Low-Energy Electron Linacs and Their Applications in Cargo Inspection
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1 Low-Energy Electron Linacs and Their Applications in Cargo Inspection Yawei Yang on behalf of Huaibi Chen *,1, Chuanxiang Tang 1 Yaohong Liu 2 *chenhb@tsinghua.edu.cn 1 Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua U., Beijing , China 2 NUCTECH Company Limited, Beijing , China NA-PAC 13 CA, US, October,2013
2 Outline Low-energy Linac System NUCTECH Cargo Inspection System Dual Energy Linac for Material Discrimination Examples of Product
3 Low-Energy Electron Linear Accelerators Electron Energy : From 1MeV to ~30MeV Accelerating Structure: SW or TW Electron Source: Diode or triode gun RF Frequency: S-band ( 2856MHz, 2998MHz), X-band (9300MHz), C- band (5712MHz), L-band (1300MHz) RF Power Source: Magnetron or Klystron Applications: X-ray or electron Radiotherapy Irradiation Non-destructive test / x-ray imaging/ Cargo Inspection System
4 Wall Plug AC Power A low-energy linac system with magnetron as its rf power source Modulator ~10kV Pulse transformer ~50kV Electron bunch ~10kV Electron Magnetron gun X-ray Target Electron Accelerator Tube Microwave pulse
5 SW or TW? SW TW Gradient: ~10MeV/m ~5MeV/m Efficiency: 30~60% 20~50% Capture: 20~30% ~80% Gun voltage: 5~20kV ~40kV Band: ~200kHz ~2MHz AFC: Required not required Size: small and simple large Stability: good good
6 Traveling Wave Accelerating Structures Bunching section Main accelerating section Constant impedance A 9 MeV traveling -wave linac developed for cargo inspection systems Length: 2.4 m RF source: 5MW klystron Electron Energy: 9MeV Dose Rate: 30 Gy/min-m
7 Standing Wave Accelerating Structures On-axis magnetic coupled bi-period structures Side coupled structures
8 S-band Linacs for X-ray Imaging 1.5 MeV SW Linac 2 MeV SW Linac 4 MeV SW Linac 9 MeV SW Linac 15 MeV SW Linac 6 MeV SW Linac
9 X-band, C-band, S-band or L-band? Mainly depends on: Requirement of different applications Commercial microwave power source available The knowledge and technology Most of the low energy linacs are s-band The microwave power source are common and cheaper Size and weight are medium Technologies are easy now Electron parameters are enough for most applications X-band is used for mini-systems or portable systems Cybernife and Mobitron for radiotherapy Mobile cargo inspections L-band is more suitable for high average power linacs For L-band power source can deliver more than 1MW average power C-band is becoming more and more attractive
10 X Band Accelerating Structure X-band 2.5MeV Accelerating tube X-band 6MeV Accelerating tube
11 C Band Accelerating Structure C-band 6MeV Accelerating tube
12 RF Power Source: Klystron or Magnetron? Klystron Magnetron Type: Amplifier Oscillator Peak Power: 10s MW or more normally less 5MW Price: expensive cheap Size: large compact Stability: good need more efforts to control
13 Linacs Used as the X-ray Source in the NUCHTECH Cargo Inspection System Collimators Detectors Linac as x-ray source Control and Imaging systems
14 Cargo Inspection Systems and Their Linacs Fixed Relocatable mobile RF source: 5MW klystron Electron Energy: 9MeV Dose Rate: 30 Gy/min-m Penetration: 450mm Electron energy 6MeV Dose rate ~12cGy/min RF Source: 2.6MW Magnetron Penetration: 400mm X-band 2.5MeV S-band 2.5MeV SW Tube SW Tube Powered by a 1MW 9300MHz magnetron Powered by a MG5125 magnetron
15 Smuggling Cars
16 Normal Position of the target Low target Low Target Mobile System-III with An S-band 2.5 MeV electron linac as x-ray source Cargo Ground Base
17 Railcar Inspection Systems RF9066 RF9010 RF6010 RF4010
18 Railcar Inspection with speed of 40km/h ( up to 60km/h )
19 keV Luggage Inspection Systems Photoelectric Effect Pb Pair Production 10 0 Fe / -cm 2 /g 10-1 Al C B Compton Effect 3MeV 6MeV 9MeV 82 Pb 26 Fe E-MeV 13 Al 6 C 5 B
20 New Challenges to Linacs for Material Identification Cargo Inspection Systems Interlaced dual energy pulses with similar x-ray dose Electron energy and pulse dose stability Interlaced X-ray Pulses Accelerator Object
21 The Dual Energy Linac By improving the modulator to stabilize the dose rate fluctuation from pulse to pulse Frequency(MHz Magnetron Current A B S B B B B S B S S By improving the AFC, to control the long time dose rate fluctuation
22 Dual Energy X-ray Spectra Low Energy X-ray High Energy X-ray
23 The Dual Energy Linac Magnetron MG5193: 2.6MW, 2998MHz, 4~5us, 300pps Low-energy: 6-7MV and Highenergy:9-10MV Maximum doserate(un-filter): 6MV non-interlaced: 9MV non-interlaced: 6/9MV interlaced: of 6MV & 1000 of 9MV) 300pps in non-interlaced mode, and 150pps+150pps in interlaced mode X-ray focal spot size: smaller than 2 mm diameter at FWHM Also available: 3/6MeV E t
24 NUCTECH FG9000DE
25 NUCTECH FG9000DE
26 NUCTECH MT1213DE Dual-energy technology Mobile system For ports, border Features Material discrimination A 6MeV/3MeV accelerator Excellent flexibility Excellent image quality and high penetration (360mm) Optional Integrated radioactivity monitor
27 Scanning image
28 NUCTECH MB1215DE Dual-energy Relocatable system For ports, border Features Material discrimination Large scanning tunnel as 5.4m(W) 5.1m(H) for multi-purpose inspections Excellent image quality and high penetration (typical 400mm) High throughput (0.4m/s)
29 Scanning image Smuggled wine Single energy image Dual energy image
30 NUCTECH PB6000
31 Combined Fast Scan with Dual Energy At Speed of 15km/h
32 Neutron/Dual-Energy X-ray Fast Scan Technology X-ray Detector Neutron Detector Shielding Transport System e-linac Fast-Neutron Source Blue: Metal, Red: hydrocarbon, organics
33 Linacs for Entry Quarantine Accelerator as radiation source For: Post/Mail; Fruit, Grains, Logs A 4.5-MeV, 2kW Mail Quarantine system
34 Fruit Irradiation System
35 Summary In the TUB accelerator lab, a variety of low-energy electron linacs have been developed and applied for different applications. A large proportion of the linacs are equipped in the NUCHTECH cargo inspection systems. A lot of cargo inspection systems have been equipped and they are operating in the customs in China and other countries. We have recently developed a interlaced dual energy linac with stability for material-discrimination inspection system. A lot of products have been developed with this system X-ray & Neutron are combined to enhance the capacity.
36 Thanks for Your Attention
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