A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature
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1 ninth edition A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature Rebecca J. Lukens Professor Emerita, Miami University Jacquelin J. Smith University of Northern Iowa Cynthia Miller Coffel Independent Writer PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis NewYork San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal 'Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore 'Taipei 'Tokyo
2 CONTENTS PREFACE ix TO THE READER xx CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE: WHAT IS IT? 1 The Value of Literature 1 Literature for Children and Young Adults 6 New Books Depend on Old Books 8 Summary 9 TEXTSET 10 Notes 12 Recommended Books MyEducation Kit CHAPTER 2: ISSUES AND FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 14 Issues in Children's Literature Today 15 Series Books 16 Thinking "Multiculturally" 17 The Issue of Censorship and Selection 19 Supporting Selection 20 TEXTSET 21 Fundamental Changes 23 Radical Change 23 Three Types of Changes 24 Changing Perspectives 24 Changing Boundaries 25 Risky Topics 25 Genre Blending 27 Changing Formats 28 Verse Novels 28 Graphic Novels 30 Wordless Picturebooks 32 Postmodernism and Children's Books in Brief 35 Sophistication for Children 36 Summary 39 TEXTSET 40 Notes 42 Recommended Books 44 MyEducationKit 45 CHAPTER 3: PICTUREBOOKS 46 Introduction 47 Importance of Illustration and Text 48 Contemporary Picturebooks 50 Systems for Text and Illustration 51 Literary Elements and the Picturebook 53 Character 54 Plot 55 Theme 57 Setting 59 IV Point of View 60 Style and Tone 62 Peritextual Elements of Picturebooks Summary 69 TEXTSET 70 Notes 71 Recommended Books 73 MyEducationKit 75 65
3 CHAPTER 4: GENRE IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 76 Traditional Literature 78 Fables 79 Folktales 79 Myths 81 Legends and Hero Tales 82 Folk Epics 82 Fantasy 83 High Fantasy 83 Fantastic Stories 84 Science Fiction 85 Contemporary Fiction 88 Mysteries and Thrillers 88 Animal Stories 89 Contemporary Realism 90 Historical Realism 93 Distant in Time and Place 94 Historical Eras and Settings 95 Format and Historical Fiction 96 Authenticity in Historical Realism 97 TEXTSET 99 Summary 101 Notes 108 Recommended Books 108 MyEducationKit 111 CHAPTER 5: CHARACTER 112 Revelation of Character 114 By Appearance 115 By Speech and Language 115 By Actions 115 By Connections and Relationships 116 By Author and Illustrator Revelations 116 Unity of Character and Action 116 Types of Characters 118 Flat Characters 118 TEXTSET 120 Round Characters 120 Concepts of Change in Character 122 Consistency 122 Dynamics 123 Additional Thoughts on Characterization 125 Rounding Out Flat Characters 125 Characters as Foils 126 Learning about Characters 127 Traditional Literature and Literary Lore 128 Fantasy 130 Science Fiction 132 Picturebooks 134 Classic Characters 135 Summary 135 TEXTSET 136 Notes 137 Recommended Books 137 MyEducationKit 139 CHAPTER 6: PLOT 140 Types of Narrative Order 142 Chronological Order 142 Variations in Narrative Form 143 Variations in Representations of Time 144 Types of Conflict 146 Person-Against-Self 146 Person-Against-Person 148 Person-Against-Society 149 Person-Against-Nature 150 Patterns of Action 151 Suspense 153 Cliffhangers 154 Foreshadowing 155 Sensationalism 156 Climax 156 Denouement 157
4 Types of Plots 159 Other Considerations about Plot 161 Coincidence 161 Sentimentality 161 TEXTSET 162 Summary 163 Notes 164 Recommended Books 164 MyEducationKit 165 CHAPTER 7: SETTING 166 Types of Settings 168 Integral Setting 168 Backdrop Setting 170 Setting in Charlotte's Web 171 Functions of Setting 172 Setting That Clarifies Conflict 173 Setting as Historical Background 174 Setting as Antagonist 176 Setting That Illuminates Character 178 Setting That Creates Mood 179 Setting as Symbol 180 Setting in Traditional Literature 181 TEXTSET 182 Setting in Fantasy 184 Summary 187 Notes 187 Recommended Books 188 MyEducationKit 189 CHAPTER 8: POINT OF VIEW 190 Types of