FORMAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC

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1 FORMAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC

2 EDMUND HUSSERL FORMAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC Translated by DORION CAIRNS 1969 MARTINUS NI]HOFF THE HAGUE

$978-90-247-2052-\ e-isbn-i3: 978-94-010-\\\\-2 001: \0.$

3 ~ I969 by Mariinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands A II rights reserved, including the right to translate 0'1 to reproduce this book or paris thereot in any form ISBN-I3: \ e-isbn-i3: \\\\-2 001: \0.1007/ \11\-2

4 The publication of this English translation by Dorion Cairns of F ormale und transzendentale Logik fulfills a desire expressed by Edmund Husser!' Husserl himself, in the last years of his life, entrusted the translation of this work to Dorion Cairns, whom he counted among his best students. For various reasons, it is only now that this translation can be published. In the meantime, Dorion Cairns's translation into English of Husserl's Cartesianische M editationen has been acknowledged everywhere as a work of the highest scientific quality. The present translation of the Formale und transzendentale Logik is a very important further step for making Husserl's thought known in the English-speaking world. In the name of the Husserl-Archives, I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Dorion Cairns for his self-sacrificing work. H. L. Van Breda Director of the Husserl-Archives Louvain

5 INTRODUCTION. PREPARATORY CONSIDERATIONS Outset from the significations of the word logos: speaking, thinking, what is thought The ideality of language. Exclusion of the problems pertaining to it Language as an expression of "thinking." Thinking in the broadest sense, as the sense-constituting mental process The problem of ascertaining the essential limits of the "thinking" capable of the significational function Provisional delimination of logic as apriori theory of science Th.e formal character of logic. The formal Apriori and the contingent Apriori The normative and practical functions of logic The two-sidedness of logic; the subjective and the Objective direction of its thematizing activity The straightforward thematizing activity of the "Objective" or "positive" sciences. The idea of two-sided sciences Historically existing psychology and scientific thematizing activity directed to the subjective The thematizing tendencies of traditional logic. 39 a. Logic directed originally to the Objective theoretical formations produced by thinking. 39 b. Logic's interest in truth and the resultant reflection on subjective insight

6 VII c. Result: the hybridism of historically existing logic as a theoretical and normative-practical discipline PART I / THE STRUCTURES AND THE SPHERE OF OBJECTIVE FORMAL LOGIC a. The way from the tradition to the full idea of formal logic 48 Chapter 1. Formal logic as apophantic analytics Discovery of the idea of the pure judgment-form The theory of the pure forms of judgments as the first discipline of formal logic. 49 a. The idea of theory 01 forms.. 49 b. Universality of the judgment-form,' the fundamentalforms and their variants.. 50 c. OPeration as the guiding concept in the investigation of forms Consequence-logic (logic of non-contradiction) as the second level of formal logic Truth-logic and consequence-logic The differences in evidence that substantiate the separating of levels within apophantics. Clear evidence and distinct evidence. 56 a. Modes of performing the judgment. Distinctness and confusion.. 56 b. Distinctness and clarity 60 c. Clarity in the having of something itself and clarity of anticipation The essential genus, "distinct judgment," as the theme of "pure analytics" The fundamental question of pure analytics Pure analytics as fundamental to the formal logic of truth. Non-contradiction as a condition for possible truth The principles of logic and their analogues in pure anal ytics

7 VIII 21. The evidence in the coinciding of "the same" confused and distinct judgment. The broadest concept of the judgment The concept defining the province belonging to the theory of apophantic forms, as the grammar of pure logic, is the judgment in the broadest sense 70 Chapter 2. Formal apophantics, formal mathematics The internal unity of traditional logic and the problem of its position relative to formal mathematics. 72 a. The conceptual self-containedness of traditional logic as apophantic analytics 72 b. The emerging of the idea of an enlarged analytics, Leibniz's "mathesis universalis," and the methodico-technical unification of traditional syuogistics and formal mathematics The new problem of a formal ontology. Characterization of traditional formal mathematics as formal ontology Formal apophantics and formal ontology as belonging together materially, notwithstanding the diversity of their respective themes The historical reasons why the problem of the unity of formal apophantics and formal mathematics was masked 80 a. Lack of the concept of the pure empty form 80 b. Lack of knowledge that apophantic formations are ideal 81 c. Further reasons, particularly the lack of genuine scientific inquiries into origins 83 d. Comment on Bolzano' s position regarding the idea of formal ontology The introduction of the idea of formal ontology in the Logische Untersuchungen 86 a. The first constitutional investigations of categorial objectivities, in the Philosophie der Arithmetik. 86 b. The way of the "Prolegomena" from formal apophantics to formal ontology. 88

