DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY SCIENCE LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION (PRACTICE)

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1 DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY SCIENCE LESSON NO. 1 PAPER IV LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION (PRACTICE) WRITER : HAKAM SINGH Classification is a device used by libraries for arranging books on their shelves in a helpful order. The process of classification in libraries consist of : 1. Classification of the specific subject of a book. 2. Individualisation of a book among books in the same ultimate subject. The process of classification of specific subject of a book consist of : 1. Determination of the specific subject of a book. 2. Finding the place of the specific subject in the scheme of classification. Determination of the specific subject of a book, and location of the place of the specific subject in a scheme of classification is called practical classification. Theory of library classification, on the other hand, concerns itself with the principles underlying a scheme of library classification, and study of the design and operation of the scheme. The study of practical classification embraces the study of a scheme of classification, and rules and instructions for construction of class numbers according to the scheme. The study is also concerned with the formation of book and collection numbers. Practical classification in libraries, therefore, consists of : (i) finding the specific subject of a book ; (ii) Analysing the subject into its constituent elements and finding the form in which the subject is presented ; (iii) finding the symbols assigned to each of the facets and the form in the schedules or tables of the Scheme ; (iv) finding symbols of the different facets in accordance with rules and instructions contained in the scheme of classification to coin a class number; (v) checking the correctness of the class number by retranslating the number into the specific subject and, if required, by consulting the index ; (vi) assigning a book number to a book to differentiate it from books in the same specific subject. Book numbers are constructed according to rules laid down in the scheme with the help of table provided for this purpose ; and (vii) assigning a collection number, if required. Scheme of Classification A scheme of classification is a linear (one line) map in which all possible 1

2 2 subjects are arranged in a helpful filiatory (related) order. The subject and their facets or aspects are assigned specific numbers so that their arrangement on library shelves get mechanised. In modern libraries in India, the following two schemes of classification are generally used for classification of books. (i) Colon Classification (ii) Dewey Decimal Classification Colon Classification was devised by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan. It was first published in 1933, its sixth edition (reprint) (CC 6) was published in Dewey Decimal Classification is an American scheme. 19th edition of the scheme (DDC 19) was brought out in Its author, Mr. Melvil Dewey, was a great American librarian. The scheme was first published in th abridged edition of Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC 11) was also brought out in nd edition of the DDC was brought out in 2003 in 4 volumes. The latest 23rd edition to DDC was brought out in Before taking up practical classification of a book, it is necessary for the students to understand the structure of each of the two schemes and acquaint themselves with important features of the schemes. Both the Colon and Dewey Decimal Schemes of Classification consist of the following parts. Part I : Theory of the Scheme In this part basic structure of the scheme, rules and procedure, instructions for construction of class numbers and explanations are given. Rules and instructions may either be general or specific in nature. General rules apply to all subjects whereas specific rules apply to a particular subject or case. Part II : Schedules or Tables The second part of the scheme consists of Schedules or tables. Schedules or tables are lists of subject and/or constituent terms belonging to the subjects together with the number assigned by the schemes to each subject or constituent terms. For example the term Arithmetic is listed in the schemes and is assigned the number B1 in the Colon Classification and 513 in the Dewey Decimal Classification. Part III : Index The third part of the Scheme contains an index. The index has a very important role to play in the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme (i) It shows the different class numbers assigned to a subject or a term by the scheme. (ii) It helps the classifier to select the most appropriate classification number for the subject. Colon Classification (CC 6) The colon Classification (CC 6) consists of three parts. These three parts are bound in a single volume.

3 3 Parts I : Rules This part contains Rules governing the use of scheme. The rules part of Colon Classification (CC 6) consists of 124 pages. The pages are numbered as I. 1, The page numbers are given at the bottom of each page. Part II of the book (page ) is titled 'Schedules of Classification.' Schedules contain lists of terms and the classification numbers assigned by the maker of the scheme to each term. For instance letter B has been used to indicate Mathematics and BI to indicate Arithmetic and B11 to indicate lower Arithmetic. Thus, a text book of Arithmetic will be classified as BI. Similarly, Psychology is assigned letter S and in the subdivisions of Psychology, number1 is used for child and number 55 for female. Thus a book on Child Psychology will be given the number S1 and a book on "Psychology of Women S 55. Schedules have 172 pages. Pages of the Schedule are numbered 2.1, 2.2, Pages to contain the index to the Schedules with instructions on "how to use the index". Part III of the book 'Colon Classification (CC 6) forming pages sacred books of 'Indology', i.e. books on Indian literature, religion, philosophy, etc. For purpose of practical classification understanding of Part I and II of the "Colon Classification" learning (CC 6) is required. Main Classes Like all the other schemes of classification, Colon Classification (CC 6) is initially divided into Main Classes. Main Classes are the main subjects recognised and accepted by the Scheme. There are 42 Main Classes (CC 6). The Main Classes listed in Chapter I of the Schedules are as follows : a Generalia 1 Universe of knowledge 2 Library Science 3 Book Science 4 Journalism A Natural Sciences AZ Mathematical Sciences B Mathematics BZ Physical Sciences C Physics D Engineering E Chemistry

