NAVRACHANA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VADODARA

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1 NAVRACHANA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VADODARA Subject Handout: Higher Level: IBDP Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature (English A: Literature) The Literature course encourages students to : - appreciate the artistry of literature develop an ability to reflect critically study works in their literary and cultural contexts consider a range of critical approaches look at other cultural perspectives groom Higher Order Thinking Skills refine Articulation Skills appraise and evaluate literary conventions consciously integrate Information Literacy. AIMS: develop an understanding of the techniques involved in literary criticism promote the ability to form independent literary judgments develop intercultural understanding, open-mindedness, and the requisite attitudes necessary to respect and evaluate a range of points of view. promote, both through literary and non-literary texts, an understanding of how language sustains or challenges ways of thinking and being, and works to create meanings in a culture, as well as in particular texts. Number of works studied HL : 13 works. Part 1: Works in translation HL: Three works (chosen from the Prescribed Literature in Translation (PLT)) 1. Love in the Time of Cholera: Gabriel Garcia Marquez [Novel] 2. Red Oleanders: Rabindranath Tagore [Drama] 3. The Outsider Albert Camus [Novel] Part 2: Detailed study HL: Three works, each from a different genre novel, drama and poetry) (chosen from the prescribed list of authors (PLA) 1. Selected Poems: W H Auden [Poetry] 2. Macbeth William Shakespeare [Drama] 3.The God of Small Things Arundhati Ray [ Novel]

2 NAVRACHANA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, VADODARA Part 3: Literary genre- Drama HL: Four works (chosen from the prescribed list of authors (PLA) all from the same genre. 1. Look Back In Anger John Osborne 2. Betrayal: Harold Pinter 3. The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams 4. Death of A Salesman Arthur Miller Part 4: Options HL: Three works (Works are freely chosen in any combination- novel and essay) 1. The Great Gatsby: S. Fitzgerald [Novel] 2. Love Medicine: Louise Erdrich [Novel] 3. I Know why The Caged Bird Sings : Maya Angelou [Non-fiction] External assessment 70% weighting Paper 1: Literary commentary (2 hours) (20 %) The paper consists of two passages: one prose and one poetry. Students choose one an d write a literary commentary. (20 marks) Paper 2: Essay (2 hours) (25 %) The paper consists of three questions for each literary genre. In response to one question students write an essay based on at least two works studied in part 3. (25 marks) Written assignment (25 %) Students submit a reflective statement and literary essay on one work studied in part 1. (25 marks) The reflective statement must be words in length. The essay must be 1,200 1,500 words in length.

3 Internal Assessment 30% weighting This component consists of two compulsory oral activities that are internally assessed, and externally moderated by the IB. The students are groomed to argue persuasively, handle evidence critically and find an individual intellectual voice. Individual oral commentary and discussion (20 minutes) Formal oral commentary on poetry studied in part 2 with subsequent questions (15%) (10 minutes) followed by a discussion based on one of the other part 2 works (10 minutes). (30 marks) Individual oral presentation (10 15 minutes) (15%) The presentation is based on works studied in part 4. It is internally assessed and externally moderated through the part 2 internal assessment task. (30 marks) Individual Oral Presentation Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Knowledge and understanding of the work(s) How much knowledge and understanding does the student show of the work(s) used in the presentation? Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1-2 There is little knowledge or understanding of the content of the work(s) presented. 3-4 There is some knowledge and superficial understanding of the content of the work(s) presented. 5-6 There is adequate knowledge and understanding of the content and most of the implications of the work(s) presented. 7-8 There is very good knowledge and understanding of the content and most of the implications of the work(s) presented There is excellent knowledge and understanding of the content and implications of the work(s) presented. Criterion B: Presentation How much attention has been given to making the delivery effective and appropriate to the presentation? To what extent are strategies used to interest the audience (for example, audibility, eye contact, gesture, effective use of supporting material)? Marks Level descriptor

