Seminar on How to write research papers without being called plagiarist

Transcription

1 Seminar on How to write research papers without being called plagiarist Plagiarizing, or representing someone else's ideas or words as your own, will cause problems for people in any stage of life Plagiarist someone who uses another person's words or ideas as if they were his own By Professor Aboul Ella Hassanien, Chair of Scientific Research Group in Egypt Cairo University Faculty of Computers & Information Information Technology Department 29 April 2017 Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University

2 Seminar on How to write research papers without being called plagiarist: Big image

3 The essential mission of SRGE toward the research and education in Egypt is to foster learning and promoting research integrity in the current and next generation of researchers in Egypt. SRGE is rededicating itself to this fundamental purpose. **Slides are adapted from several resources on the internet

4 Permission

5 Agenda Important! Plagiarism What is it? What type of plagiarism are their What are the consequences Why is it so bad How do we find out plagiarism How can it be avoided Citations What is citation What should you use sources What should you cite What do you not need to cite How should you cite How to quote, paraphrase and summarize Be good citizen

6 Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to songs, even ideas! When you use another author s intellectual property language, visuals, or ideas in your own writing without giving proper credit, you commit a kind of academic theft called plagiarism For purposes of the Stanford University Honor Code, Plagiarism is defined as the use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person's original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form(s)."

7 But can words and ideas really be stolen? The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file). All of the following are considered plagiarism: turning in someone else's work as your own copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit failing to put a quotation in quotation marks giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

8 What type of plagiarism are their There are different types of plagiarism and all are serious violations of academic honesty. Direct Plagiarism Self Plagiarism Mosaic Plagiarism Accidental Plagiarism

9 What type of plagiarism are their *Double Submission - Submitting the same essay for two separate assessments or in two different classes.

10 What type of plagiarism are their? Clone Ctrl-C Find- Replace Remix Recycle Hybrid Mash up 404 Error Aggregation Re-tweet An act of submitting another s work (word-form-word) as one s own A written piece that contains significant portions of the text from a single source without alteration The act of changing key words and phrases but retaining االبقاء the sentential content of the source in the paper An act of paraphrasing from other sources and making بسالسة the content fit together seamlessly The act of borrowing generously from one s own previous work without citation (self plagiarism) The act of combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation in one paper A paper that represents a mix of copied material from several different sources without paper citation A written piece that included citations to no-existent or inaccurate information about sources The aggregator includes paper citation but the paper contains almost no original work The paper includes paper citation but relies too closely on the text s original wording and/or structure

11 Consequences of Plagiarism Playing with fire The consequences of plagiarism can be personal, professional, ethical, and legal. With plagiarism detection software so readily available and in use, plagiarists are being caught at an alarming rate. Once accused of plagiarism, a person will most likely always be regarded with suspicion. Ignorance is not an excuse. Plagiarists include academics, professionals, students, journalists, authors, and others. Destroyed Student Reputation Destroyed Professional Reputation Destroyed Academic Reputation Legal Repercussions Monetary Repercussions Plagiarized Research

12 Consequences of Plagiarism Destroyed Student Reputation Plagiarism allegations can cause a student to be suspended or expelled. Their academic record can reflect the ethics offense, possibly causing the student to be barred from entering college from high school or another college. Schools, colleges, and universities take plagiarism very seriously. Most educational institutions have academic integrity committees who police students. Many schools suspend students for their first violation. Students are usually expelled for further offences. Destroyed Academic Reputation The consequences of plagiarism have been widely reported in the world of academia. Once scarred with plagiarism allegations, an academic s career can be ruined. Publishing is an integral part of a prestigious academic career. To lose the ability to publish most likely means the end of an academic position and a destroyed reputation. Destroyed Professional Reputation A professional business person, politician, or public figure may find that the damage from plagiarism follows them for their entire career. Not only will they likely be fired or asked to step down from their present position, but they will surely find it difficult to obtain another respectable job. Legal Repercussions The legal repercussions of plagiarism can be quite serious. Copyright laws are absolute. One cannot use another person s material without citation and reference. An author has the right to sue a plagiarist. Some plagiarism may also be deemed a criminal offense, possibly leading to a prison sentence. Monetary Repercussions Many recent news reports and articles have exposed plagiarism by journalists, authors, public figures, and researchers. In the case where an author sues a plagiarist, the author may be granted monetary restitution. In the case where a journalist works for a magazine, newspaper or other publisher, or even if a student is found plagiarizing in school, the offending plagiarist could have to pay monetary penalties. Plagiarized Research Plagiarized research is an especially egregious form of plagiarism. If the research is medical in nature, the consequences of plagiarism could mean the loss of peoples lives. This kind of plagiarism is particularly heinous.

