/V band separator is one example of a diplexer. Dish: A parabolic antenna used for satellite reception. Dynamic Routing: Routing that adjusts automatically to network topology or traffic changes. Also called adaptive routing. E Equalizer, cable: A network designed to compensate for the frequency/loss characteristics of a cable, so as to permit the system to pass all frequencies in a uniform manner. Ethernet: A specification for a transmission system including Layers 1 and2 of the OSI 7-layer model using the CSMA/CD access method and operates over various types of cables at 10 Mbps. In common usage, "Ethernet" refers to both the DIX (DEC - Intel - Xerox) version of this specification or to the IEEE version, moreformally known as "802.3". F FCC: Federal Communications Commission. Regulatory agency that sets communication standards in the US. Filter: Device used to reject or pass a specified frequency or range of frequencies. Some examples are band-pass filters, notch filters, channel elimination filter, low & high pass filters. Firewall: Router or access server, or several routers or access servers, designated as a buffer between any connected public networks and a private network. A firewall router uses access lists and other methods to ensure the security of the private network. Frame: In data networks, the information packet and all of the preceding and succeeding signals necessary (flag bytes, preambles, frame checks, abort sequences, etc.) to convey it along the data link G Gain: An increase in power produced by an amplifier and expressed in decibels. See Amplifier.

238 232 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms Gateway: A TCP/IP router that routes packets between different network numbers. Get: In SNMP, a command given by the Console to retrieve a single data structure from a MIB. Guardband: A portion of spectrum left vacant and not utilized between two carriers or bands of carriers, to provide a margin of safety against mutual interference. H Headend (HE): The equipment where all signals are received, processed and combined prior to distribution. Hertz (Hz): Frequency of periodic oscillations, expressed in cycles per second. Heterodyne: The process of mixing two frequencies together to generate frequencies of their sum and difference. This process is used for channel conversion. Heterodyne Signal Processor: A unit employed in CATV systems to convert a carrier frequency to an intermediate frequency (IF). The intermediate frequency carrier may then be filtered, regulated, or otherwise conditioned, and then heterodyned back to either the original carrier frequency, or to a completely new carrier frequency. Highband: The radio spectrum between 174 and 216 megahertz (MHz). Standard television channels 7 through 13 fall within this spectrum. Hub: A common connection point for computers and devices in a network that takes an incoming signal and repeats it on all other ports. Hyperband: CATV channels AA thru YY (numeric equivalents-37 thru 61) failing in the frequency range of 300 to 450 MHz. I Impedance: Circuit characteristic (voltage divided by current). TV distribution has standardized on 75-Ohm and 300-Ohm. Insertion Loss: The loss introduced into a cable or system by the Insertion of a device or network expressed in decibels. See Loss. Interference: Noise or other disturbances such as spurious signals that, when introduced to a desired signal, reduce the intelligibility of the information carried on that signal. IP Address: a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the TCP/IP protocol. Each computer/device on the public internet has a unique IP address. An example of an IP address is IP Multicast: Routing technique that allows IP traffic to be propagated from one source to a number of destinations or from many sources to many destinations. Rather than sending one packet to each destination, one packet is sent to a multicast group identified by a single IP destination group address. Isolation: Electrical separation (or loss) between two locations or pieces of equipment. Degree of isolation usually specified in db. K Ku Band: Range of frequencies used in satellite transmissions. Common uplink frequency for U.S. domestic satellites is 14 to 14.5 GHz with a downlink frequency of 11.7 to 12.2 GHz. L LAN: A communication infrastructure that supports data and resource sharing within a small area (<2 km diameter) that is completely contained on the premises of a single owner. Laser: Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. A device which generates or amplifies electromagnetic oscillations at wavelengths between the far infrared (sub-millimeter) and ultraviolet. Linear: The characteristic of a device or network whose output signal voltage is directly proportional to its input signal voltage. Line Extender: An amplifier operating at relatively high transmission levels in the feeder sub-system of a trunk plus feeder designed CATV system. LNA: Low Noise Amplifier. Provides initial amplification of downlink signal at antenna location. LNB: Low Noise Block (converter). Integrated LNA and down converter. Available in either C or Ku band inputs. The most prevalent output frequency scheme is MHz, however other schemes that have been used include , and MHz. Local Origination: Channels that are generated on site, such as those that are derived from character generators, laser disks, or VCR s in the headend. Loss: Reduction in signal strength usually expressed in db. Synonymous with attenuation. Low Band: The radio spectrum between 54 and 88 MHz. Standard VHF television channels 2 through 6 fall within this spectrum. M Microwave: spectrum at frequencies approximately 1,000 MHz and higher. Mid-band: The radio spectrum between 88 and 174 MHz, which lies between standard VHF television, channels 6 and 7. CATV channels A through I (nine channels) fall within the mid-band spectrum. Modulator: A device, which produces a TV channel from baseband audio/video, inputs. Multicast: Single packets copied by the network and sent to a specific subset of network addresses. These addresses are specified in the destination address field.

