Symmetry Is Not a Universal Law of Beauty
|
|
- Cody Barrett
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Brief Reports Symmetry Is Not a Universal Law of Beauty Helmut Leder 1,2, Pablo P. L. Tinio 3, David Brieber 1,2, Tonio Kr oner 2, Thomas Jacobsen 4, and Raphael Rosenberg 2 Empirical Studies of the Arts 2019, Vol. 37(1) ! The Author(s) 2018 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: / journals.sagepub.com/home/art Abstract Scientific disciplines as diverse as biology, physics, and psychological aesthetics regard symmetry as one of the most important principles in nature and one of the most powerful determinants of beauty. However, symmetry has a low standing in the arts and humanities. This difference in the valuation of symmetry is a remarkable illustration of the gap between the two cultures. To close this gap, we conducted an interdisciplinary, empirical study to directly demonstrate the effects of art expertise on symmetry appreciation. Two groups of art experts artists and art historians and a group of non-experts provided spontaneous beauty ratings of visual stimuli that varied in symmetry and complexity. In complete contrast to responses typically found in non-art experts, art experts found asymmetrical and simple stimuli as most beautiful. This is evidence of the effects of specific education and training on aesthetic appreciation and a direct challenge to the universality of symmetry. Keywords expertise, aesthetics, symmetry, preference 1 Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, and Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2 Department of Art History, and Cognitive Science Research Platform, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 3 Department of Educational Foundations, Montclair State University, NJ, USA 4 Department of Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany Corresponding Author: Helmut Leder, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, Vienna 1010, Austria. helmut.leder@univie.ac.at
2 Leder et al. 105 Disciplines as diverse as biology, chemistry, physics, and psychological aesthetics regard symmetry as one of the most important principles in nature and as one of the most powerful determinants of beauty. The influence of symmetry seems so universal (Weyl, 1952) that it has even been discussed as a super principle (Voloshinov, 1996). Researchers have repeatedly shown symmetry s central role in preference and beauty judgments of visual stimuli, including biological entities such as faces (Rhodes, 2006; Tinio, Gerger, & Leder, 2013) and also as a quantifiable dimension underlying pattern preference (al-rifaie et al., 2017). The preference for symmetry in faces and bodies (Grammer & Thornhill, 1994) has been associated with advantages regarding mate choice, as there is some evidence that symmetry indicates good health, stable development, and good genes (Thornhill & Møller, 1997). The importance of symmetry has been further supported by evidence that symmetry is a strong determinant of aesthetic judgments of meaningless, abstract patterns (Gartus & Leder, 2013; Jacobsen & H ofel, 2002; Tinio & Leder, 2009). Beyond the relation to mate choice (i.e., symmetry signals health and fitness; Rhodes, 2006), the preference for symmetry is also often explained with reference to the functioning of the human visual system: Symmetrical stimuli are processed fluently and efficiently (Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, 2004). Contrary to the high esteem that symmetry has in the sciences, symmetry has a rather low standing in the arts and humanities. For art historians, symmetry is just one of many features used to characterize specific works of art and specific art styles. Art historians, for instance, will state that Classicism has an affinity towards symmetry, whereas Japonism does not. In fact, the 34 volumes of the Dictionary of Art only include a very short article on Symmetry (Summers, 1996), which argues that since Greek antiquity, symmetria has mainly referred to pleasing proportions (e.g., between parts of depicted bodies in paintings and sculptures). It was not until the 17th century that symmetry was considered in the sense of geometrical bilateral axial balance. In Barck et al. s (2003) prestigious seven-volume encyclopedia of key concepts in aesthetics, symmetry is not even included as a keyword. The difference in the valuation of symmetry between the two disciplines is a remarkable illustration of the gap between the two cultures (Snow, 1963) of humanities and science. Although this gap has been discussed for years (Wille, 1986), it has rarely been adequately characterized (for a notable exception, see McManus, 2006) but surely not tested with regard to aesthetic perception. Could it be that art experts are wrong about the role of symmetry, because they are at variance with hard empirical data? Or could it be that the expertise that they develop through many years of art-specific training and education lead them to perceive symmetry in a different manner? Through their training, art experts are able to more deeply process works of art, for example, by placing them within the historical contexts during which they were created (Leder & Nadal, 2014; Parsons, 1987).