13 Why is it so bad? Many people think of plagiarism as copying another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of the offense: According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward. Yes, words and ideas can really be stolen A scientific institution needs Scientifics professionals able to produce knowledge reasonable for their own writing, of high personal and scientific integrity and add to the reputation of their instauration

14 Why is it so bad? A scientific institution needs Scientifics professionals able to produce knowledge reasonable for their own writing, of high personal and scientific integrity and add to the reputation of their instauration

15 How do we find out about plagiarism Plagiarism Checker Copyscape: A great tool for quick plagiarism searches. Plagium: A Copyscape alternative that is free and based on Yahoo! Google Alerts: A free service that can automate basic plagiarism checks and you results. FairSare: A tool to detect misuse of content in an RSS feed. Digital Fingerprint Plugin: A WordPress plugin to detect RSS scraping. Tineye: A visual search engine that looks for copies of an image. FeedBurner: Offers feed modification and analysis tools that can make detecting RSS scraping much easier.

16 How can you prevent it Prevent WRITING YOUR PAPER PLANNING YOUR PAPER WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE SOURCES ANALYSIS AND EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES MAKE IT CLEAR WHO SAID WHAT (CITATION) CONSULT WITH YOUR SUPERVISOR KNOW HOW TO QUOTE, PARAPHRASE AND SUMMARIZE PARAPHRASE

17 How can you prevent it One of the best ways to prepare for a research paper is by taking thorough notes from all of your sources so that you have much of the information organized before you begin writing. On the other hand, poor note-taking can lead to many problems-- including improper citations and misquotations, both of which are forms of plagiarism! To avoid confusion about your sources, try using different colored fonts, pens, or pencils for each one, and make sure you clearly distinguish your own ideas from those you found elsewhere. Also, get in the habit of marking page numbers, and make sure that you record bibliographic information or web addresses for every source right away-- finding them again later when you are trying to finish your paper can be a nightmare! Of course you want to get credit for your own ideas. And, you don't want your instructor to think that you got all of your information from somewhere else. But if it is unclear whether an idea in your paper really came from you, or whether you got it from somewhere else and just changed it a little, you should always cite your source. Instead of weakening your paper and making it seem like you have fewer original ideas, this will actually strengthen your paper by: showing that you are not just copying other ideas but are processing and adding to them, lending outside support to the ideas that are completely yours, and highlighting the originality of your ideas by making clear distinctions between them and ideas you have gotten elsewhere TAKE EFFECTIVE NOTES WHEN IN DOUBT, CITE SOURCES

18 How can you prevent it Even if you cite sources, ambiguity in your phrasing can often disguise the real source of any given idea, causing inadvertent plagiarism. Make sure when you mix your own ideas with those of your sources that you always clearly distinguish them. If you are discussing the ideas of more than one person, watch out for confusing pronouns. For example, imagine you are talking about Harold Bloom's discussion of James Joyce's opinion of Shakespeare, and you write: "He brilliantly portrayed the situation of a writer in society at that time." Who is the "He" in this sentence? Bloom, Joyce, or Shakespeare? Who is the "writer": Joyce, Shakespeare, or one of their characters? Always make sure to distinguish who said what, and give credit to the right person. A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else's ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also, you should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words. MAKE IT CLEAR WHO SAID WHAT KNOW HOW TO PARAPHRASE

