interactive multimedia: allow an end user also known as the viewer of a multimedia project to control what and when the elements are delivered

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1 Ch1 Multimedia is any combination of text, art, sound, animation, and video delivered to you by computer or other electronic or digitally manipulated means. interactive multimedia: allow an end user also known as the viewer of a multimedia project to control what and when the elements are delivered The people who weave multimedia into meaningful tapestries are called multimedia developers. multimedia project. The software vehicle, the messages, and the content presented on a computer, television screen, PDA (personal digital assistant), or mobile phone. Types of multimedia: Linear : users can sit back and watch it just as they do a movie Nonlinear :users are given navigational control and can wander through the content Authoring tools. These software tools are designed to manage individual multimedia elements and provide user interaction Where to Use Multimedia: In Business: include presentations, training, marketing, advertising, product demos In Schools: E-learning At Home: From gardening, cooking, home design, remodeling, and repair to genealogy software In Public Places: In hotels, train stations, shopping malls, museums, libraries, and grocery stores Virtual Reality: a set of images and sounds, produced by a computer, that seem to represent a place or a situation that a person can take part in Virtual reality (VR): is an extension of multimedia and it uses the basic multimedia elements of imagery, sound, and animation.

2 Ch2 Text: Is a part of multimedia and it still delivers information that can have potent meaning. Typeface: is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and styles. Font: is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a particular typeface family. Leading: Computer fonts automatically add space below the descender to provide appropriate line spacing Kerning: is the spacing between character pairs. WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) is more of a goal than an absolute fact. The Extended Character Set A byte, which consists of eight bits, is the most commonly used building block for computer processing. ASCII uses only seven bits to code its 128 characters; the eighth bit of the byte is unused Unicode: the original standard accommodated up to about 65,000 characters to include the characters from all known languages and alphabets in the world. Scripts: several languages share a set of symbols that have a historically related derivation, the shared symbols of each language are unified into collections of scripts. Mapping Text Across Platforms: a substitute must be provided that does exist on the target. This is font substitution. Localization: Translating or designing multimedia into a language other than the one in which it was originally written. Jaggies : are avoided by anti-aliasing the edges of the text characters, making them seem smoother to the eye.

3 Hypertext is a text which contains links to other texts or pages. HyperMedia: Is not constrained to be text-based. It can include other media images, videos etc.. and it also can be linked to other pages. Hypermedia Structures: A link anchor is where you come from A link end is the destination node Hypertext Tools: Two functions are common to most hypermedia text management systems,: building and reading. The builder creates the links, identifies nodes, and generates the all-important index of words.

4 Ch3 Screen: Is a blank canvas, ready for the multimedia designer, to express your craft and represents a powerful and seductive avenue for channeling creativity. Steps to start create: Plan Your Approach Organize Your Tools Multiple Monitors: helpful to have more than one monitor Still Images: ages are generated by the computer in two ways: -Bitmaps: used for photo-realistic images and for complex drawings requiring fine detail. bitmap image file formats GIF, JPEG, and PNG. -Vector-drawn: used for lines, boxes, circles, polygons, and other graphic shapes that can be mathematically expressed in angles, coordinates, and distances. Bitmaps: A bit : is the simplest element in the digital world, an electronic digit that is either on or off, black or white, or true (1) or false (0). A map: is a two-dimensional matrix of these bits. These picture elements (known as pels or, more commonly, pixels) Colors Palettes

5 Bitmap Software: 1. Director 2. Adobe s Photoshop 3. Corel s Painter 4. Quick Express Morphing: is another effect that can be used to manipulate still images and it allows you to smoothly blend two images so that one image seems to melt into the next. Vector Drawing: Most multimedia systems provide vector-drawn objects such as lines, rectangles, polygons etc.. Example: 1. Computer-aided design (CAD) 2. Graphic artists designing 3. Programs for 3-D animation How Vector Drawing Works: A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints. Ex: RECT 0,0,200,200,red,bluu Vector-Drawn Objects vs. Bitmaps: Autotracing: Converting bitmaps to drawn objects. Objects and elements in 3-D space carry with them properties such as shape, color, texture, shading, and location.

6 Color: Is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye responds. Computerized Color: Additive Color: is created by combining colored light sources in three primary colors: red, green, and blue (RGB). Subtractive Color: is created by combining colored media such as paints or ink Dithering: is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest matching color value in the target palette, using a mathematical algorithm. Image File Formats: MacOS: PICT Windows: 1. device-independent bitmap (DIB), 2. Resource interchange file format (RIFF)

7 Ch4 Acoustics: is the branch of physics that studies sound. Sound pressure levels are measured in decibels (db) Digital audio: is created when you represent the characteristics of a sound wave using numbers a process referred to as digitizing. Digitized sound is sampled sound. Every fraction of a second, a sample of sound is taken and stored as digital information in bits and bytes. digital audio is said to be device independent sampling rate measured in kilohertz Quantization: The value of each sample is rounded off to the nearest integer MIDI Audio: is a communications standard developed in the early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and computers MIDI is device dependent. Audio File Format: wav - mp3--ogg--gsm--flac--aiff--wma--aac msv. MIDI vs. Digital Audio MIDI Files are tiny, often less than 10K. Files with MIDI formats are easily editable Digital A digital audio file is comparatively larger in size than a MIDI file Need a system with high configuration MIDI advantages and disadvantages: Advantages File sizes are smaller All aspects of the sound can be edited Effects can be applied to individual instruments Disadvantages Dependent on quality of sound card for overall sound Can not store vocals Effects are limited