3 106 Empirical Studies of the Arts 37(1) It is, however, unclear how this kind of expertise affects aesthetic preferences made quickly and spontaneously, when there is limited opportunity for one s vast knowledge base to enter the picture. Experts might have a different set of criteria that guide their preferences. If this is indeed the case, it could serve as evidence that the preference for symmetry is not as universal as has been claimed. It could even be that art experts prefer asymmetry. After close consideration of the above issues, and drawing on knowledge from each of our respective disciplines, we decided to test this hypothesis within an interdisciplinary study, which combined the methodological precision of empirical aesthetics and the theoretical rigor of art history within a straightforward design. The study involved two groups of art experts artists and art historians and a group of non-expert participants as a control group. All participants evaluated 160 meaningless, abstract patterns for their beauty. We decided to use such patterns, as they had been used in several behavioral studies that have produced evidence that symmetry is strongly preferred. The patterns primarily varied along symmetry (symmetrical or asymmetrical) and complexity (simple or complex) dimensions (Jacobsen & H ofel, 2002). Complexity was included as a dimension because previous research has shown that it is related to symmetry asymmetrical objects are more complex and more demanding to process than their symmetrical counterparts. In addition, people generally prefer complex over simple stimuli. These pattern had been used in several studies with non-art experts and revealed remarkably consistent preferences for symmetry (Gartus & Leder, 2013; H ofel & Jacobsen, 2007; Jacobsen & H ofel, 2002; Tinio, Gerger, & Leder, 2013; Tinio & Leder, 2009). Method Participants A group of 27 art experts (12 advanced students of art from an art academy in Vienna, Austria, and 15 advanced students from the Art History Department of the University of Vienna) and 26 non-art experts (from the Psychology Department of the University of Vienna) were tested in a quasi-experimental design. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection, and all participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Materials and Procedure The stimuli systematically varied according to symmetry and complexity (40 symmetrical and simple, 40 symmetrical and complex, 40 asymmetrical and simple, and 40 asymmetrical and complex). As in Tinio and Leder (2009), stimuli were derived from the larger, original set by Jacobsen and H ofel (2002). Each stimulus consisted of a solid black circle (8.8 cm in diameter) featuring a
4 Leder et al. 107 centered quadratic rhombic cutout and 86 to 88 basic graphic elements arranged within the rhomb according to a grid and resulting in an abstract pattern. The overall luminance was identical for all stimuli. The basic elements included geometric figures such as triangles, squares, rhombuses, and horizontal, vertical, or oblique bars. A maximum of two mirroring operations giving four possible symmetry axes were permitted. One half of the patterns were symmetrical, while the other half were asymmetrical. Stimulus complexity was manipulated by varying the number of elements composing a pattern (see Jacobsen & H ofel, 2002, for more details). Participants were tested individually. E-Prime was used to present a fixation cross for 200 ms followed by the stimulus for 3,000 ms on a gray background. The presentation of the stimuli was randomized, and participants rated each stimulus while the stimulus was presented on the screen. Ratings were provided using a 7-point scale with 1 representing least beautiful and 7 representing most beautiful. Twelve practice trials (three per stimulus type) preceded the main experiment, and none of these practice stimuli was included in the experiment. Afterwards, to verify their expertise, the experts were asked questions regarding their expertise and the study. Results The mean beauty ratings for the stimuli were sampled across participants for each stimulus type (Figure 1). An analysis of variance with symmetry and complexity as within-subjects factors and group as a between-subjects factor revealed a significant main effect of complexity, F(1, 50) ¼ , p <.01, etasquared ¼.244. There was no main effect of symmetry, F(1, 50) ¼ There were significant interactions between complexity and group, F(1, 50) ¼ 9.247, p <.001, eta-squared ¼.270, and symmetry and group, F(1, 50) ¼ , p<.001, eta-squared ¼.522, as well as between complexity and symmetry, F(1, 50) ¼ 6.711, p <.05, eta-squared ¼.118. No other effects were significant. This is convincing evidence that expertise in art or art history had a major impact on the aesthetic appreciation of two principles of visual design that are often assumed to be universally preferred. In order to demonstrate that the two groups of experts indeed showed a very different pattern of preferences, in Figure 2, we show a depiction of the distribution of the four different types of stimuli (40 stimuli for each type) and their rankings (between 1 and 160) within each of the three groups of participants. Also depicted are the three stimuli judged as most beautiful and the three stimuli judged as least beautiful by each group of participants. To show how the different groups of participants differ, in Figure 3, we present three scattergrams of the mean score for each image with art historians on one axis and artists or non-art experts on the other; and likewise for the two groups of experts against each other. This figure clearly shows how much closer
5 108 Empirical Studies of the Arts 37(1) Figure 1. Mean beauty ratings for all conditions and three groups. (less spread) the preferences are between the two expert groups as compared with the non-experts for whom the means are much higher for the symmetric than the nonsymmetric stimuli. We also analyzed the underlying structure of the interindividual differences. We took the standard data matrix of P rows (each being a participant) and S columns (each being a stimulus), transposed it, and then conducted factor analyses (parallel analysis, Monte Carlo, 1,000 iterations), which revealed a three-factor solution. A subsequent principal component analysis (PCA) with direct oblimin rotation (as it allows the data to be orthogonal or oblique
6 Leder et al. 109 Figure 2. Distribution of ranks of the four different types of stimuli (40 stimuli for each type; between 1 and 160) for each of the three groups of participants. depending on the best solution) revealed that the first three components accounted for 47% of the cumulative variance. Mostly non-expert participants loaded positively and all experts loaded negatively on the first factor (approximately 30% of the variance). A few non-experts loaded on Factors 2 and 3 (approximately 10% of the variance). We also conducted an analysis of variance in which we included the three factors revealed by the PCA as levels of the independent variable, and an index (for each participant) of preference for symmetry mean liking of symmetry minus mean preference for asymmetry; mean values were Factor 1 (n ¼ 37) ¼.901, Factor 2 (n ¼ 8) ¼.311, and Factor 3 (n ¼ 8) ¼.413 as the dependent variable. The analyses revealed a main effect of factor, F(2, 52)¼ 5.101, p¼.01, with differences between Factor 1 and Factors 2 and 3, but not between the latter two factors. This indicates that non-art experts differ in their preference for symmetry from artist and art historians, who in turn, do not differ systematically from each other, as they are not represented by different factors of the PCA.
7 110 Empirical Studies of the Arts 37(1) Figure 3. Scattergrams of means between non-expert ratings for the four classes of stimuli, in relation to the two groups of experts. The results indicate that people untrained in the visual arts did show the often-claimed preference for symmetrical and complex stimuli. In contrast, experts seemed to completely disregard these design principles and showed stronger and more consistent preferences for stimuli that deviated from symmetry. The experts also showed more variability in their preference for complexity. Future studies must, however, determine the level of processing within which such differences are manifested, although the present results illustrate what could result from the convergence of art and science.