8 IX Chapter 3. Theory of deductive systems and theory of multiplicities The highest level of formal logic: the theory of deductive systems; correlatively, the theory of multiplicities The theory of multiplicities and the formalizing reduction of the nomological sciences Multiplicity-theory as developed by Riemann and his successors The pregnant concept of a multiplicity-correlatively, that of a "deductive" or "nomological" system-clarified by the concept of "definiteness" The highest idea of a theory of multiplicities: a universal nomological science of the forms of multiplicities Actual formal mathematics and mathematics of the rules of the game Complete formal mathematics identical with complete logical analytics Why only deductive theory-forms can become thematic within the domain of mathesis universalis as universal analytics. 100 a. Only deductive theory has a purely analytic system-form 100 b. The problem of when a system of propositions has a system-form characterizable as analytic Retrospect and preliminary indication of our further tasks 104 b. Phenomenological clarification of the two-sidedness of formal logic as formal apophantics and formal ontology. 105 Chapter 4. Focusing on objects and focusing on judgments The inquiry concerning the relationship between formal apophantics and formal ontology; insufficiency of our clarifications up to now

9 x 38. Judgment-objects as such and syntactical formations The concept of the judgment broadened to cover all formations produced by syntactical actions Formal analytics as a playing with thoughts, and logical analytics. The relation to possible application is part of the logical sense of formal mathesis The difference between an apophantic and an ontological focusing and the problem of clarifying that difference Solution of this problem III a. Judging directed, not to the judgment, but to the thematic objectivity III b. Identity of the thematic object throughout changes in the syntactical operations. 112 c. The types of syntactical object-forms as the typical modes of Something. 113 d. The dual function of syntactical operations. 114 e. Coherence of the judging by virtue of the unity of the substrate-object that ts being determined. Constitution of the "concept" determining the substrate-object 115 f. The categorial formations, which accrue in the determining, as habitual and intersubfective possesstons. 117 g. The objectivity given beforehand to thinking contrasted with the categorial objectivity produced by thinking - Nature as an illustration Analytics, as formal theory of science, is formal ontology and, as ontology, is directed to objects The shift from analytics as formal ontology to analytics as formal apophantics. 120 a. The change of thematizing focus from objectprovinces to judgments as logic intends them. 120 b. Phenomenological clarification of this change of focus 121 oc:. The attitude of someone who ts judging naively-straightforwardly 121

10 XI p. In the critical attitude of someone who intends to cognize, supposed objectivities as supposed are distinguished from actual objectiv ties y. The scientist's attitude: the supposed, as supposed, the object of his criticism of cognition The judgment in the sense proper to apophantic logic Truth and falsity as results of criticism. The double sense of truth and evidence Chapter 5. Apophantics, as theory of sense, and truthlogic The adjustment of traditional logic to the critical attitude of science leads to its focusing on the apophansis Judgments, as mere suppositions, belong to the region of senses. Phenomenological characterization of the focusing on senses The double sense of judgment (positum, proposition) The broadening of the concept of sense to cover the whole positional sphere, and the broadening of formal logic to include a formal axiology and a formal theory of practice Pure consequence-logic as a pure theory of senses. The division into consequence-logic and truthlogic is valid also for the theory of multiplicities, as the highest level of logic "M athesis pura" as properly logical and as extralogical. The "mathematics of mathematicians" Elucidations by the example of the Euclidean multiplicity Concluding ascertainment of the relationship between formal logic and formal ontology. 143 a. The problem b. The two correlative senses of formal logic. 144 c. The idea of formal ontology can be separated from the idea of theory 0/ science