19 How can you prevent it Not all sources on the web are worth citing-- in fact, many of them are just plain wrong. So how do you tell the good ones apart? For starters, make sure you know the author(s) of the page, where they got their information, and when they wrote it (getting this information is also an important step in avoiding plagiarism!). Then you should determine how credible you feel the source is: how well they support their ideas, the quality of the writing, the accuracy of the information provided, ANALYZE AND EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES

20 How can you prevent it Have questions about plagiarism? If you can't find the answers on our site or are unsure about something, you should ask your instructor. He or she will most likely be very happy to answer your questions. You can also check out the guidelines for citing sources properly. If you follow them and the rest of the advice on this page, you should have no problems with plagiarism. Planning your paper well is the first and most important step you can take toward preventing plagiarism. If you know you are going to use other sources of information, you need to plan how you are going to include them in your paper. This means working out a balance between the ideas you have taken from other sources and your own, original ideas. Writing an outline or coming up with a thesis statement in which you clearly formulate an argument about the information you find will help establish the boundaries between your ideas and those of your sources. CONSULT WITH YOUR SUPERVISOUR PLAN YOUR PAPER

21 HOW TO PARAPHRASE Quoting: To quote is to include the identical wording from the original source in your paper. Quoted material in your paper is distinguished from your own words by the use of " " or by indenting the quoted text (if quoting a longer passage). In addition to quotation marks or indenting, all quoted material should also be cited, using either footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citation. Paraphrasing: To paraphrase is to include the ideas or information from an original source in your paper by rephrasing those ideas or information in your own words. The key to successful paraphrasing is to use as few words as possible from the original text--be mindful not to change the meaning that you are trying to convey as you rephrase--and to cite your paraphrase. Without proper citation, your paraphrase could be construed as plagiarism. Six steps to effectively paraphrasing along with a few examples can be found on the Purdue Online Writing Lab website.

22 Break!

23 Citation A way of giving credit for someone's thinking, writing or research You mark the material when you use it (a citation) and give the full identification at the end (a reference) In academic writing you are obliged to attribute every piece of material you use to its author

24 Citation Why? Citing sources allows you to: Participate in a community of scholars Enable others to build on or verify your research Show your familiarity with other scholars' ideas on a subject Give credit to others for their work Differentiate between which ideas are yours and which come from others Develop within yourself academic and personal integrity Avoid the serious academic and personal consequences of plagiarizing

25 What to Cite Exact words or specific ideas from Books, magazines, journals, movies, plays, TV, web pages, music, newspapers Personal conversations and correspondence Presentations, speeches Illustrations, diagrams, charts, pictures, etc. Collaboration with classmates Citation and Style Guides Scholars use a variety of different styles of academic citation, using footnotes, endnotes or in-text citations and presenting information in a variety of different forms. These styles of academic citation vary by discipline and department, and your professor may ask you to use a particular citation style in your written work. For Styles Guideline visit

26 What do [don t] YOU need to cite? You should always provide references for Direct quotations Summaries, paraphrases Statistics Charts, graphs, diagrams Controversial interpretations Results of others research You don t need to provide references for Common knowledge or facts NOTE: this does not mean you can copy from texts word-forword. You don t need to cite ideas and arguments that you come up with on your own.

27 How? Citation or reference style A citation style or reference system is a standardised system for referring to materials used in your writing There are several different citation styles developed independently by professional organisations

28 Protected or Not Protected under copyright law The following may be protected under copyright law: Literary works (e.g., written works, source codes of computer programs) Dramatic works (e.g.,. scripts for films and dramas) Musical works (e.g., melodies) Artistic works (e.g., paintings, photographs) Published editions of the above works Sound recordings Films Television and radio broadcasts Cable programmes Performances The following may be NOT protected under copyright law: Ideas or concepts Discoveries Procedures Methods Works or other subject matter that have not be made in a tangible form in a recording or writing Subject matter that is not of original authorship What is protected by copyright? What is not protected by copyright?

29 Finally Be a good academic citizen Know what you re doing Keep track of what you ve done Back everything up Don t Lie (fabrications) Don t Cheat (falsifications) Don t Steal (plagiarism) Publish your discoveries