4 4 F Technology G Biology H Geology HX Mining I Botany J Agriculture K Zoology KZ Animal Husbandry L Medicine LZ Pharmacognosy M Useful Arts Spiritual Experience and Mysticism MZ Humanities and Social Sciences MZA Humanities N Fine Arts NZ Literature and Language O Literature P Linguistics Q Religion R Philosophy S Psychology SZ Social Sciences T Education U Geography V History W Political Science X Economics Y Sociology YZ Social Work Z Law Illustrative (:g) Criticism Technique (p) Conference Technique (r) Administration report Technique (P) Communication Theory (X) Management Student should memorise the number for the main subjects listed in the schedule of Main Classes. Schedule of most of the Main Classes will be found in Part II of CC 6 and

5 5 Rules applicable to them in the corresponding chapter of Part I. Some of the Main Classes given above do not have Schedules or Rules. Dewey Decimal Classification Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index (D.D.C. or D.C) was devised by Mr. Melvil Dewey ( ) and first published in th edition of the classification scheme (D.D.C.19) was published in three Volumes in The volumes are as follows : Vol. 1 Introduction : Tables Vol. 2 Schedules Vol. 3 Relative index Volume 1 Volume 1 contains introduction and tables. In the Editor's Introduction the basic structure and design of the D.D.C memory aids, and versatility and flexibility of the scheme are explained. Detailed instructions on how to classify documents by Dewey Decimal Classification are given. It is very essential for the students to read to Editor's Introduction and understand and follow the instructions contained in it. In these lessons we shall reproduce the instructions contained in the Editor's introduction at appropriate places. The students are advised to get themselves registered as members of good libraries where copies of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Ed. 19 (unabridged) and Colon Classification, Ed. 6th are available. These books should be consulted when studying this lesson. The Editor's Introduction is followed by a glossary of classification terms. The glossary is very useful. But some of the terms defined in the glossary may be current only in American libraries and may not be used in Indian libraries. The Tables in Volumes I are as follows : Table 1 Standard Sub division (See pages 1-13) Table 2 Areas (See pages ) Table 3 Sub-division of Individual Literatures (See pages ) Table 4 Sub-division of Language (See pages ) Table 5 Racial, Ethnic, National Groups (See pages ) Table 6 Languages (See pages ) Table 7 Persons (See pages ) The tables are preceded by brief instructions of their uses. Full instructions on the use of the table is found in the Editor's Introduction. The seven Tables are followed by three summaries. The summaries are as follows. Summary 1, Summary 2, Summary 3 and are enlisted on pages Summary Divisions is a list of the ten Main Classes into which all the subjects have been divided by the DDC. The ten Main Classes of the DDC are as follows :

6 6 000 Generalities 100 Philosophy and Related Disciplines 200 Religion 300 The Social Sciences 400 Language 500 Pure Sciences 600 Technology (Applied Science) 700 The Arts 800 Literature (Belles Letters) 900 General Geography and History Volume II Volume 2 of the DDC 19 contains Schedules. Schedules are proceeded by a brief instruction on the use of the Schedules. Detailed instructions on the use of Schedule are to be found in the Editor's Introduction in Volume 1. Schedules contain numbers which have been assigned in the scheme to various subject or disciplines. In the Schedules the student will come across summaries and a number of distinguishing marks like square brackets, Italics, asterisks, daggers, etc. These marks have definite meanings. The students will also find sets of instructions from place to place. The instructions guide classifiers in finding correct numbers for the subjects and should be observed properly and carefully. Volume III Volume 3 contains Relative Index. The Index is preceded by a brief set of instructions. Detailed instructions on the use of the index will be found in the Editors Introduction in Volume I. The Editor writes. "In order to make the best use of the index, classifier should know what he may expect to find in it, how it is organised, and how to use it. The present index is highly structured but will furnish much assistance to the classifier who understand it." (Page 42) Dewey Decimal Classification (11th abridged edition) The 11th abridged edition of DDC is a true abridgement of unabridged 19th edition with topics appearing in the same basic numbers in both editions. It provides a short form of classification, which may fulfil the needs of small and slowly growing libraries. It also serves as an instrument for teaching theory and practice of classification in general and DDC in particular. DDC 11 (abridged) is a single volume set. In its Editor's introduction detailed instructions on how to classify documents are given. Students should read Editor's introduction carefully. Use of tables and their schedules are given on pages The Three Summaries of 10 main classes, their 100 divisions and 100

