Time and again: the intriguing life of a temporal adverb
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1 Time and again: the intriguing life of a temporal adverb ELSPETH WILSON The Sixth Annual Marshall McLuhan Symposium: Time
2 Where are we? Semantics (meaning of words and sentences) Pragmatics (meaning of speakers) Syntax (structure of sentences) Phonetics (sounds in the air) Phonology (sounds in the mind) Morphology (smallest chunks of meaning) Linguistics
3 Where are we? Pragmatics Phonetics Semantics Phonology Experimental Syntax Morphology Pragmatics Phonetics Theoretical Semantics Phonology Syntax Morphology
4 Where are we? Pragmatics Semantics Experimental Phonology Syntax Pragmatics Theoretical Phonetics Semantics Morphology Phonetics Phonology Syntax Morphology
5 Again
6 Again Ambiguous John opened the door again. > John opened the door, and he had opened it at a time before. > John opened the door, and it had been open before.
7 Again Ambiguous John opened the door again. > John opened the door, and he had opened it at a time before. > John opened the door, and it has been open before. REPETITIVE RESTITUTIVE
8 Again Ambiguous John opened the door again. > John opened the door, and he had opened it at a time before. > John opened the door, and it has been open before. REPETITIVE RESTITUTIVE John opened the door. A while later the wind blew it shut, so he opened it again. John shut the door, but the room grew stuffy, so he opened it again. REPETITIVE RESTITUTIVE
9 Again Presuppositional How s Betty? She s in New York again.
10 Again Focus sensitive John opened the door. A while later the wind blew it shut, so he opened it AGAIN. John shut the door, but the room grew stuffy, so he OPENED it again. REPETITIVE RESTITUTIVE John opened the door AGAIN. John OPENED the door again. REPETITIVE? RESTITUTIVE?
11 Again an experiment Focus sensitivity John opened the door AGAIN. > John opened the door and he had opened it before. John OPENED the door again > John opened the door, and it had been open before / he had closed it before.
12 Again an experiment Focus sensitivity John opened the door AGAIN. > John opened the door and he had opened it before. John OPENED the door again > John opened the door, and it had been open before / he had closed it before. Semantic account (Jäger & Blutner, 2003) Pragmatic account (Beck, 2006; Klein, 2001)
13 Again an experiment Semantic account (Jäger & Blutner, 2003) Pragmatic account (Beck, 2006; Klein, 2001) Who ate the cookies? BOB ate the cookies [TRACY ate the cookies, MARTIN ate the cookies, etc] What did Bob do? Bob ATE THE COOKIES [Bob WENT FOR A RUN, Bob WATCHED A FILM]
14 Again an experiment Semantic account (Jäger & Blutner, 2003) Pragmatic account (Beck, 2006; Klein, 2001) John opened the door. A while later he opened it AGAIN. [John opened the door Ø] John shut the door, but the room grew stuffy, so he OPENED it again. [John SHUT the door]
15 Again an experiment Semantic account (Jäger & Blutner, 2003) Focussed PREDICATE Focussed AGAIN Repetitive context Restitutive context Pragmatic account (Beck, 2006; Klein, 2001) Focussed PREDICATE Focussed AGAIN Repetitive context Restitutive context
16 Again an experiment Focussed PREDICATE Focussed AGAIN Repetitive context Restitutive context Ben closed the window, but Sally opened it, so Ben again CLOSED it. Ben was in his room. He opened the window, and then he CLOSED it again. Ben closed the window, but Sally opened it, so Ben closed it AGAIN. Ben was in his room. The window had been closed this morning. This afternoon Ben closed it AGAIN.
17 Again an experiment Acceptability judgement task Naturalness rating 1 to 7 16 again sentences, 4 in each condition 42 fillers with too, always, almost 4 baseline items Fred was walking in the countryside. He never had a map, and then he LOST it again.
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20 Again an experiment A B C D bc A = Condi)on A (repe))ve context / focused predicate); B = Condi)on B (repe))ve context / focused again); C = Condi)on C (res)tu)ve context / focused predicate); D = Condi)on D (res)tu)ve context / focused again).; bc = baseline. Fig Chart showing results of experiment 1: mean score of items in each condi)on, with 95% confidence interval error bars. Table showing mean scores and standard devia)on for each condi)on.
21 Time and again
22 Thank you! Questions? The Sixth Annual Marshall McLuhan Symposium: Time
23 References Beck, S "Focus on Again". Linguistics and Philosophy 29, Jäger, G. and Blutner, R Competition and interpretation: The German adverb wieder ( again ). In E. Lang, C, Maienborn, and C. Fabricius-Hansen (eds) Modifying Adjuncts. Interface Explorations 4. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Klein, W Time in Language. London: Routledge. Klein, W Time and again. In C. Féry and W. Sternefeld (eds). Audiatur Vox Sapientiae. A Festschrift for Arnim von Stechow. Berlin: Akademie Verlag
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