Point of View 192 First-Person Point of View 193 Omniscient Point of View 197 Limited Omniscient Point of View Objective (Dramatic) Point of View Variations in Point of View 201 Why Consider Point of View? 202 Maturity of the Reader 202 Animal Fantasy and Realism 203 Vantage Points 204 Cultural Considerations 205 TEXTSET TEXTSET Summary 208 Notes 208 Recommended Books 208 MyEducationKit 209 CHAPTER 9: STYLE AND TONE 210 Style 211 Connotation 214 Imagery 214 Figurative Language 215 Hyperbole 216 Understatement 216 Allusion 217 Symbol 217 TEXTSET 218 Puns and Wordplay 219 Devices of Sound 219 Diction 221 Tone 222 Tone in Charlotte's Web 223 Tone and Subject Matter 223 Parody 225 VI
5 More Considerations about Style and Tone in Children's Books 226 Trite versus Fresh Style 226 Condescension 227 Sentimentality 228. Sensationalism 229 Didacticism 231 Changing Values in Style and Tone 231 Retellings 232 Translations 233 TEXTSET 234 Summary 236 Notes 236 Recommended Books 237 MyEducationKit 237 CHAPTER 10: THEME 238 Theme: Significant Insight 240 Types of Themes 240 Explicit 240 Implicit 242 Primary and Secondary 243 Helping Readers Think about Theme Topic, Theme, or Moral 246 Didacticism Theme and Traditional Literature 249 Mature Themes in Children's Stories 252 TEXTSET 254 Summary 255 Notes 255 Recommended Books 256 MyEducationKit 257 CHAPTER 11: FROM RHYME TO POETRY 258 Nursery Rhymes 260 Literary Elements 261 Style 261 Nonsense 263 Rhythm and Sound 263 Compactness and Surprise 263 Poetry 264 Prose and Poetry 264 Verse and Poetry 265 Kinds of Poetry 266 Rhythm 267 Sound Patterns 269 Figurative Language 271 Compactness and Varied Poetic Forms 273 Emotional Intensity 274 Poetic Styles to Avoid 275 Summary 276 TEXTSET 277 Notes 280 Recommended Books 280 MyEducationKit 281 CHAPTER 12: BIOGRAPHY 282 Biography Defined 283 The Writer's Obligation 284 Accuracy, Authenticity, and Facts 285 Story 286 Individuality of Subjects 287 Who Gets a Biography? 289 Biography and Fiction 290 Tweaking a Biography 292 vn
6 Tone and Style 294 Concepts 296 TEXTSET 297 Summary 301 Notes 302 Recommended Books 302 MyEducationKit 303 CHAPTER 13: INFORMATION BOOKS 304 Why Read Information Books? 305 What a Good Information Book Can Do Three Good Information Books 308 Expository Styles 310 Chronological 310 Comparison/Contrast 311 Varied Styles 312 Narrative Styles 313 Books about Fires 315 Books about Science 316 Style 316 Illustration, Artwork, Photography, and Graphics 317 Other Considerations for Information 307 Books 319 Tone 319 Some Problems with Tone 321 Didacticism and Propaganda 322 Publishing Trends 323 TEXTSET 324 Summary 325 Notes 326 Recommended Books 326 MyEducationKit 327 CHAPTER 14: A LIFETIME OF READING 328 The Importance of Interactive Read-Alouds 331 How to Conduct Read-Alouds 333 The Importance of Discussing Books 336 TEXTSET 336 TEXTSET 340 The Importance of Independent Reading Experiences 341 Summary 342 Notes 342 MyEducationKit 344 APPENDIX A: CHILDREN'S BOOK AWARDS 345 APPENDIX B: SELECTED CHILDREN'S MAGAZINES 351 APPENDIX C: SELECTED REVIEWING MEDIA FOR CHILDREN'S BOOKS 353 APPENDIX D: SELECTED WEBSITES ABOUT CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 354 GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS 355 CREDITS 359 INDEX 361 vm
A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature
e d, i t'.xo n> /. A Critical Handbook of Children's Literature RebeccaJ. Lukens "Professor Emerita, Miami University Oxford, Ohig Boston New York San Francisco Mexico City Montreal Toronto London Madrid
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Chinle USD CURRICULUM GUIDE. SUBJECT: Reading GRADE: 5 TIMELINE: 2 nd Qtr.
CURRICULU GUIDE SUBJECT: Reading GRADE: 5 TIELINE: 2 nd Qtr. Performance Obj.-astery Level Strand 1: Reading Process Concept 4: Acquire and use new vocabulary in relevant contexts. Strand 1: Reading Process
Genres Reading Quilt
Genres Reading Quilt Name: Date I began my quilt: Date completed: To become an effective reader, you should read texts from a wide variety of genres. As you read each of the genres below, complete the