7 7 sections are given on pages followed by schedules of Main Classes & their subsections on pages In the end, relative index has been provided covering pages The index is preceded by a brief set of instructions. The students may use DDC 19 or DDC 11 (abridged) for classifying titles according to Dewey Decimal Classification. For Further Study 1.Ranganthan, S.R. : Colon Classification, Ed. 6. Introduction, Pages 13-16, Pages 2-4 & Hakam Singh : Library Science di Jan Pachahan, Pages Dewey Decimal Classification : Ed. 19. Vol. I, Pages Dewey Decimal Classification : Eleventh Abridged Edition 9-36 This abridged Edition contains Standard Subdivisions. Areas, Subdivision of individual Literature, Subdivision of Language, Summaries, Schedule and Relative Index. 5. Satija (MP) and : Introduction to the Practice of Dewey Decimal Comaromi (John P) Classification Satija (MP) : A Manual of Practical Colon Classification. Ed Self-Check Exercises 1. Prepare a list of 10 subdivisions available in second summary of DDC for main division languages. 2. Make a list of 'Systems' and 'Specials' for main class Medicine of Colon Classification (Ed 6).

8 DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY SCIENCE LESSON NO. 2 PAPER IV LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION (PRACTICE) WRITER : HAKAM SINGH Twenty titles of books have been given for classification in this lesson. The students should assign class numbers to the titles by Colon Classification, Edition, 6 (Reprint) and by Dewey Decimal classification. Edition 19 in 3 volumes. (DDC 19) Student may use 11th Abridged edition of Dewey Classification (DDC 11) for classifying titles. The classification numbers should be given in the following manner. To classify a book by Colon Classification the Main Class to which in your opinion, the subject of the book belongs, should be determined, and its number selected from the schedule of Main Classes (Chapter I of part II, page 2.4). Then in the chapter having the same heading as the chosen Main Class, look up the schedule, for the number of the subject. For example, if the subject to be classified is Public Finance, the subject belongs to the Main Class Economics. The number for Economics in the schedule of Main Classes is 'X'. In chapter X of the schedule at page 2.111, the number for Public Finance is 7 under Foci in (P). The number for Public Finance, therefore, is X7. This number can be retranslated as Public Finance as follows : X = Economics X7 = Public Finance. Similarly, the Class number for Land Mortgage Bank can be constructed as follows : The subject of Land Mortgage Bank belongs to the Main Class Economics which has been given the number X. In the chapter X of schedule under Foci in [P] we find that X6 is Credit, Economics. X62 is Bank, Credit, Economics. X626 is Mortgage Bank, Credit, Economics. X6261 is Land Mortgage Bank, Credit, Economics. Remember that every classification number will consist of (i) Main Class number (ii) plus the numbers of the concerned aspects of the Main Class. The number for Main Class must always be written first and must not be omitted. In the Dewey Decimal Classification System the class numbers are mostly found ready made. In the Colon Classification System you have to find out the number for the Main Class, then search for the number of the facet (i.e. aspects or parts) represented in the subject and join the facet number or numbers with the number of the Main Class. Thus, before classifying a subject by C.C. you have to 8

9 9 first analyse the subject into (i) Main Class, and (ii) Facet or facets. Then find out the classification number for (i) Main Class and (ii) Facet or facets. And, finally join the Facet numbers with the Main Class number. In the DDC system, on the other hand, you will normally get a ready made number enumerated in Schedules of the scheme. In few cases you may not get a ready made number. When that happens the relevant part of the schedule will guide you as to how the number for the subject may be constructed. CC 6 Schedules We reproduce below Foci in [P] or the Personality Facets of the following three Main Classes : Agriculture Psychology Economics Chapter J AGRICULTURE J [P] : [E] [2P] : [2E] [3P] Foci in [P] 1 Horticulture 15 Foliage 16 Floriculture 169 Bulb (Botanical) Lily Tulip Daffodil 197 Whole plant 2 Feed 25 Leaf 251 Grass 3 Food 31 Sap 311 Sugarcane 32 Bulb 321 Onion 33 Root 331 Beetroot 332 Turnip 333 Carrot 334 Radish 3391 Yam 34 Stem 341 Potato 342 Elephant yam 346 Arrowroot 35 Leaf 3511 Rhubarb 3512 Spinach 3513 Cabbage 3521 Lettuce 36 Flower 361 Cauliflower 37 Fruit 371 Apple 372 Orange 373 Musa 3731 Plantain 374 Grape 3751 Mango