239 Multicast Group: Dynamically determined group of IP hosts identified by a single IP multicast address.dix (DEC - Intel - Xerox) version of this specification or to the IEEE version, moreformally known as "802.3". Multimode Fiber: A fiber that supports propagation of more than one mode of a given wavelength. Multiplexer: A device which combines two or more optical signals onto one communications channel. N Network Address: Network layer address referring to a logical, rather than a physical, network device. Also called a protocol address. Network Layer: Layer 3 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems. The network layer is the layer at which routing occurs. Corresponds roughly with the path control layer of the SNA model. Noise Figure (NF): A measure of how much noise an active device, such as a TV amplifier, adds to the thermal noise level constant of 59 dbmv O Oscillator: A circuit generating an alternating current wave at some specific frequency. P Passive: Describing a device which does not contribute energy to the signal it passes. Phaselock: The control of an oscillator such that its output signal maintains a constant phase angle relative to a second, reference signal. Photodetector: Any device which detects light, generally producing an electronic signal with intensity proportional to that of the incident light. Photodiode: A diode designed to produce photo-current by absorbing light. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion of optical power to electrical power. PING (Packet Internet Groper): A command used to test connectivity to a device over a TCP/IP network. Power: Energy per unit of time. Pre-Amplifier: Low noise amplifier usually mounted in close proximity to a receiving antenna. Used to compensate for down lead losses. Q Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Digital modulation format where information is conveyed in the amplitude and phase of a carrier signal. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): Form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once, selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the same bandwidth. QPSK is used for satellite transmission of MPEG-2 video, cable modems, video-conferencing, cellular phone systems, and other forms of digital communication over an RF carrier. R Receiver: A device that detects and converts a signal after transmission over a communications network from a transmitter. Remote Local Origination: Closed-circuit program generated some place other than the headend. Example: Sub-channel origination. Repeater: A signal amplification device, often used along cables to extend transmission distances. Return loss: A ratio expressed in db between the reflected signal and the total signal applied to a device. RFI: Radio Frequency Interference. Undesired RF signals. Router: A device that routes/forwards data across a networks. RTP: defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over IP network. S Session Layer: The layer in the OSI 7-Layer Model that is concerned with managing the resources required for the session between two computers. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N Ratio): The difference in amplitude of a signal (before modulation or after detection of a modulated carrier), and the noise present in the spectrum occupied by the signal, when both are measured at the same point in the system. Single-Mode Fiber: An optical waveguide through which only one mode will propagate. Slope: Difference in attenuation between specified low and high frequencies. SNMP: A de facto standard for management of networked devices using a simple request-response data retrieval mechanism. Splitter: A network or device that divides its input energy equally between two outputs. Strip Amplifier: Slang expression for a channelized highoutput AGC d amplifier used in processing VHF or UHF channels in a headend. Sub-Band: The radio spectrum between 5 and 40 MHz. Subnet : A portion of a network that shares a common address component but is on a different segment than the rest of the network. Subnet Address: Portion of an IP address that is specified as the subnetwork by the subnet mask. See also IP address, 233