8 Calculate the size of a mono recorded audio file of sampling rate at khz, 16-bit resolution for 10 seconds. sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 1 = * 1000 = = * 10(8/8) * 1 = * 10 * 1 * 1 = * 10 = bytes Calculate the size of a stereo-recorded audio file of sampling rate at 44.1 khz, 16-bit resolution for 10 seconds. sampling rate * duration of recording in seconds * (bit resolution / 8) * 2 = 44.1 * 1000 = = * 10 (16/8) * 2 = * 10 * 2 * 2 = * 4 = bytes

9 Ch5 Animation: Is an object actually moving across or into or out of the screen Animation Techniques: Cel Animation: made famous by Disney use a series of progressively different graphics or cels on each frame of movie film (which plays at 24 frames per second) and it begins with keyframes (the first and last frame of an action). Computer animation: programs typically employ the same logic and concepts as cel animation and use the vocabulary of classic cel animation terms such as layer, keyframe, and tweening. Jerky: If you cannot compute all your changes and display them as a new frame on your monitor. Kinematics: is the study of the movement and motion of structures that have joints, such as a walking man. Tweening: The series of frames in between the keyframes are drawn in a process Inverse kinematics: available in high-end 3-D programs such as Lightwave and Maya Morphing: is a popular effect in which one image transforms into another. Animation File Formats: Flash files(.swf) Audio video interleaved format (.avi) Quick Time (.qt,.mov). Motion Picture Engineering Group video (.mpeg or.mpg)

10 Ch6 Of all the multimedia elements, video places the highest performance demand on your computer or device and its memory and storage. How Video Works: A charge-coupled device (CCD): converts the light that has been reflected from an object through the camera's lens. Analog Video: In an analog system, the output of the CCD is processed by the camera into three channels of color information and synchronization pulses and the signals are recorded onto magnetic tape. If each channel of color information is transmitted as a separate signal on its own conductor, the signal output is called component analog recording: Analog recording is a technique used for the recording of analog signals many possibilities include audio frequency, analog audio and analog video information for later playback.

11 Broadcast Video Standards: National Television Standards Committee (NTSC): These standards defined a method for encoding information into the electronic signal that ultimately created a television picture. Phase Alternate Line (PAL): increased the screen resolution to 625 horizontal lines, but slowed the scan rate to 25 frames per second. Sequential Color and Memory (SECAM): it differed greatly from both the NTSC and the PAL color systems and it is a 625-line, 50 Hz system ATSC DTV: TV stations with sufficient bandwidth to present four or five standard television signals. HDTV signal (providing 1,080 lines of resolution with a movie screens 16:9 aspect ratio). Overscan: Broadcast an image larger than will fit on a standard TV screen so that the edge of the image seen by a viewer is always bounded by the TV`s physical frame Video Color: Color reproduction and display is different between television and computer monitors. they spilt colors into red, green, and blue signal, their colors are purer and more accurate than those seen on a television set that is using a composite input. suggestions for creating good titles: Fonts for titles should be plain Use a drop shadow Do not kern your letters too tightly Avoid colors that are too hot Avoid making busy title screens MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group

12 Digital Video: Digital Video Architectures: Is made up of a format for encoding and playing back video files by a computer and includes player that can recognize, and play files created for that format. Digital Video Compression: Is the algoritm used to compress(code) a video for delivery. Video Recording and Tape Formats: Composite analog video: combines the luminance and Chroma information from the video signal. As a result, it produces the lowest quality Component analog video: separates the luminance and Chroma information in order to improve the quality of the video and to decrease generation loss. S-video: color and luminance information are kept on two separate track (Y/C). Composite Digital: just as analog composite formats do but they sample the incoming waveforme and encode the information in binary (0/1) digital code. Component digital: Adds that advantages of component signals to digital recording. It has a very high-quality image Shooting and Editing Video: Shooting Platform: 1. A steady shooting platform. 2. Try to use a camera with an electronic image Lighting: Using a simple floodlight kit 2. Improve your image onboard. Chroma Keys: 3. Blue screen is a popular technique for making multimedia titles. Composition: 1. Use close-up and medium shots, head-and-shoulders or even tighte

13 Optimizing Video Files for CD-ROM: synchronization required between the video and audio. Use regularly spaced key frames, 10 to 15 frames In Quick Time, 20 frames per second. Software compression algorithm using a specialized application such as Media Cleaner. The Stages of a project: Planning and Costing Designing and producing Testing Delivery Types of Authoring Tools: Card-or page-based tools: elements are organized as pages of a book or a stack of cards. Icon-based, event-driven tools: organized as objects in a structural framework or process. Time-based tools: authoring systems, elements and events are organized along a timeline Authoring Tool: Editing Features Organizing Features Programming Features Interactivity Features Performance Tuning Features Playback Features Delivery Features. Ch7 Time-Based Authoring Tools: Director: Adobe s Director is a powerful and complex multimedia authoring tool 1. Cast: is a multimedia database containing still images, sound files, text, palettes 2. Score: which is a sequencer for displaying, animating, and playing Cast members 3. Lingo: enable interactivity and programmed control.

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