10 3752 Pineapple 3755 Date Palm 3759 Fig Tomato 3795 Ground 38 Seed 381 Rice 382 Wheat 383 Oat 384 Rye 385 Corn 386 Barley 387 Millet 388 Pulse 389 Nut Walnut 3896 Cashewnut 4 Stimulant 41 Sap 412 Palmyra 45 Leaf 451 Tea 452 Tobacco 47 Fruit 471 Opium 48 Seed 481 Coffee 482 Cocoa 484 Cola 5 Oil 53 Root 531 Khas Khas 54 Stem 541 Sandalwood 55 Leaf 551 Lemon grass 56 Flower 561 Rose 562 Jasmine Violet 564 Lavender 57 Fruit 571 Olive 58 Seed 581 Ground 582 Coconut 585 Sesame 585 Castor 586 Indian grape 6 Drug 61 Sap 613 Frankincense 62 Bulb 641 Garlic 64 Stem 641 Cinchona 642 Cinnamon 643 Camphor 645 Ginger 646 Turmeric 65 Leaf 651 Curry leaf 652 Peppermint 66 Flower 661 Clove 662 Saffron 67 Fruit 671 Black pepper 674 Chillies 675 Coriander 68 Seed 681 Mustard 683 Nutmeg 684 Cardamom 7 Fabric 71 Sap 711 Rubber 74 Stem

11 Jute 742 Flax 743 Hemp 748 Bamboo 7491 Rattan 75 leaf 751 Sisal hemp 78 Seed 781 Cotton Agriculture of wheat in Punjab = J Chapter S PSYCHOLOGY 8 Dye, Ten 85 Leaf 851 Indigo 87 Fruit 871 Marking nut 872 Divi divi 91 Adhesive 911 Sap 9111 Gum arabic S [ P] : [E] [2P] Faci on [P] 1 Child 61 Genius 11 New born 62 Idiot 12 Toddler 63 Insane 13 Infant 64 Sick and infirm 15 Pre-adolescent 65 Criminal 2 Adolescent 67 Deaf and Dumb 21 Boy 68 Blind 25 Girl 6916 Left-handed 3 Post-adolescent 7 Race to be divided by (GD) 35 Middle age 76 Negro 38 Old age 8 Social 4 Vocational To be subdivided [P] of "Y Sociology". 5 Sex 9 Animal (Genetic) 51 Male 55 Female 58 Eunuch Psychologoy of Love = S : 55 6 Abnormal Chapter X ECONOMICS X [ P] : [E] [2P] Faci on [P] 3 Communication 41 Land 31 Post 411 Road, highway 35 Telegraph 412 Vehicle drawn by mascular power 36 Telephone 4122 Rickshaw 4 Transport 413 Motor vehicle 415 Railway 62 Bank 4151 Street 621 Central, Reserve

12 Provincial 6212 Federal reserve 42 Water 622 Industrial 421 Canal 625 Commercial 423 River 6251 Consumer 424 Lake 626 Mortgage 425 Oceanic 6266 Pawn 4251 Coastal 627 Savings bank 428 Port 628 Lottery, Chit fund 4288 Dock 6291 International Settlement 43 Air 6295 Foreign 5 Commerce 64 Money market 51 By state 65 Investment 511 Primitive 651 Stock 5121 Hawker 652 Security 5128 Bigger retailer 6521 State 518 Wholesale 6526 Municipal 5181 Seller 6529 Industrial 5182 Buyer 7 Public Finance 52 By Structure 71 Budget 521 Chain-store 72 Tax 528 Department store 721 Poll 54 By transport 722 Property (To be divided as 4) 723 Land 55 By geography 7232 Irrigation 551 Inland 724 Income 555 Foreign 7241 Investment 56 By fiance 7242 Government Bond 561 Cash 7243 Business 562 Credit (To be divided by 569 Barter business) 57 By personality 7244 Salary 571 Private to Private 7245 Foreign income 573 Person to his own State 725 Profession 557 State to State 725 Inheritance 6 Credit 7281 Capital levy 61 Money 7282 Gift tax 611 By denomination 7285 Expenditure tax 615 International 729 Indirect Tax 729 Indirect tax Tax on article of