4 0 described by the descriptors below. 1-2 Delivery of the presentation is seldom appropriate, with little attempt to interest the audience. 3-4 Delivery of the presentation is sometimes appropriate, with some attempt to interest the audience. 5-6 Delivery of the presentation is appropriate, with a clear intention to interest the audience. 7-8 Delivery of the presentation is effective, with suitable strategies used to interest the audience Delivery of the presentation is highly effective, with purposeful strategies used to interest the audience. Criterion C: Language How clear and appropriate is the language? How well is the register and style suited to the choice of the presentation? ( Register refers, in this context, to the student s use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, structure and terminology appropriate to the presentation.) Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1-2 The language is rarely appropriate, with a very limited attempt to suit register and style to the choice of presentation. 3-4 The language is sometimes appropriate, with some attempt to suit register and style to the choice of presentation. 5-6 The language is mostly clear and appropriate, with some attention paid to register and style that is suited to the choice of presentation. 7-8 The language is clear and appropriate, with register and style consistently suited to the choice of presentation The language is very clear and entirely appropriate, with register and style consistently effective and suited to the choice of presentation.

5 Written Assignment Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Fulfilling the requirements of the reflective statement To what extent does the student show how their understanding of cultural and contextual elements was developed through the interactive oral? NOTE: The word limit for the reflective statement is words. If the word limit is exceeded, 1 mark will be deducted. Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1 Reflection on the interactive oral shows superficial development of the student s understanding of cultural and contextual elements. 2 Reflection on the interactive oral shows some development of the student s understanding of cultural and contextual elements. 3 Reflection on the interactive oral shows development of the student s understanding of cultural and contextual elements. Criterion B: Knowledge and understanding How effectively has the student used the topic and the essay to show knowledge and understanding of the chosen work? Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1-2 The essay shows some knowledge but little understanding of the work used for the assignment. 3-4 The essay shows knowledge and understanding of, and some insight into, the work used for the assignment. 5-6 The essay shows detailed knowledge and understanding of, and perceptive insight into, the work used for the assignment. Criterion C: Appreciation of the writer s choices To what extent does the student appreciate how the writer s choices of form, technique and style shape meaning? Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1-2 There is some mention, but little appreciation, of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. 3-4 There is adequate appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. 5-6 There is excellent appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. Criterion D: Organization and development How effectively have the ideas been organized, and how well are references to the works integrated into the development of ideas? NOTE: The word limit for the essay is 1,200-1,500 words. If the word limit is exceeded, 2 marks will be deducted. Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1 There is some attempt to organize ideas, but little use of examples from the works used. 2 Ideas are superficially organized and developed, with some integrated examples from the works used. 3 Ideas are adequately organized and developed, with appropriately integrated examples from the works used. 4 Ideas are effectively organized and developed, with well-integrated examples from the works used. 5 Ideas are persuasively organized and developed, with effectively integrated examples from the works used. Criterion E: Language How clear, varied and accurate is the language? How appropriate is the choice of register, style and terminology? ( Register refers, in this context, to the student s use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, structure and terminology appropriate to the task.) Marks Level descriptor 0 described by the descriptors below. 1 Language is rarely clear and appropriate; there are many errors in grammar, vocabulary and construction, and little sense of register and style. 2 Language is sometimes clear and carefully chosen; grammar, vocabulary and construction are fairly accurate, although errors and inconsistencies are apparent; the register and style are to some extent appropriate to the task. 3 Language is clear and carefully chosen, with an adequate degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction, despite some lapses; register and style are mostly appropriate to the task. 4 Language is clear and carefully chosen, with a good degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and style are consistently appropriate to the task. 5 Language is very clear, effective, carefully chosen and precise, with a high degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and style are effective and appropriate to the task.