240 234 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms subnet mask, and subnetwork. Subnet Mask: A representation of a user's Internet address where all of the bit positions corresponding to the user's network and subnetwork id are 1's and the bit corresponding to the user's host id are 0's. Super-Band: The radio spectrum between 216 and approx. 400 MHz. Switch: A switch is a device that forwards packets between nodes based on the packet's destination node address (either hardware or protocol). T Tap, Subscriber: A device that diverts a predetermined amount of its input energy to one or more tap outputs. The remaining balance of the input energy is presented to a tap output port for propagation farther out into the system. Tap, optical: A device for extracting a portion of the optical signal from a fiber. Telnet : A Telnet program allows a user at a terminal or PC to log in to a remote computer and run a program and execute other Unix commands. Termination: Resistive device at end of distribution line or unused outputs of equipment to avoid reflections (ghost). Thru-Line Loss: Insertion loss of a tapoff. Transmitter-Fiber: In a fiber optic system, the device which converts a modulated electrical signal into an optical signal for transmission through a fiber. A transmitter typically consists of a light source (LED or diode laser) and driving electronics. Transmitter: A device that launches signals into a communications network, to be collected by a receiver on the other end. Transcoder: Also Transmodulator. Changing a signal s modulation scheme to a different modulation for bandwidth efficiency or system requirements. Transponder: A frequency converter (translator) aboard a satellite that changes the uplink signal to the downlink signal and provides amplifications. Typical C-Band domestic satellites have 24 transponders. Transport Protocol: The Protocol Layer of the OSI 7-Layer Model that is concerned with management of the data flow between source and destination. Trap: A device used to attenuate specific frequencies of channels. Trap: In SNMP, a message sent from the Agent to the Console when the Agent detects that condition defined by the network manager has occurred. Two-way: Describing a transmission system, which can transport signals in both directions simultaneously. T-1 Carrier System: A digital transport signal (1.5 Mbps). A 24-channel, transistorized, time-division, pulse-code modulation, voice carrier used on exchange cable to provide short-haul trunks. U UDP: A protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite that is used in place of TCP when a reliable delivery is not required. There is less processing of UDP packets than there is for TCP. UDP is widely used for streaming audio and video, voice over IP (VoIP) and videoconferencing, because there is no time to retransmit erroneous or dropped packets. Uplink: Transmission from earth to a satellite. V Vestigial Side Band (VSB): In amplitude-modulated transmissions, a portion of only one sideband of a modulated carrier. The modulated carrier is passed through a filter having a graduated cut-off characteristic near the carrier frequency. Video: 1. Pertaining to the signal which carries a television picture. 2. Describing the 4 MHz band of frequencies which constitutes a television signal. W Watt: The Unit of Electric Power. Waveguide: Any device which guides electromagnetic waves along a path defined by the physical construction of the device. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): The provision of two or more channels over a common optical waveguide, the channels being differentiated by optical wavelength. 8VSB: The 8-level vestigial sideband modulation method adopted for terrestrial broadcast of the ATSC digital television standard in the United States, Canada, and other countries.

241 Useful Websites off-air antenna reports (see page 140 for sample) off-air antenna reports Federal Communications Commission - CATV rules Acronym Search satellite information (see page 139 for sample) satellite signals information satellite forums satellite lookup glossary rules for telecommunications Society of Cable Television Engineers Useful Publications Cable Television by William Grant (text book) Society of Cable Television Engineers, Inc. 140 Philips Road Exton, PA Phone: Fax: Wireless Cable and SMATV by Steve Berkhoff and Frank Baylin Baylin Publications (paperback) 1905 Mariposa Boulder, CO Phone: Fax:

242 One Jake Brown Road Old Bridge, NJ TEL: FAX: Please Visit our Website for a List of Company Contacts and Literature Requests Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of their respective owner.

243 Rev 12.0

244 Encoders Digital CATV Edge & IP CATV One Jake Brown Road, Old Bridge, NJ Phone: Fax: $8.95 USA