13 13 consumption ; raw material and manufacture 7291 Sale 7292 Stamp duty 7293 Licence fee 7295 Custom duty 73 State owned Property 74 Commercial and Industrial undertaking 75 Public loan 751 State policy 752 Form 753 Sinking fund 755 Foreign loan and debt 76 Expenditure 79 A Specials 79 C Local finance 79 E State finance 79 F Federal finance 81 Insurance 811 Child 813 Life 815 Marriage 816 Maternity 010 Bibliography 020 Library & information sciences 030 General encyclopaedic works Industrial 819 Accident 8191 Fire 8192 Unemployment 8194 Sickness 8195 Marine 8196 Bad debt. Credit 8198 Fidelity War risk 82 Promotion 83 Advertisement 88 Warehousing 8 (A) Industry Divisions by (SD) (Illustrative) 8 (F 182) Iron 8 (F 551) Coal 8 (J) Agricultural economics 8 (JA) Lumber 8 (M 3) Paper 8 (M 6) Glass 8 (M 7) Textile 8 (MJ 452) Cigar 1. Use of green maure for potato = J341:21:3 2. Study of personality of Indian = S744:7 3. Examption of Income Tax form salaries = X7244:2 4. Management of Agriculture Industry in India = X8(J):8.44 Dewey Decimal Classification We give below the second summary of the DDC. This summary consists of 10 classes. The subjects given in Exercise No. 2 will be found enumerated in the summary. For instance the subject of Public Administration has been given the number 350. Similarly the number of Medical Sciences is 610. SECOND SUMMARY (The 100 division) 000 Generalities 050 General serial publications 060 General organisation & museology 070 Journalism, publishing, newspaper 080 General collections 090 Manuscript & Book rarities

14 Philosophy & related disciplines 110 Metaphysics 120 Epistemology, causation, humankind 130 Paranormal phenomena & arts 140 Specific philosophical viewpoints 150 Psychology 160 Logic 170 Ethics (Moral philosophy) 180 Ancient, Medieval, Oriental 190 Modern Western philosophy 200 Religion 210 Natural religion 220 Bible 230 Christian theology 240 Christian moral & devotional 250 Local church & religious orders 260 Social & ecclesiastical theology 270 History & geography of church 280 Christian denominations & sects 290 Other & comparative religions 300 The social science 310 Statistics 320 Political Science 330 Economics 340 Law 350 Public Administration 360 Social problems & services 370 Education 380 Commerce 390 Customs, etiquette & folklore 400 Language 410 Linguistics 420 English & Anglo-Saxon Language 430 Germanic languages German 440 Romance languages French 450 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Roman 460 Spanish & Portuguese Languages 470 Italic language Latin 480 Hallonic Classical Greek 490 Other languages 500 Pure sciences 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy & allied science 530 Physics 540 Chemistry & allied sciences 550 Science of earth & other worlds 560 Paleontology 570 Life sciences 580 Botanical sciences 590 Zoological science 600 Technology (Applied sciences) 610 Medical sciences 620 Engineering & allied operations 630 Agriculture and related technologies 640 Home economics and family living 650 Management & auxiliary services 660 Chemical & related technologies 670 Manufactures 680 Manufactures for specific uses 690 Buildings 700 The Arts 710 Civic & landscape art 720 Architecture 730 Plastic arts, sculpture 740 Drawing, decorative & minor arts 750 Painting & Paintings 760 Graphic arts, Prints 770 Photography & Photographs 780 Music 790 Recreational & performing arts 800 Literature (Belles lettres) 810 American literature in English 820 English & Anglo-Saxon literatures 830 Literature of Germanic Languages 840 Literatures of Romance Languages 850 Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto-Romanic 860 Spanish & Portuguese Literature

15 870 Italic Literature, Latin 880 Hellenic literatures, Greek 890 Lteratures of other languages 900 General Geography & History 910 General Geography & Travel 920 General Geography & Genealogy 930 General history of ancient world 940 General history of Europe 950 General history of Asia 960 General history of Africa 970 General history of North America 980 General history of South America 990 General history of other Areas. 15 Self-Check Exercises EXERCISE NO. 1 Classify the following titles by Colon Classification, Ed. 6 (Reprint) : 1. Vocational Psychology 2. Agriculture in India 3. Psychology of child 4. Jute industry 5. Wheat crops 6. Botany 7. Economics of Banks 8. Public finance 9. Fruit crops 10. Commerce EXERCISE NO. 2 Classify the following titles by DCC 19 or DDC 11 (abridged) 1. Library and Information Science 2. Plastic Arts 3. Indian History 4. General Collection 5. Manufacture 6. Geography 7. General Serial Publications 8. Hindi Literature 9. Epistemology 10. History