6 Individual Oral Commentary and Discussion Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Knowledge and understanding of the poem How well is the student s knowledge and understanding of the poem demonstrated by their interpretation? Criterion B: Appreciation of the writer s choices To what extent does the student appreciate how the writer s choices of language, technique and style shape meaning? Criterion C: Organization and presentation of the commentary To what extent does the student deliver a structured, well-focused commentary? Criterion D: Knowledge and understanding of the work used in the discussion How much knowledge and understanding has the student shown of the work used in the discussion? Criterion E: Response to the discussion questions How effectively does the student respond to the discussion questions? Criterion F: Language How clear, varied and accurate is the language? How appropriate is the choice of register and style? ( Register refers, in this context, to the student s use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, structure and terminology appropriate to the commentary.) There is limited There is There is adequate There is very knowledge and superficial knowledge and good knowledge little or no knowledge and understanding, and understanding, some demonstrated by understanding, with poor understanding, interpretation demonstrated by interpretation and with limited supported by careful virtually no interpretation appropriate interpretation relevant occasionally references to the supported by references to the supported by poem. well-chosen poem. references to the references to the poem. poem. described by the described by the described by the described by the described by the described by the There are few references to, and no appreciation, of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning in the poem. The commentary shows little evidence of planning, with very limited structure and/or focus. There is little knowledge or understanding of the content of the work discussed. There is limited ability to respond meaningfully to the discussion questions. The language is rarely clear and appropriate, with many errors in grammar and construction and little sense of register and style. There is some mention, but little appreciation, of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning in the poem. The commentary shows some structure and focus. There is some knowledge and superficial understanding of the content of the work discussed. Responses to the discussion questions are sometimes relevant. The language is sometimes clear and appropriate; grammar and construction are generally accurate, although errors and inconsistencies are apparent; register and style are to some extent appropriate. There is adequate appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning in the poem. The commentary shows evidence of a planned structure and is generally focused. There is adequate knowledge and understanding of the content and some of the implications of the work discussed. Responses to the discussion questions are relevant and show some evidence of independent thought. The language is mostly clear and appropriate, with an adequate degree of accuracy in grammar and construction; register and style are mostly appropriate. There is very good appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning in the poem. The commentary is clearly structured and the focus is sustained. There is very good knowledge and understanding of the content and most of the implications of the work discussed. Well-informed responses to the discussion questions show a good degree of independent thought. The language is clear and appropriate, with a good degree of accuracy in grammar and construction; register and style are effective and appropriate. There is excellent knowledge and understanding, demonstrated by individual interpretation effectively supported by precise and wellchosen references to the poem. There is excellent appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning in the poem. The commentary is effectively structured, with a clear, purposeful and sustained focus. There is excellent knowledge and understanding of the content and the implications of the work discussed. There are persuasive and independent responses to the discussion questions. The language is very clear and entirely appropriate, with a high degree of accuracy in grammar and construction; register and style are consistently effective and appropriate.

7 Paper 1: Literary Commentary Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Understanding and interpretation How well does the student s interpretation reveal understanding of the thought and feeling of the passage? How well are the ideas supported by references to the passage? described by the There is a basic understanding of the passage but virtually no attempt at interpretation and few references to the passage. There is some understanding of the passage, with a superficial attempt at interpretation and some appropriate references to the passage. There is adequate understanding of the passage, demonstrated by an interpretation that is supported by appropriate references to the passage. There is a very good understanding of the passage, demonstrated by sustained interpretation supported by well-chosen references to the passage. There is excellent understanding of the passage, demonstrated by persuasive interpretation supported by effective references to the passage. Criterion B: Appreciation of the writer s choices To what extent does the analysis show appreciation of how the writer s choices of language, technique and style shape meaning? described by the There are few references to, and no analysis or appreciation of, the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. There is some mention, but little analysis or appreciation, of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. There is adequate analysis and appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. There is very good analysis and appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. There is excellent analysis and appreciation of the ways in which language, technique and style shape meaning. Criterion C: Organization and development How well organized, coherent and developed is the presentation of ideas? Criterion D: Language How clear, varied and accurate is the language? How appropriate is the choice of register, style and terminology? ( Register refers, in this context, to the student s use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, structure and terminology appropriate to the commentary.) described by the described by the Ideas have little organization; there may be a superficial but coherence and development are lacking. Language is rarely clear and appropriate; there are many errors in grammar, vocabulary and construction, and little sense of register and style. Ideas have some organization, with a recognizable structure; coherence and development are often lacking. Language is sometimes clear and carefully chosen; grammar, vocabulary and construction are fairly accurate, although errors and inconsistencies are apparent; the register and style are to some extent appropriate to the commentary. Ideas are adequately organized, with a suitable structure; some attention is paid to coherence and development. Language is clear and carefully chosen, with an adequate degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction despite some lapses; register and style are mostly appropriate to the commentary. Ideas are effectively organized, with very good coherence and development. Language is clear and carefully chosen, with a good degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and style are consistently appropriate to the commentary. Ideas are persuasively organized, with excellent coherence and development. Language is very clear, effective, carefully chosen and precise, with a high degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and style are effective and appropriate to the commentary.