8 Leder et al. 111 General Discussion The results showed that non-art experts evaluated the symmetrical complex stimuli as most beautiful, followed in descending order by symmetrical simple, asymmetrical complex, and asymmetrical simple stimuli. This was an expected pattern of responses that has been previously shown to be largely stable, that is for nonart expert participants. What was surprising, however, was that both groups of experts showed a contrasting, even reversed, pattern of responses: Unlike the nonart experts who found symmetrical and complex stimuli to be most beautiful, the art experts found asymmetrical and simple stimuli to be most beautiful. The results are depicted in Figure 2 where each color-coded bar represents one type of stimulus. The distribution of the bars reflects the average set of most beautiful to least beautiful judgments within each of the three participant groups. These findings are supported by statistical analyses that revealed interactions amongst the factors participant group (experts, non-experts), symmetry (symmetry, asymmetry), and complexity (complex, simple). To further illustrate the dramatic differences between the groups, Figure 2 shows examples of the three stimuli that were judged as most and least beautiful by each participant group. Although we did not find any statistically significant difference between the two groups of experts artists and art historians the stimuli judged as most beautiful shown in Figure 2 suggest that when art historians look at the stimuli, they could have thought of them as constructivist abstractions such as those by Malevich or Mondrian. Artists did not show this bias. Post hoc questions given to the experts, that were included as a check on expertise indeed revealed their status of experience and interest in art. However, only two experts (one art historian and one artist) mentioned that the pattern reminded them of artworks, or artists, without being more specific. Therefore, this explanation of specific art associations could be tested further in future studies and would provide evidence for the influence of specific education and training within the arts (e.g., education in art history vs. art making). Future studies might also more systematically study different kinds of symmetry and test more specificly whether different participants prefer different kinds of symmetry. Moreover, current methods in quantifying symmetry might help to identify even finer grades of preferences for symmetry and its relation to other image properties (al-rifaie et al., 2017). Also, in order to better understand differences between experts and non-experts, a much broader approach could combine various perceptual tasks with a battery of personality measures (see McManus, 2006). Our results demonstrate that the gap between the two cultures art and science in terms of the evaluation of symmetry corresponds to, and might be rooted in, basic differences in aesthetic responses. Those differences could be the result of extensive training (or lack thereof) in the arts (see Belke, Leder, Harsanyi, & Carbon, 2010). In the present study, to test our expertise-related
9 112 Empirical Studies of the Arts 37(1) hypotheses in a straightforward research design, we used meaningless patterns that had no biological or artistic significance. In a recent study, Little (2014) had shown that there are different levels of preferences for different classes of object. He found that symmetry preferences were much weaker for artworks as compared to faces. An interesting issue to test in future studies is whether the use of symmetry in artworks for experts would show similar results. Symmetry is often considered as the most fundamental of aesthetic primitives. Now, the assumed biologically hard-wired response to symmetry has to be put into perspective. Altogether, these results challenge the concept of universal aesthetic principles and demand more in-depth examination of how factors such as knowledge, expertise, culture, and context influence the aesthetic perception of our world. Acknowledgments The authors thank Ju rgen Goller and Matthew Pelowski for their support. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was sponsored by two interdisciplinary WWTF Vienna Science and Technology Fund projects awarded H. L. and R. R. (LedRos CS and RosLed CS15 036). References al-rifaie, M., Ursyn, A., Zimmer, R., & Javid, M. A. J. (2017). On symmetry, aesthetics, and quantifying symmetrical complexity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, doi: / Barck, K., Fontius, M., Schlenstedt, D., Steinwachs, B., & Wolfzettel, F. (2003). Asthetische Grundbegriffe [Fundamental Terms in Aesthetics]. Frankfurt, German: Band XX, J.B. Melzer Verlag. Belke, B., Leder, H., Harsanyi, G., & Carbon, C. C. (2010). When a Picasso is a Picasso : The entry point in the identification of visual art. Acta Psychologica, 133(2), Gartus, A., & Leder, H. (2013). The small step towards asymmetry: Aesthetic judgment of broken symmetries. i-perception, 4, Grammer, K., & Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: The role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108(3),
10 Leder et al. 113 H ofel, L., & Jacobsen, T. (2007). Electrophysiological indices of processing symmetry and aesthetics: A result of judgment categorization or judgment report? Journal of Psychophysiology, 21(1), Jacobsen, T., & H ofel, L. (2002). Aesthetic judgments of novel graphic patterns: Analyses of individual judgments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95, Leder, H., & Nadal, M. (2014). Ten years of a model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments: The aesthetic episode Developments and challenges in empirical aesthetics. British Journal of Psychology, 105, McManus, I. C. (2006). Measuring the culture of C.P. Snows two cultures. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 24(2), Parsons, M. J. (1987). How we understand art. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver s processing experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, Snow, C. P. (1963). The two cultures: A second look. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Summers, D. (1996). Symmetry. In J. Turner (ed.), The dictionary of art (London) (Vol. XXX, p. 171). London: Macmillan. Thornhill, R., & Møller, A. P. (1997). Developmental stability, disease and medicine. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 72(4), Tinio, P. P. L., & Leder, H. (2009). Just how stable are aesthetic features? Symmetry, complexity and the jaws of massive familiarization. Acta Psychologica, 130, Tinio, P. P. L., Gerger, G., & Leder, H. (2013). Birds of a feather... Generalization of facial structures following massive familiarization. Acta Psychologica, l 144(3), doi: /j.actpsy Voloshinov, A. (1996). Symmetry as a superprinciple of science and art. Leonardo, 29(2), Weyl, H. (1952). Symmetry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Author Biographies Helmut Leder is a professor of Cognitive Psychology at the University of Vienna, where he is the head of a research focus in Empirical Visual Aesthetics. He is the head of an interdisciplinary research platform in cognitive science and current president of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics. Pablo P. L. Tinio is an associate professor at Montclair State University. His research is focused on the psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts; arts and aesthetics in education; and learning and engagement in cultural institutions. He is an editor of the APA journal, Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. He is also a coeditor of the Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Aesthetics and the Arts.