16 DIPLOMA IN LIBRARY SCIENCE LESSON NO. 3 PAPER IV LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION (PRACTICE) WRITER : HAKAM SINGH In the lesson No. 2 we introduced Personality Facets of three Main Classes of Colon Classification. In this lesson we shall introduce another important facet called the Energy Facets of the Main Classes of Colon Classification. It will be appropriate to briefly describe some features of the Colon Classification system before introducing the Energy facet. In the Colon Classification system, three types of subjects are recognised: (i) Simple Subject (ii) Compound Subject (iii) Complex Subject Simple Subject Those subjects which are enumerated in the schedule of Main Classes and Canonical Classes of the Colon Classification are called simple subjects. For example, Economics (X) is a simple subject. So also is Agriculture (J) and Psychology (S). Classification of simple subjects is very easy. It does not involve any complication. Compound Subject A compound subject consists of a Basic subject plus one or more facets. What are Facets? In the Colon Classification System, Five Fundamental Categories are recognised. These categories are as follows : Personality P Matter M Energy E Space S Time T Each of these Five Fundamental Categories is called a facet. The Main or Basic subject is also called a basic or main facet. A compound subject, therefore, consists of the Basic Facet plus one or more facets representing either of the above Five Fundamental Categories. In the following example of a compound subject, all the Five Fundamental Categories are represented. The subject is "Value of Silver Money in India in 1930". The subject belongs to the Main Class Economics (X). In Chapter X of Part 2 of the Colon Classification, we find the following numbers : Foci in [P] 61 Money (Page 2.111)

17 17 Foci in [M] For 61 Money in [P] (Page 2.112) 2 Silver Foci in [E] cum [2P] 7 Value (Page 2.113) Thus we find that Money is Personality Facet because it is listed under Foci in [P] and has been given the number 61. Silver is Matter Facet because it is listed under Foci in [M] and has been given the number 2. Value is energy Facet because it is listed under Foci in [E] cum [2P] and has been given the number 7. Let us analyse this subject and its constituent facets for purpose of classification. Economics is a Main Facet or a Basic Facet. (It is a simple subject). Money is a Personality Facet. Personality is the first of the Five Fundamental categories. Silver is a Matter Facet. Matter is the second of the Five Fundamental categories. Value is an Energy Facet. Energy is the third of the Five Fundamental categories. India is a Space Facet. Space is the fourth of the Five Fundamental categories is a Time Facet. This is the last of the Five Fundamental categories. Similarly child Psychology is a compound subject, and can be analysed as follows : Psychology Main or Basic Facet Child Personality Facet Complex Subject When two or more main or basic facets are combined in a subject, it is called a complex subject. For example, 'Mathematics for Biologists' is a complex subject because in this subject there are two Main subjects i.e. Mathematics and Biology. Similarly, Geopolitics is a complex subject because in this subject two Main subjects have got combined, namely, Geography and Political Science. A subject in which more than one Main Class is present with additional facets is called a complex subject. Connecting Symbols The classification numbers representing isolates in the Five Fundamental Categories are attached by distinctive symbols. The connecting symbols which are used for this purpose are as follows : Fundamental Category Personality is attached by, (Comma) Matter ; (Semicolon) Energy : (Colon)

18 18 Space. (dot) Time (Single Inverted Comma) Comma is generally ommitted when the number representing the Fundamental Category Personality is attached to the Main of the Basic Facet. The use of connecting symbols for connecting numbers representing the other four Fundamental Categories is compulsory. Thus a number in the Energy facet will always be connected by colon Conversely, whenever colon occurs in a classification number it indicates that the number following the colon is an Energy Facet or Fundamental Category Energy. We reproduce below extracts from Energy Facets occurring in the following Main classes of the Colon Classification : G Biology Q Religion X Economics Chapter G Biology G [P] : [E] [2P] Foci in [P] 1 Basic and regional (life) Foci in [E] cum [2 P] 1 Preliminaries 11 Nomenclature, classification 19 Microscopy 1995 Micro-photography 2 Morphology 3 Physiology 33 Metabolism 33C Physical effect 33E Chemical effect 341 Inanition 345 Water Fasting