11 XII Chapter 1. PART II I FROM FORMAL TO TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC Psychologism and the laying of a transcendental foundation for logic Is the development of logic as Objective-formal enough to satisfy even the idea of a merely formal theory of science? The reproach of psychologism cast at every consideration of logical formations that is directed to the subjective Logical psychologism and logical idealism. 153 a. The motives for this psychologism 153 b. The ideality of logical formations as their making their appearance irreally in the logico-psychic sphere The evidence of ideal objects analogous to that of individual objects A universal characterization of evidence as the giving of something itself The fundamental laws of intentionality and the universal function of evidence Evidence in general in the function pertaining to all objects, real and irreal, as synthetic unities The ideality of all species of objectivities over against the constituting consciousness. The positivistic misinterpretation of Nature is a type of psychologism Originally productive activity as the giving of logical formations themselves; the sense of the phrase, their production The precedence of real to irreal objects in respect of their being A more general concept of psychologism Psychologistic and phenomenological idealism. Analytic and transcendental criticism of cognition The reproach of psychologism as indicating failure to understand the necessary logical function of transcendental criticism of cognition Preliminary view of our further problems

12 XIII Chapter 2. Initial questions of transcendental-logic: problems concerning fundamental concepts Logical formations given in straightforward evidence. The task of making this evidence a theme of reflection The sense of the demanded clarifications as scientific inquiry into constitutive origins a. Shift of intentional aimings and equivocation 177 b. Clarification of the separate fundamental concepts belonging to the several logical disciplines as an uncovering of the hidden methods of subjective formation and as criticism of these methods Problems of the foundations of science, and constitutional inquit y into origins. Logic called on to lead The subjective structures as an Apriori, correlative to the Objective Apriori. Transition to a new level of criticism Chapter 3. The idealizing presuppositions of logic and the constitutive criticism of them Idealizing presuppositions of mathematical analytics as themes for constitutive criticism. The ideal identity of judgment-formations as a constitutional problem Idealities of And-so-forth, of constructable infinities, and the subjective correlate of these idealities The law of analytic contradiction and its subjective version Transition to the problems of the subjective that arise in connexion with the logic of truth The idealizing presuppositions contained in the laws of contradiction and excluded middle Transmutation of the laws of the "modus ponens" and the "modus tollens" into laws pertaining to subjective evidences

13 XIV 79. The presupposition of truth in itself and falsity in itself; the presupposition that every judgment can be decided The evidence pertaining to the presupposition of truth, and the task of criticizing it Formulation of further problems Chapter 4. Evidential criticism of logical principles carried back to evidential criticism of experience Reduction of judgments to ultimate judgments. The primitive categorial variants of something; the primitive substrate, individual Parallel reduction of truths. Relation of all truths to an antecedent world of individuals The hierarchy of evidences; the intrinsically first evidences those of experience. The pregnant concept of experience The genuine tasks of so-called judgment-theory. The sense-genesis of judgments as a clue in our search for the hierarchy of evidences The evidence of pre-predicative experience as the intrinsically primary theme of transcendental judgment-theory. The experiential judgment as the original judgment Transition to evidences at higher levels. The question of the relevance of the cores to the evidence of materially filled universalities and to the evidence of formal universalities The presupposition implicit in the law of analytic contradiction: Every judgment can be made distinctlyevident The possibility of distinct evidence a. Sense as judgment and as "judgment-content." I deal existence of the judgment presupposes ideal existence of the judgment-content b. The ideal existence of the fudgment-content depends on the conditions for the unity of possible experience

14 xv 90. Application to the principles of truth-logic: They hold good only for judgments that are senseful in respect of content Transition to new questions Chapter 5. The subjective grounding of logic as a problem belonging to transcendental philosophy Clarification of the sense in which Objective logic is positive a. The relatedness of historically given logic to a real world b. Its naive presupposing of a world ranks logic among the positive sciences Insufficiency of attempts to criticize experience, beginning with Descartes a. N ai"ve presupposition of the validity of Objective logic b. Missing of the transcendental sense of the Cartesian reduction to the ego c. The grounding of logic leads into the au-embracing problem of transcendental phenomenology 229 Chapter 6. Transcendental phenomenology and intentional psychology. The problem of transcendental psychologism Every existent constituted in the subjectivity of consciousness Necessity of starting, each from his own subjectivity The transcendental problems of intersubjectivity and of the intersubjective world a. I ntersubjectivity and the world of pure experience 237 b. The illusion of transcendental solipsism c. Problems at higher levels concerning the Objective world d. Concluding observations