11 114 Empirical Studies of the Arts 37(1) David Brieber is a senior test and training consultant at Schuhfried Inc. He received his doctoral degree in psychology from the University of Vienna. His research interests are in the area of scientific aesthetics, neuropsychology, and psychological assessment. Tonio Kr oner is an artist and curator in Munich, where he works at the museum Brandhorst. Thomas Jacobsen is a professor of Experimental and Biological Psychology at Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. He is the author of publications in the area of (neurocognitive) psychology, including auditory processing, language, empirical aesthetics, and executive function. He was a visiting professor at the University of Vienna and the Freie Universit at Berlin. Raphael Rosenberg is a professor of Art History at the University of Vienna where he founded the Lab for Cognitive Research in Art History. He is a member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and of the Academia Europaea.
Are there opposite pupil responses to different aspects of processing fluency?
Are there opposite pupil responses to different aspects of processing fluency? Sophie G. Elschner & Ronald Hübner 60 th TeaP, Marburg, March 12 th 2018 Types of Processing Fluency Processing Fluency The
More informationRunning head: FACIAL SYMMETRY AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS 1
Running head: FACIAL SYMMETRY AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS 1 Effects of Facial Symmetry on Physical Attractiveness Ayelet Linden California State University, Northridge FACIAL SYMMETRY AND PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
More informationNatural Scenes Are Indeed Preferred, but Image Quality Might Have the Last Word
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 2009 American Psychological Association 2009, Vol. 3, No. 1, 52 56 1931-3896/09/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0014835 Natural Scenes Are Indeed Preferred, but
More informationActa Psychologica 130 (2009) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Acta Psychologica. journal homepage:
Acta Psychologica 130 (2009) 241 250 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Psychologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actpsy Just how stable are stable aesthetic features? Symmetry,
More informationImplicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise
Article Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise i-perception March-April 2018, 1 24! The Author(s) 2018 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518761464 journals.sagepub.com/home/ipe
More informationThe relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness
Evolution and Human Behavior 25 (2004) 24 30 The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness B.C. Jones a, *, A.C. Little a, D.R. Feinberg a, I.S. Penton-Voak
More informationConsumer Choice Bias Due to Number Symmetry: Evidence from Real Estate Prices. AUTHOR(S): John Dobson, Larry Gorman, and Melissa Diane Moore
Issue: 17, 2010 Consumer Choice Bias Due to Number Symmetry: Evidence from Real Estate Prices AUTHOR(S): John Dobson, Larry Gorman, and Melissa Diane Moore ABSTRACT Rational Consumers strive to make optimal
More informationManuscript under review for Psychological Science. Covert Painting Simulations Influence Aesthetic Appreciation of Artworks
Manuscript under review for Psychological Science Covert Painting Simulations Influence Aesthetic Appreciation of Artworks Journal: Psychological Science Manuscript ID: PSCI--0.R Manuscript Type: Short
More informationWhy are average faces attractive? The effect of view and averageness on the attractiveness of female faces
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2004, 11 (3), 482-487 Why are average faces attractive? The effect of view and averageness on the attractiveness of female faces TIM VALENTINE, STEPHEN DARLING, and MARY DONNELLY
More informationPsychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Cognitive Fluency: High-Level Processing Dynamics in Art Appreciation Benno Belke, Helmut Leder, Tilo Strobach, and Claus Christian Carbon Online First
More informationUrban Space and Architectural Scale - Two Examples of Empirical Research in Architectural Aesthetics
Urban Space and Architectural Scale - Two Examples of Empirical Research in Architectural Aesthetics Weber, Ralf and Wolter, Birgit*; Jacobsen, Thomas*; Vosskoetter, Silke** * Collaborators in Project
More informationComparison, Categorization, and Metaphor Comprehension
Comparison, Categorization, and Metaphor Comprehension Bahriye Selin Gokcesu (bgokcesu@hsc.edu) Department of Psychology, 1 College Rd. Hampden Sydney, VA, 23948 Abstract One of the prevailing questions
More informationLeder Belke Oeberst & Augustin 2004
2016 Vol. 36 No. 2 101-106 PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION 1 2 1 1. 100084 2. 100084 B8409 A 1003-5184 2016 02-0101 - 06 1 aesthetics Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten 2 1735 /1998 Baumgarten Fechner 1896 Kant 1790
More informationConsumer Choice Bias Due to Number Symmetry: Evidence from Real Estate Prices. AUTHOR(S): John Dobson, Larry Gorman, and Melissa Diane Moore
Issue: 17, 2010 Consumer Choice Bias Due to Number Symmetry: Evidence from Real Estate Prices AUTHOR(S): John Dobson, Larry Gorman, and Melissa Diane Moore ABSTRACT Rational Consumers strive to make optimal
More informationI like those glasses on you, but not in the mirror: Fluency, preference, and virtual mirrors
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY Journal of Consumer Psychology 20 (2010) 471 475 I like those glasses on you, but not in the mirror: Fluency, preference, and virtual
More informationIndiana Academic Standards for Visual Arts Alignment with the. International Violin Competition of Indianapolis Juried Exhibition of Student Art
Indiana Academic Standards for Visual Arts Alignment with the International Violin Competition of Indianapolis Juried Exhibition of Student Art INTRODUCTION The Juried Exhibition of Student Art sponsored
More informationPROFESSORS: Bonnie B. Bowers (chair), George W. Ledger ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS: Richard L. Michalski (on leave short & spring terms), Tiffany A.