19 Fasting Each of the above three to be divided as 33 4 Pathology (to be sub-divided as L in Medicine) 5 Ecology 6 Genetic (Phylogeny) 66 Evolution 67 Reproductive method 7 Development (Ontogeny) 8 Manipulation. For further details see Chapter G pages Surrvial of the fittest = G : Introduction to Marphology = G : 2 Chapter Q Religion Q [P] : [E] [2 P] Foci in [P] Hinduism, Vedic : Foci in [E] cum [2 P] 1 Mythology, etc. 2 Scripture 3 Theology 31 God 4 Religious practice 41 Personal 414 Worship 4146 Prayer 415 Symbolism 419 Other topics

20 Pilgrimage 42 Sacrament 43 Holy day 433 Fast 45 Public worship 454 Worship 5 Preaching 52 Sermon 6 Religious institution 68 Religious association 681 Religious Society for men and women 6811 Men 6112 Women 7 Religious Sect 8 Heresy and persecution For further details see Chapter Q pages 2, Worship in Zen = Q4596: Life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji (Foundation of sikhism born in 1469) = Q8441 :33wI69 Chapter X Economics X [P] : [E] [2 P] Foci in [P] 3 Communication 5 Trade Foci in [M] 51 Marketing For 61 Money in (P) 513 Advertising 1. Gold 53 Tariff 2. Silver 54 Export. Import Foci in [E] cum [2 P] 545 Export 1 Consumption 546 Import 2 Production

21 3 Distribution 4 Transport 57 Foreign exchange 6 Financing 7. Value 76 Price 8 Management 8C 8F 8G Finance and accounts Accounts Book keeping 21 8H Accountancy 8P Cost accounts 8M Office Management 9F Female 9 Personnel Management (Labour Problems) Wages 97 Industrial Relations 97D Trade Union For further details see chapter X pages Dewey Decimal Classification In Lesson No. 2 we introduced you to the Second Summary of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Ed 19. Each of the 100 divisions given in second summary is further sub-divided in the Third Summary into the 1000 Sections. Some of the Sections have been kept vacant. Students should get themselves acquainted with Section of the Summary on pages of Volume of the DDC. These Summaries have been given on pages of 11th abridged edition of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC 11). In this lesson we shall describe some of the important features of the Scheme. The ten divisions of Generalities, i.e is divided into 100 sections in the following manner : The numbers 000 to 009 and their sub-divisions are used for Generalities. 001 is Knowledge and it's extension 003 is System. All the other numbers are vacant The number 010 to 019 and their sub divisions are for Bibliographies and Catalogues

22 to 029 and their sub-division are for Library & Information and Catalogues 030 to 039 and their sub-division are for General Encylopaedic Work. 040 to 049 are vacant. 050 to 059 and their sub-division are for General Serial publications 060 to 069 and their sub-division are for General Organisation and Museology. 070 to 079 and their sub-division are for Journalism, Publishing ; Newspapers. 080 to 089 and their sub-division are for General Collections. 090 to 099 and their sub-division are for Manuscripts & Book Rarities. The sub division of 030 to 039, 050 to 059, 060 to 069 and 080 to 089 run almost parallel. 031 is the number for General American Encyclopaedias. 051 Serial Publications. 061 Organisation & Museology in North America 071 Journalism, Publishing, Newspaper in North America. 081 General American Collections Third digits in the above five sections mean American language of North America. The other meanings of the third digits in the five classes are as follows: in 03, 05, 08 Sub-division 1 represents American. 2 in English. 3 in other Genermanic Languages. 4 in French, Provencal Catalan. 5 in Italian, Romanian, Rhaeto Romanic. 6 in Spanish & Portuguese. 7 in Slavic Language. 8 in Scandinavian Languages. 9 in other Languages. In 06 and 07 Sub-division 1 represents North America. 2 British Isles in England. 3 Central Europe in Germany. 4 France and Monaco.