15 XVI 97. Universal philosophic significance of the method that consists in uncovering constitution in consciousness Constitutional investigations as a priori Psychological and transcendental subjectivity. The problem of transcendental psychologism Historico-critical remarks on the development of transcendental philosophy and, in particular, on transcendental inquiry concerning formal logic 255 Chapter 7. Objective logic and the phenomenology of reason to1. The subjective foundation oflogic is the transcendental phenomenology of reason to2. The relatedness of traditional logic to the world, and the inquiry concerning the character of the "ultimate" logic, which furnishes norms for its own transcendental clarification to3. Absolute grounding of cognition is possible only in the all-embracing science of transcendental subjectivity, as the one absolute existent Transcendental phenomenology as self-explication on the part of transcendental subjectivity Preparations for concluding our transcendental criticism of logic. The usual theories of evidence misguided by the presupposition of absolute truth 277 to6. Further criticisms of the presupposition of absolute truth and the dogmatistic theories of evidence Delineation of a transcendental theory of evidence as an effective intentional performance. 283 a. The evidence of external (sensuous) experience 283 b. The evidence oj "internal" experience c. Hyletic Data and intentional functionings. The evidence of Data occurring in internal time. 286 d. Evidence as an apriori structural form of consciousness. 289 CONCLUSION 291

16 XVII Appendix I I SYNTACTICAL FORMS AND SYNTACTICAL CORE-FORMS AND CORE-STUFFS The articulation of predicative judgments.. 2. Relatedness to subject-matter in judgments. 3. Pure forms and pure stuffs Lower and higher forms. Their sense-relation to one another The self-contained functional unity of the selfsufficient apophansis. Division of the combinationforms of wholes into copulatives and conjunctions 6. Transition to the broadest categorial sphere... a. Universality of the combination-forms that we have distinguished b. The distinctions connected with articulation can be made throughout the entire categorial sphere. c. The amplified concept of the categorial proposition contrasted with the concept of the proposition in the old apophantic analytics Syntactical forms, syntactical stuffs, syntaxes.. 8. Syntagma and member. Self-sufficient judgments, and likewise judgments in the amplified sense, as syntagmas The "judgment-content" as the syntactical stuff of the judgment qua syntagma Levels of syntactical forming Non-syntactical forms and stuffs - exhibited within the pure syntactical stuffs The core-formation, with core-stuff and core-form 13. Pre-eminence of the substantival category. Substantivation STUFFS; Transition to complications The concept of the "term" in traditional formal logic Appendix II I THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE JUDGMENT. ORIGINALLY ACTIVE JUDGING AND ITS SECONDARY MODIFICATIONS.... " Active judging, as generating objects themselves, contrasted with its secondary modifications

17 XVIII 2. From the general theory of intentionality. 314 a. Original consciousness and intentional modification. Static intentional explication. Explication of the "meaning" and of the meant "itself." The multiplicity of possible modes of consciousness of the Same b. Intentional explication of genesis. The genetic, as well as static, originality of the experiencing manners of givenness. The "primal instituting" of "apperception" with respect to every objectcategory " c. The time-form of intentional genesis and the constitution of that form. Retentional modification. Sedimentation in the inconspicuous substratum (unconsciousness) Non-original manners of givenness of the judgment 319 a. The retentional form as the ntrinsically first form of "secondary sensuousness". The livingly changing constitution of a many-membered judgment b. Passive recollection and its constitutional effect for the judgment as an abiding unity c. The emergence of something that comes to mind apperceptionally is analogous to something coming to mind after the fashion of passive recollection.. '" The essential possibilities of activating passive manners of givenness The fundamental types of originally generative judging and of any judging whatever Indistinct verbal judging and its function The superiority of retentional and recollectional to apperceptional confusion; secondary evidence in confusion

18 XIX Appendix III I THE IDEA OF A "LOGIC OF MERE NON-CON TRADICTION" OR A "LOGIC OF MERE CONSEQUENCE" The goal of formal non-contradiction and of formal consequence. Broader and narrower framing of these concepts Relation of the systematic and radical building of a pure analytics, back to the theory of syntaxes The characterization of analytic judgments as merely "elucidative of knowledge" and as "tautologies" Remarks on "tautology" in the logistical sense, with reference to of the main text. (By Oskar Becker.)

CARTESIAN MEDITATIONS

CARTESIAN MEDITATIONS Kluwer Translations ofedmund Husser! Cartesian Meditations. An Introduction to Phenomenology Translated by Dorion Cairns. xii, 158pp. PB ISBN 9O-247-0068-X Formal and Transcendental