Psychology MAJOR, MINOR PROFESSORS: Bonnie B. (chair), George W. ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS: Richard L. (on leave short & spring terms), Tiffany A. The core program in psychology emphasizes the learning of representative
More informationUW-La Crosse Journal of Undergraduate Research
UW-La Crosse Journal of Undergraduate Research MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION GUIDELINES updated 5/13/2014 This document is intended to provide you with some guidance regarding the final structure and format your
More informationCRITIQUE OF PARSONS AND MERTON
UNIT 31 CRITIQUE OF PARSONS AND MERTON Structure 31.0 Objectives 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Parsons and Merton: A Critique 31.2.0 Perspective on Sociology 31.2.1 Functional Approach 31.2.2 Social System and
More informationPsychology. PSY 199 Special Topics in Psychology See All-University 199 course description.
Psychology The curriculum in the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Human Development and Family Sciences is structured such that 100-level courses are to be considered introductory to either
More informationTHE EFFECT OF EXPERTISE IN EVALUATING EMOTIONS IN MUSIC
THE EFFECT OF EXPERTISE IN EVALUATING EMOTIONS IN MUSIC Fabio Morreale, Raul Masu, Antonella De Angeli, Patrizio Fava Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University Of Trento, Italy
More informationIt Felt Fluent, and I Liked It: Subjective Feeling of Fluency Rather Than Objective Fluency Determines Liking
Emotion 2012 American Psychological Association 2013, Vol. 13, No. 2, 280 289 1528-3542/13/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0030115 It Felt Fluent, and I Liked It: Subjective Feeling of Fluency Rather Than Objective
More informationPHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS. Elaine Hatfield and Richard L. Rapson. University of Hawai i
114. Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2009). Physical attractiveness. In I. B. Weiner & W. E. Craighead (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychology, 4 th Edition. (pp. 1242-1243). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
More informationBrief Report. Development of a Measure of Humour Appreciation. Maria P. Y. Chik 1 Department of Education Studies Hong Kong Baptist University
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF HUMOUR APPRECIATION CHIK ET AL 26 Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology Vol. 5, 2005, pp 26-31 Brief Report Development of a Measure of Humour Appreciation
More informationA perceptual study on face design for Moe characters in Cool Japan contents
KEER2014, LINKÖPING JUNE 11-13 2014 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KANSEI ENGINEERING AND EMOTION RESEARCH A perceptual study on face design for Moe characters in Cool Japan contents Yuki Wada 1, Ryo Yoneda
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA PSYCHOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA PSYCHOLOGY 1 Psychology PSY 120 Introduction to Psychology 3 cr A survey of the basic theories, concepts, principles, and research findings in the field of Psychology. Core
More informationAuthor Instructions for submitting manuscripts to Environment & Behavior
Author Instructions for submitting manuscripts to Environment & Behavior Environment & Behavior brings you international and interdisciplinary perspectives on the relationships between physical built and
More informationINFLUENCE OF MUSICAL CONTEXT ON THE PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION OF MUSIC
INFLUENCE OF MUSICAL CONTEXT ON THE PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION OF MUSIC Michal Zagrodzki Interdepartmental Chair of Music Psychology, Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, Warsaw, Poland mzagrodzki@chopin.edu.pl
More informationChapter 2 Christopher Alexander s Nature of Order
Chapter 2 Christopher Alexander s Nature of Order Christopher Alexander is an oft-referenced icon for the concept of patterns in programming languages and design [1 3]. Alexander himself set forth his
More informationTo cite this article:
To cite this article: Fayn, K., Silvia, P. J., Erbas, Y., Tiliopoulos, N., & Kuppens, P. (in press). Nuanced aesthetic emotions: emotion differentiation is related to knowledge of the arts and curiosity.
More informationThe adaptivity it of aesthetic ti dimensions in the domains of art and design
Art & Perception Conference 2010, Brussels 24 November 2010 CC 2010 [info at ww ww.experim mental-psy ychology.c com] The adaptivity it of aesthetic ti dimensions i in the domains of art and design Claus
More informationCan scientific impact be judged prospectively? A bibliometric test of Simonton s model of creative productivity
Jointly published by Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest Scientometrics, and Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Vol. 56, No. 2 (2003) 000 000 Can scientific impact be judged prospectively? A bibliometric test
More informationCOMPLEXITY AND AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR DIVERSE VISUAL STIMULI
COMPLEXITY AND AESTHETIC PREFERENCE FOR DIVERSE VISUAL STIMULI DOCTORAL THESIS AUTHOR: Marcos Nadal Roberts DIRECTOR: Camilo José Cela Conde and Gisèle Marty Departament de Psicologia Universitat de les
More informationCommon assumptions in color characterization of projectors
Common assumptions in color characterization of projectors Arne Magnus Bakke 1, Jean-Baptiste Thomas 12, and Jérémie Gerhardt 3 1 Gjøvik university College, The Norwegian color research laboratory, Gjøvik,
More informationThe Tone Height of Multiharmonic Sounds. Introduction
Music-Perception Winter 1990, Vol. 8, No. 2, 203-214 I990 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA The Tone Height of Multiharmonic Sounds ROY D. PATTERSON MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge,
More informationDimensions in Appreciation of Car Interior Design
APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/acp.1088 Dimensions in Appreciation of Car Interior Design HELMUT LEDER 1,2, * and CLAUS-CHRISTIAN
More informationAesthetic issues in spatial composition: effects of position and direction on framing single objects
Spatial Vision, Vol. 21, No. 3 5, pp. 421 449 (2008) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2008. Also available online - www.brill.nl/sv Aesthetic issues in spatial composition: effects of position and direction
