Everything you need to know about FOOTNOTES

Transcription

1 Everything you need to know about FOOTNOTES So now you don t need to ask... Created by Barb Low Teacher Librarian Erindale SS

2 Top Ten Reasons for Using Footnotes in History OR Why I MUST Use Footnotes in my Essay

3 Reason #10 Historians pose QUESTIONS that rarely have one answer or solution

4 Reason #9 The emphasis in historical research is based on ANALYSIS of a variety of HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

5 Reason #8 Much of a historian s work is INTERPRETIVE

6 Reason #7 Much of historical research is based on the WELL-GROUNDED ARGUMENTS of others

7 Reason #6 Footnotes give credit to those ORIGINAL IDEAS of others

8 Reason #5 Footnotes give credit to those ORIGINAL WORDS of others

9 Reason #4 Using footnotes show the reader of your paper which IDEAS are YOUR OWN (because they are not footnoted)

10 Reason #3 Using footnotes demonstrates that you are a GOOD STUDENT of history (= marks)

11 Reason #2 The use of footnotes illustrate that you understand the concept of ACADEMIC HONESTY (because you give credit properly)

12 Reason #1 Using footnotes is a REQUIREMENT of this paper (So you might as well learn how to do them properly [= marks])

13 When Do I Use Footnotes? Think QPSunK Q - Quotations P - Paraphrase S - Summarize unk - unknown information facts/stats etc.

14 Quotations Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from the source word for word. Quotations must always be cited.

15 Use quotations when: You want to add the power of an author s words to support your argument You want to disagree with an author s argument You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view You want to note the important research that precedes your own

16 Paraphrase Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his or her thoughts in your own words. A paraphrase can be viewed as a translation of the original source. Any paraphrasing must be cited.

17 Paraphrase when: You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing You want to avoid overusing quotations You want to use your own voice to present information

18 Summarizing Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words. A summary of any work must be cited.

19 Summarize when: You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic You want to describe common knowledge about a topic You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

20 UnKnown Information Material (figures, specifications, dates, statistics) garnered from an outside source that is not COMMON KNOWLEDGE. All material which is not commonly known must be cited. So exactly what material is considered common knowledge?

21 Use Chicago Style for Documenting History Sources Works Cited is called Bibliography Source title is in italics (not underlined) No angled brackets < > around url in web sources Other criteria remain the same The list is in alphabetical order by whatever comes first (omitting a, an, and the) The list is double spaced The first line of the citation goes margin-to-margin, all subsequent lines are indented.

22 Examples ORIGINAL TEXT Mary had a little lamb with fleece as white as snow. Everywhere that Mary went the lamb was sure to go. He followed her to school one day, which was against the rules. It made the children laugh and play to see a lamb at school. Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968.

23 Quotation In the famous nursery rhyme about Mary and her lamb, Goose contends that everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go. 1 This proves the fact that animals form unbreakable bonds to their owners. 1 M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

24 Acceptable Paraphrase According to Goose, Mary had a lamb that followed her wherever she went. Although pets were forbidden at school, it followed her there one day, much to the amusement of Mary's friends. 2 2 Goose, 79.

25 Unacceptable Paraphrase Mary possessed a small lamb with wool as white as snow. Everywhere that Mary went the lamb went too. He even followed her to school once, even though it was against the rules. But all the children laughed and played to see the lamb at school. Why? Synonyms inserted for author's words The author's original sentence structure and tone is still there The passage is not cited in any way Distinctive phrases such as "white as snow" should be in quotation marks

26 What s the Difference between a Footnote and a Bibliography? The first line is... Footnotes Indented Bibliography At the margin Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

27 What s the Difference between a Footnote and a Bibliography? The subsequent (double-spaced) lines are... Footnotes At the margin Bibliography Indented Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

28 What s the Difference between a Footnote and a Bibliography? The author s name is... Footnotes First name Surname Bibliography Surname, First name Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

29 What s the Difference between a Footnote and a Bibliography? The list is... Footnotes Numerical continuing throughout paper Bibliography Alphabetical by what comes first, excluding the, a, an Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

30 What s the Difference between a Footnote and a Bibliography? The placement in the paper is... Footnotes At the bottom (foot) of the citation page Bibliography Always a separate sheet at the very end Goose, M. Mary Had a Little Lamb. Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, M. Goose, Mary Had a Little Lamb (Imagination, FL: Glad and Big Publishing, 1968), 79.

31 To Summarize... There are three parts to doing proper footnotes: Bibliography entry Raised (superscript) number inserted in the text immediately after item being cited Footnote at the bottom (foot) of the page on which the citation appears The footnote number corresponds and gives the publishing information and specific page or website reference.

32 Extra, Extra... Many word processing programs automatically insert footnotes In Microsoft Word: open Insert click on Footnote Choose Footnote, AutoNumber Press OK Enter footnote text in correct format When finished, return cursor to place in text and continue

33 Insert, then Footnote Then OK Footnote, then AutoNumber

34 Key in your citation information (you may have to tweak the spacing and notation) Return to your document and continue

35 Completed page automatically has raised numbers and footnote at bottom!

36 Extra, Extra... Additional information and examples are available in SOURCE IT! Link on the library My Class page Link on the bottom of Digital Library on Student Intranet page of school computers

37 Click on Source It Scroll down under digital library

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