Elements: Stanza. Formal division of lines in a poem Considered a unit Separated by spaces. Couplets: two lines Quatrains: four lines

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1 Elements: Stanza Formal division of lines in a poem Considered a unit Separated by spaces Couplets: two lines Quatrains: four lines 2

2 Speaker Imaginary voice assumed by poet Often not identified by name May be person, animal, thing, or abstraction E.g.: Dickinson as dead person: Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me 3

3 Tone Writer s attitude to audience and subject E.g.: formal or informal serious, playful, pompous bitter, ironic, personal sympathetic, friendly grieving, sarcastic, harsh 4

4 Allusion Reference to well-known person, place, event, literary work, or art Usually to the Bible or to mythology E.g.: The Magi... were wise men... who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. 5

5 Connotation Ideas or meanings associated with a word (in addition to dictionary definition) E.g.: caged bird = sad, trapped creature previously owned vehicle = used car vacation spot = lake Compare: fragrance, smell, stench 6

6 Denotation Dictionary definition of a word Independent of other associations (connotations) E.g.: lake Denotes inland body of water Connotes vacation or fishing spot 7

7 Paradox Statement that seems contradictory but may be true Surprising, catches reader attention E.g.: Youth is wasted on the young. The more things change, the more they stay the same. 8

8 Symbol Object has own meaning but also represents abstract idea Stands for something else E.g.: Flag symbolizes country Scarlet ibis symbolizes Doodle and other people who struggle 9

9 Figurative Language Writing not meant to interpret literally Compares dissimilar things Creates vivid impressions Metaphors, similes, personifications E.g.: My black eyes are coals burning Like a low, full jungle moon Through the darkness of being 10

10 Fig Lang: Metaphor Figure of speech A comparison One thing spoken of as if it is something else E.g.: Poetry is a river. The sky is a patchwork quilt. 11

11 Fig Lang: Simile Figure of speech, comparison Uses like or as to compare two unlike ideas E.g.: The morning sun is like a red rubber ball. Does it dry up, like a raisin in the sun? 12

12 Fig Lang: Imagery Descriptive or figurative language Creates word pictures (images) Details of sight, sound, taste, touch, smell, or movement E.g.: ghostly marching on pavement stones wind-tanned skin wise black pools 13

13 Fig Lang: Personification Figurative language Nonhuman subject given human characteristics E.g.: The wind danced in the trees. Daffodils tossing their heads in sprightly dance Storm tosses her hair, throws back her head, and closes her eyes 14

14 Fig Lang: Extended Metaphor Writing about a subject as if it were something else Comparison several lines long or entire poem E.g.: caged bird becomes person who is not free broken-winged bird that cannot fly becomes life without a dream 15

15 Fig Lang: Sensory Words/Lang Writing that appeals to the senses, e.g. images Provides details related to senses Example: feeling the sun beating down on one s head 16

16 Sound Devices: Onomatopoeia Words that imitate sounds E.g.: whirr, thud, sizzle, hiss, buzz, bang, pop E.g.: Poe s Bells Of the bells, bells, bells, bells ringing, chiming, jangling, rangling, clang, clash, roar 17

17 Sound Devices: Assonance Repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in 2 or more stressed syllables E.g.: weak and weary child of silence so rolling a stone 18

18 Sound Devices: Alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds Emphasizes words, imitates sounds, creates musical effects E.g.: I grew like a thin, stubborn weed, watering myself whatever way I could. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew. 19

19 Sound Devices: Rhyme Repetition of sounds at ends of words End rhyme vs. internal rhyme Exact rhyme vs. slant rhyme E.g.: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary. Swans sing before they die twere no bad thing Should certain persons die before they sing. 20

20 Sound Devices: Repetition Use of any language element a sound, word, phrase, clause, or sentence more than once Used for musical effects and for emphasis E.g.: Alliteration, assonance, rhyme, rhythm repeat sounds Refrain repeats line/s You liked winning You liked writing You liked all the faces 21

21 Sound Devices: Refrain Regularly repeated line or group of lines In music: a chorus E.g.: Quoth the raven, Nevermore. Macavity, Macavity, there s no one like Macavity. 22

22 Sound Devices: Rhythm Pattern of beats or stresses Some poems have a specific pattern or meter E.g.: There was a young lady named bright Whose speed was far faster than light Prose and free verse use natural rhythms of everyday speech 23

23 Forms of Poetry: Fixed Form Stanzas have repeated or predictable patterns Words in each stanza may rhyme or sound alike Length and rhythm of stanzas are related Number of syllables in line may be fixed 24

24 Forms of Poetry: Free Form or Free Verse Lacks structure or pattern Words may not rhyme Lines do not match in number of syllables, length, or rhythm 25

25 Forms of Poetry: Sonnet 14-line lyric poem Formal patterns of rhyme, rhythm and line structure Two types: English, or Shakespearean (3 quatrains + couplet) Italian, or Petrarchan (octave + sestet) 26

26 Forms of Poetry: Haiku 3-line verse form 1st and 3rd lines: 5 syllables (?) 2nd line: 7 syllables (?) Single vivid emotion Images from nature E.g.: Basho: furu-ike ya An old pond kawazu tobi-komu A frog jumps in Mizu-no-oto The sound of water 27

27 Types of Poetry: Lyric Poem Brief poem Musical verse: uses rhythm, alliteration, and rhyme Observations and feelings of one speaker Sung with lyre in ancient times 28

28 Types of Poetry: Narrative Poem Tells a story in verse May be an epic or a ballad E.g.: Casey at the Bat : humorous narrative poem Poe s Raven : serious narrative poem 29

29 Types of Poetry: Ballad Songlike poem that tells a story Often adventure and romance Most written in 4 to 6-line stanzas, regular rhythms and rhyme schemes, often a refrain 30

30 Types of Poetry: Limerick Humorous, rhyming, five-line poem Specific meter and rhyme scheme E.g.: Edward Lear: There was an Old Person whose habits, Induced him to feed upon rabbits; When he'd eaten eighteen, He turned perfectly green, Upon which he relinquished those habits. 31

31 Types of Poetry: Concrete Poem Poem with shape that suggests subject... t e a r s 32

32 Types of Poetry: Dramatic Poem Uses techniques of drama Writer tells a story Character s own thoughts/words E.g.: Poe s Raven uses dramatic dialogue Dramatic monologue: 1 person speaks to silent listener 33

Metaphor. Example: Life is a box of chocolates.

Metaphor. Example: Life is a box of chocolates. Poetic Terms Poetic Elements Literal Language uses words in their ordinary sense the opposite of figurative language Example: If you tell someone standing on a diving board to jump, you are speaking literally.