More informationConstruction of a harmonic phrase
Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, August 22-26 2006 Construction of a harmonic phrase Ziv, N. Behavioral Sciences Max Stern Academic College Emek Yizre'el, Israel naomiziv@013.net Storino, M. Dept. of Music
More informationPsychology PSY 312 BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR. (3)
PSY Psychology PSY 100 INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. (4) An introduction to the study of behavior covering theories, methods and findings of research in major areas of psychology. Topics covered will include
More informationMEASURING LOUDNESS OF LONG AND SHORT TONES USING MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION
MEASURING LOUDNESS OF LONG AND SHORT TONES USING MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION Michael Epstein 1,2, Mary Florentine 1,3, and Søren Buus 1,2 1Institute for Hearing, Speech, and Language 2Communications and Digital
More informationGuide to contributors. 1. Aims and Scope
Guide to contributors 1. Aims and Scope The Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica (AAB) publishes original papers in the field of anesthesiology, emergency medicine, intensive care medicine, perioperative medicine
More informationMario Verdicchio. Topic: Art
GA2010 XIII Generative Art Conference Politecnico di Milano University, Italy Mario Verdicchio Topic: Art Authors: Mario Verdicchio University of Bergamo, Department of Information Technology and Mathematical
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE (IJEE)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EXCELLENCE (IJEE) AUTHORS GUIDELINES 1. INTRODUCTION The International Journal of Educational Excellence (IJEE) is open to all scientific articles which provide answers
More informationHowever, in studies of expressive timing, the aim is to investigate production rather than perception of timing, that is, independently of the listene
Beat Extraction from Expressive Musical Performances Simon Dixon, Werner Goebl and Emilios Cambouropoulos Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Schottengasse 3, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
More informationOlga Feher, PhD Dissertation: Chapter 4 (May 2009) Chapter 4. Cumulative cultural evolution in an isolated colony
Chapter 4. Cumulative cultural evolution in an isolated colony Background & Rationale The first time the question of multigenerational progression towards WT surfaced, we set out to answer it by recreating
More informationDynamics of aesthetic appreciation
Invited Paper Dynamics of aesthetic appreciation Claus-Christian Carbon *) *) Department of General Psychology and Methodology University of Bamberg Markusplatz 3 D-96047 Bamberg Germany e-mail: ccc@experimental-psychology.com
More informationPsychology. Department Location Giles Hall Room 320
Psychology Department Location Giles Hall Room 320 Special Entry Requirements Requirements to enter and continue in the major may be in place. Each prospective psychology major should check with her major
More informationPermutations of the Octagon: An Aesthetic-Mathematical Dialectic
Proceedings of Bridges 2015: Mathematics, Music, Art, Architecture, Culture Permutations of the Octagon: An Aesthetic-Mathematical Dialectic James Mai School of Art / Campus Box 5620 Illinois State University
More informationShared liking and association valence for representational art but not abstract art
Journal of Vision (2015) 15(5):11, 1 10 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/15/5/11 1 Shared liking and association valence for representational art but not abstract art Department of Psychology, University
More informationStable aesthetic standards delusion: Changing artistic quality by elaboration
Perception, 014, volume 43, pages 1006 1013 doi:10.1068/p7709 Stable aesthetic standards delusion: Changing artistic quality by elaboration Claus-Christian Carbon 1,, Vera M Hesslinger 1,3 1 Department
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Contents 1. AIMS AND SCOPE 1 2. TYPES OF PAPERS 2 2.1. Original Research 2 2.2. Reviews and Drug Reviews 2 2.3. Case Reports and Case Snippets 2 2.4. Viewpoints 3 2.5. Letters
More informationDr. Diptanshu Das November 2016
Dr. Diptanshu Das November 2016 WikiJournal of Medicine An open access, public peer reviewed journal with no publication cost for authors Started in 2014 Currently located in Wikiversity Attracts referenced
More informationRules of Convergence What would become the face of the Internet TV?
364 Rules of Convergence What would become the face of the Internet TV? Hyoshik Yu, Youngsu Lee, Seokin Hong, Jinwoo Kim and Hyunho Kim Yonsei University Abstract Internet TV is a convergent appliance
More informationPUBLIKASI JURNAL INTERNASIONAL
PUBLIKASI JURNAL INTERNASIONAL Tips (no trick in science) Ethics Monitoring Cited paper Journal Writing Paper 20 May 2015 Copyright (C) 2012 Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo 1 Ethics (or Ended) Authorship Contribute
More informationOriginal Research (not to exceed 3,000 words) Manuscripts describing original research should include the following sections:
Guide for Authors Article Categories How to Submit a Manuscript for Peer Review Author Responsibilities Manuscript Preparation Journal Style How to Submit Commentary and Letters Editorial Process The Canadian
More informationJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AUTHOR GUIDELINES
SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Instructions to Authors: AUTHOR GUIDELINES The JPRE is an international multidisciplinary Monthly Journal, which publishes
More informationThe Relevance Framework for Category-Based Induction: Evidence From Garden-Path Arguments
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2010, Vol. 36, No. 4, 906 919 2010 American Psychological Association 0278-7393/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019762 The Relevance Framework
More informationSubjective evaluation of common singing skills using the rank ordering method
lma Mater Studiorum University of ologna, ugust 22-26 2006 Subjective evaluation of common singing skills using the rank ordering method Tomoyasu Nakano Graduate School of Library, Information and Media
More informationMaster of Arts in Psychology Program The Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences offers the Master of Arts degree in Psychology.