23 23 5 Italy and adjacent territories. 6 Iberian peninsula and adjacent island. 7 Eastern Europe. 8th and 9th Sections in the Divisions are different. A few points may be noted by the students : 1. The DDC numbers are decimal fractional although decimal point is not inserted in the left hand side. The numbers are therefore, read and spoken as follows : 031 Zero three one 087 Zero eight seven, etc. 2. In DDC numbers, point is always inserted between the third and the fourth digits. The decimal points has neither any function nor any value because the entire number is decimal fractional, i.e. even the digits left to the decimal point are decimal fractional. 3. In the first summary, the first digits on the left side of the numbers are meaningful and have value. For instance, in 200 Religions, 2 has value, in 300 the Social Science 3 is the significant digit. Similarly in 800 Literature, 8 has value. Two zeros on the right hand side neither have any function nor any value. If instead of 200 the digit 2 alone was used the same meaning could be conveyed. But in the DDC system there is a convention that the minimum number of digits in a classification number is less than three, then zeros are added in the right hand side to raise the number of digits to three. In the Second Summary, the number of significant and meaningful digits in each classification number are two, 22 for instance 220 is Bible. In this number, first 2 means Religion, second 2 means Bible, and a zero is added to raise the number of digits to three. Similarly 330 is Economics. In this number the first 3 means the Social Sciences the second 3 means Economics and the zero has no meaning. In DDC zero signifies general treatment, which can be indicated even without inserting a zero. 4. Each number added on the right side indicates further divisions of a subject into one of the ten divisions, For instance, in the Main Class 300, Social Sciences, is divided as follows : 300 Social Science 310 Statistics 320 Political Science 330 Economics 340 Law 350 Public Administration

24 Social Problems & Services 370 Education 380 Commerce 390 Customs, Etiquette, Folklore Again, 330 Economics is sub-divided into ten divisions which can be represented grammatically as follows : 330 Economics is Labour Economics. In the number digit 1 stands for labour. This digit is subdivided as follows : Labour force and market..2 Wages, hours, other conditions of employment..3 Workers of specific age groups..4 Women Workers..5 Special categories of workers..6 Categories of workers by racial, ethnic, national origin..7 Labour by industry and occupation..8 Labour unions (Trade unions) and labour management (collective) Bargaining (Page 243 Vol. 2 of DDC). (Page 187 of abridged edition). Because of this feature the DDC is called a hierarchical system using the decimal principle for the sub-division of knowledge. 5. Students may also note that the DDC uses American spellings. For instance 'labour' is spelled as labor, 'encyclopaedia', as encyclopedia etc. 6. In the DDC, classifiers are instructed and guided at various steps. The classifiers should always note and observe these instructions fully. Different types of instruction will be described in these lessons at appropriate places. We give below some selected numbers and their meanings from DDC 19 of the main class 000 Generalities to show how the numbers are arranged and what information, instructions, guidance, etc. are given. Student may observe that, general layout and principal divisions of 000 Generalities are identical in both DDC 19 and DDC 11 (abridged) editions. The same is true for all other Main classes and their sub-divisions.

25 25 (See Page 33) Generalities 001 Knowledge and it Extension SUMMARY Intellectual life..2 Scholarship and learning..3 Humanities.4 Research.5 Cybemetics and related disciplines.6 Data processing.7 Controversial knowledge.1 Intellectual life..2 Scholarship and learning..3 Humanities.4 Research (Formerly also ) Activities and facilities for conducting inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise facts, theories, applications. Class here resources. Class research in specific discipline or subject, with the discipline or subject, using "Standard Subdivision" notation 072 from Table 1, e.g. research in linguistics Research methods Class logic in 160, mathematical methodology in 510; methodology of a specific discipline or subject with the discipline or subject, using "Standard Sub-divisions" notation 018 from table, e.g. methodology in linguistic For other methods see Higher classes are given in thicker or bold type faces. Summaries are given at various places to guide classifiers in their search for numbers. Meanings of terms, and their scope is given with the terms wherever necessary. Classification number assigned in the previous editions of the DDC, if different from the present number is given in square brackets. The use of number within square brackets means the number is no longer in use but had been assigned in the earlier editions. In all such cases, the appropriate number is indicated. Classification number for related concepts on subjects are also given. For instance, under the number the number in earlier edition is given in square brackets, meaning and scope or the term research is given, other relevant instructions are also given. In the exercise that follows, students are required to classify the given titles by CCC and DDC.

26 26 Self-Check Exercise Exercise 1 Classify the following titles by Colon Classification, Ed. 6 : 1. Advanced Study of Biological Evolution 2. Mathematical Geography. 3. Biological Reproduction 4. Fasting by religious practice. 5. Fasting by living things. 6. Income Tax 7. Production in Iron industry. 8. Agriculture of Khas Khas oil. Exercise 2 Classify the following titles by Dewey Decimal Classification Ed. 19 or DDC 11. (abridged) 1. Football in China. 2. Building Material. 3. Hindu Mythology. 4. Folk Stories. 5. University Education in Japan. 6. Encyclopaedia Britannica (It is a general encyclopedic work in English language). 7. Phrenology. 8. German Language. 9. Ancient History of India. 10. Bible.