Master of Arts Programs in the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Admission Requirements to the Education and Psychology Graduate Program The applicant must satisfy the standards for admission into
More informationKlee or Kid? The subjective experience of drawings from children and Paul Klee Pronk, T.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Klee or Kid? The subjective experience of drawings from children and Paul Klee Pronk, T. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pronk, T. (Author).
More informationFor these items, -1=opposed to my values, 0= neutral and 7=of supreme importance.
1 Factor Analysis Jeff Spicer F1 F2 F3 F4 F9 F12 F17 F23 F24 F25 F26 F27 F29 F30 F35 F37 F42 F50 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 For these items, -1=opposed to my values, 0= neutral and 7=of supreme
More informationThis work has been submitted to ChesterRep the University of Chester s online research repository.
This work has been submitted to ChesterRep the University of Chester s online research repository http://chesterrep.openrepository.com Author(s): Astrid Schepman ; Paul Rodway ; Sarah J Pullen ; Julie
More informationEmpirical Aesthetics. William Seeley, Bates College
Empirical Aesthetics William Seeley, Bates College Author's Note: This is a draft copy of the entry "Empirical Aesthetics" to appear in the forthcoming The Oxford Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, 2 nd Edition
More informationVISUAL COMPLEXITY AND BEAUTY APPRECIATION: EXPLAINING THE DIVERGENCE OF RESULTS
EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF THE ARTS, Vol. 28(2) 173-191, 20 VISUAL COMPLEXITY AND BEAUTY APPRECIATION: EXPLAINING THE DIVERGENCE OF RESULTS MARCOS NADAL ENRIC MUNAR GISÈLE MARTY CAMILO JOSÉ CELA-CONDE University
More informationProgram Outcomes and Assessment
Program Outcomes and Assessment Psychology General Emphasis February 2014 Program Outcomes Program Outcome 1- Students will be prepared to find employment and to be an effective employee. [University Outcome-
More informationARCH 121 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE I WEEK
ARCH 121 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE I WEEK 3: Form: Perceptual Laws of Visual Organization (Gestalt Theory) and Compositional Principles (Part 1) From: Roth, L., Understanding Architecture: Its Elements,
More informationThe use of bibliometrics in the Italian Research Evaluation exercises
The use of bibliometrics in the Italian Research Evaluation exercises Marco Malgarini ANVUR MLE on Performance-based Research Funding Systems (PRFS) Horizon 2020 Policy Support Facility Rome, March 13,
More informationRESPONDING TO ART: History and Culture
HIGH SCHOOL RESPONDING TO ART: History and Culture Standard 1 Understand art in relation to history and past and contemporary culture Students analyze artists responses to historical events and societal
More informationGandhian Philosophy and Literature: A Citation Study of Gandhi Marg
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 15 Gandhian Philosophy and Literature:
More informationWhat is Museum Fatigue?
Gareth Davey Abstract Research in the 1920s and 1930s revealed that museum visitor interest towards exhibits decreased as visits progressed, and this concept was coined Museum Fatigue. Since then, studies
More informationA look at the impact of aesthetics on human-computer interaction.
The Beauty in HCI A look at the impact of aesthetics on human-computer interaction. Advanced Topics in HCI Rochester Institute of Technology February 2010 Introduction For years there has been an internal
More informationChoices and Constraints: Pattern Formation in Oriental Carpets
Original Paper Forma, 15, 127 132, 2000 Choices and Constraints: Pattern Formation in Oriental Carpets Carol BIER Curator, Eastern Hemisphere Collections, The Textile Museum, Washington, DC, USA E-mail:
More informationInfluence of timbre, presence/absence of tonal hierarchy and musical training on the perception of musical tension and relaxation schemas
Influence of timbre, presence/absence of tonal hierarchy and musical training on the perception of musical and schemas Stella Paraskeva (,) Stephen McAdams (,) () Institut de Recherche et de Coordination
More informationProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Volume 19, 2013 http://acousticalsociety.org/ ICA 2013 Montreal Montreal, Canada 2-7 June 2013 Musical Acoustics Session 3pMU: Perception and Orchestration Practice
More informationGrade 7/8 Math Circles November 27 & 28 & Symmetry and Music
Faculty of Mathematics Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing Grade 7/8 Math Circles November 27 & 28 & 29 2018 Symmetry and Music Introduction We ve done a lot of
More informationColor and visual complexity in abstract images
Received: 27 June 2018 Revised and accepted: 18 July 2018 DOI: 10.1002/col.22266 RESEARCH ARTICLE Color and visual complexity in abstract images Rengin Kocaoglu Nilgün Olguntürk Department of Interior
More informationSTI 2018 Conference Proceedings
STI 2018 Conference Proceedings Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators All papers published in this conference proceedings have been peer reviewed through
More informationSHORT TERM PITCH MEMORY IN WESTERN vs. OTHER EQUAL TEMPERAMENT TUNING SYSTEMS
SHORT TERM PITCH MEMORY IN WESTERN vs. OTHER EQUAL TEMPERAMENT TUNING SYSTEMS Areti Andreopoulou Music and Audio Research Laboratory New York University, New York, USA aa1510@nyu.edu Morwaread Farbood
More informationSecond Grade: National Visual Arts Core Standards
Second Grade: National Visual Arts Core Standards Connecting #VA:Cn10.1 Process Component: Interpret Anchor Standard: Synthesize and relate knowledge and personal experiences to make art. Enduring Understanding:
More informationJournal of Food Health and Bioenvironmental Science. Book Review
(May - August 2018), 11(2): 67 Journal homepage : http://jfhb.dusit.ac.th/ Book Review Tita Foophow Book name: Food Proteins and Peptides: Chemistry, Functionality, Interactions and Commercialization Author:
More informationExperiments on tone adjustments
Experiments on tone adjustments Jesko L. VERHEY 1 ; Jan HOTS 2 1 University of Magdeburg, Germany ABSTRACT Many technical sounds contain tonal components originating from rotating parts, such as electric
More informationA Correlation Analysis of Normalized Indicators of Citation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Article A Correlation Analysis of Normalized Indicators of Citation Dmitry
More informationTrauma & Treatment: Neurologic Music Therapy and Functional Brain Changes. Suzanne Oliver, MT-BC, NMT Fellow Ezequiel Bautista, MT-BC, NMT
Trauma & Treatment: Neurologic Music Therapy and Functional Brain Changes Suzanne Oliver, MT-BC, NMT Fellow Ezequiel Bautista, MT-BC, NMT Music Therapy MT-BC Music Therapist - Board Certified Certification
More informationA Gaze-Driven Evolutionary Algorithm to Study Aesthetic Evaluation of Visual Symmetry
Article A Gaze-Driven Evolutionary Algorithm to Study Aesthetic Evaluation of Visual Symmetry i-perception March-April 2016: 1 18! The Author(s) 2016 DOI: 10.1177/2041669516637432 ipe.sagepub.com Alexis
More informationFormatting Instructions for Advances in Cognitive Systems
Advances in Cognitive Systems X (20XX) 1-6 Submitted X/20XX; published X/20XX Formatting Instructions for Advances in Cognitive Systems Pat Langley Glen Hunt Computing Science and Engineering, Arizona
More informationImproving Piano Sight-Reading Skills of College Student. Chian yi Ang. Penn State University
Improving Piano Sight-Reading Skill of College Student 1 Improving Piano Sight-Reading Skills of College Student Chian yi Ang Penn State University 1 I grant The Pennsylvania State University the nonexclusive
More informationAcoustic and musical foundations of the speech/song illusion
Acoustic and musical foundations of the speech/song illusion Adam Tierney, *1 Aniruddh Patel #2, Mara Breen^3 * Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom # Department
More informationEarly and Middle Childhood / Art. Component 1: Content Knowledge SAMPLE ITEMS AND SCORING RUBRICS
Early and Middle Childhood / Art Component 1: Content Knowledge SAMPLE ITEMS AND SCORING RUBRICS Prepared by Pearson for submission under contract with the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
More informationBoyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J., The Origin and Evolution of Cultures, Oxford University Press, 2005, 456pp, $35.00 (pbk), ISBN X.
Boyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J., The Origin and Evolution of Cultures, Oxford University Press, 2005, 456pp, $35.00 (pbk), ISBN 019518145X. Reviewed by Edouard Machery, University of Pittsburgh This
More informationinter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering August 2000, Nice, FRANCE
Copyright SFA - InterNoise 2000 1 inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering 27-30 August 2000, Nice, FRANCE I-INCE Classification: 7.9 THE FUTURE OF SOUND
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS Contents 1. AIMS AND SCOPE 1 2. TYPES OF PAPERS 2 2.1. Original research articles 2 2.2. Review articles and Drug Reviews 2 2.3. Case reports and case snippets 2 2.4. Viewpoints
More informationThe Aesthetic Unit Principle of Facial Aging
Research Original Investigation The Aesthetic Unit Principle of Facial Aging Susan L. Tan, BHSc, MD; Michael G. Brandt, BSc, MD; Jeffrey C. Yeung, BHSc, MD; Philip C. Doyle, PhD; Corey C. Moore, MD, MSc
More informationThe effect of exposure and expertise on timing judgments in music: Preliminary results*
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, August 22-26 2006 The effect of exposure and expertise on timing judgments in music: Preliminary results* Henkjan Honing Music Cognition Group ILLC / Universiteit
More informationSupplemental Information. Dynamic Theta Networks in the Human Medial. Temporal Lobe Support Episodic Memory
Current Biology, Volume 29 Supplemental Information Dynamic Theta Networks in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe Support Episodic Memory Ethan A. Solomon, Joel M. Stein, Sandhitsu Das, Richard Gorniak, Michael
More informationPSYCHOLOGY (PSY) - COURSES Fall 2018 Spring 2019
PSYCHOLOGY (PSY) - COURSES all 2018 Spring 2019 PSY PSY 103: Introduction to An introduction to research and theory in psychology in such areas as learning, perception, cognition, biopsychology, development,
More informationEngineering Aesthetics and Ergo-Aesthetics: Theoretical and Methodological Foundations. Abstract
Engineering Aesthetics and Ergo-Aesthetics: Theoretical and Methodological Foundations Yili Liu, Ph.D. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering University of Michigan 1205 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor,
More informationThe role of texture and musicians interpretation in understanding atonal music: Two behavioral studies
International Symposium on Performance Science ISBN 978-2-9601378-0-4 The Author 2013, Published by the AEC All rights reserved The role of texture and musicians interpretation in understanding atonal
More informationTable 1 Pairs of sound samples used in this study Group1 Group2 Group1 Group2 Sound 2. Sound 2. Pair
Acoustic annoyance inside aircraft cabins A listening test approach Lena SCHELL-MAJOOR ; Robert MORES Fraunhofer IDMT, Hör-, Sprach- und Audiotechnologie & Cluster of Excellence Hearing4All, Oldenburg
More information1.4.5.A2 Formalism in dance, music, theatre, and visual art varies according to personal, cultural, and historical contexts.
Unit Overview Content Area: Art Unit Title: Storytelling in art Grade Level: 4 Unit Summary: This unit is intended to be taught throughout the year as a unifying theme for the year s lessons. In fourth
More informationDissociating Averageness and Attractiveness: Attractive Faces Are Not Always Average
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2007, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1420 1430 Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 0096-1523/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1420
More information