8 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment Paper 2: Literary Essay Rubric (HL) Criterion A: Knowledge and understanding How much knowledge and understanding has the student shown of the part 3 works studied in relation to the question answered? Criterion B:Response to the question How well has the student understood the specific demands of the question? To what extent has the student responded to these demands? How well have the works been compared and contrasted in relation to the demands of the question? Criterion C: Appreciation of the literary conventions of the genre To what extent does the student identify and appreciate the use of literary conventions in relation to the question and the works used? Criterion D: Organization and development How well organized, coherent and developed is the presentation of ideas? Criterion E: Language How clear, varied and accurate is the language? How appropriate is the choice of register, style and terminology? ( Register refers, in this context, to the student s use of elements such as vocabulary, tone, structure and terminology appropriate to the task.) There is some There is mostly There is adequate There is good knowledge but adequate knowledge and knowledge and virtually no knowledge and understanding of understanding of understanding of some superficial the part 3 works in the part 3 works in the part 3 works in understanding of relation to the relation to the relation to the the part 3 works in question question question relation to the answered. answered. answered. question described by the described by the described by the The word described by the described by the The student shows little awareness of the main implications of the question, and ideas are mainly irrelevant and/or insignificant. There is little meaningful comparison of the works used in relation to the question. Some literary conventions are identified but there is limited development relevant to the question and/or the works used. Ideas have little organization; there may be a superficial but coherence and/or development are lacking. Language is rarely clear and appropriate; there are many errors in grammar, vocabulary and construction, and little sense of register and style. answered. The student responds to some of the main implications of the question with some relevant ideas. There is a superficial attempt to compare the works used in relation to the question. Examples of literary conventions are sometimes correctly identified and developed, with some relevance to the question and the works used. Ideas have some organization, with a recognizable but coherence and development are often lacking. Language is sometimes clear and carefully chosen; grammar, vocabulary and construction are fairly accurate, although errors and inconsistencies are apparent; the register and style are to some extent appropriate to the task. The student responds to most of the main implications of the question with consistently relevant ideas. There is adequate comparison of the works used in relation to the question. Examples of literary conventions are satisfactorily identified and developed, with relevance to the question and the works used. Ideas are adequately organized, with a suitable structure and attention paid to coherence and development. Language is clear and carefully chosen, with an adequate degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction despite some lapses; register and style are mostly appropriate to the task. The student responds to the main implications and some subtleties of the question, with relevant and carefully explored ideas. The comparison makes some evaluation of the works used in relation to the question. Examples of literary conventions are clearly identified and effectively developed, with relevance to the question and the works used. Ideas are effectively organized, with a very good coherence and development. Language is clear and carefully chosen, with a good degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and style are consistently appropriate to the task. There is perceptive knowledge and understanding of the part 3 works i relation to the question answered. The student responds to all th implications, as well as the subtleties of the question, with convincing and thoughtful ideas. The comparison includes an effective evaluation of the works in relation to the question. Examples of literary conventions are perceptively identified and persuasively developed, with clear relevance to the question and the works used. Ideas are persuasively organized, with excellent coherence and development. Language is very clear, effective, carefully chosen and precise, with high degree of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary and construction; register and styl are effective and appropriate to th task.

9 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment / / An Analysis of the Roles of Light Imagery and Moral Dilemmas in Har~ulisch's The Assault I -: DP languages teacher support material 1

10 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment Reflective Statement: Harry Mulisch's The Assault In our interactive oral we discussed the cultural and contextual considerations of Harry Mulisch's The Assault. During our discussion we covered the role of history and Dutch culture in this novel as well as the differences between the ways in which our relatives deal with their war memories and Mulisch's protagonist, Anton, deals with his. Through our discussion, we came to a general consensus that although this novel was written for Dutch audiences, it resonates with people of other backgrounds and generations. However, it was brought to our attention that historical specificities are rather important in terms of the authenticity of the novel. Therefore, since the novel was written initially for Dutch readers of Mulisch's generation, certain allusions to Dutch history such as the provos, the Dutch peace movement and the Dutch colonies in Indonesia, resonate with the actualities and make the novel more engaging. A.b~~ 0 From our discussion, we established the idea that by having the novel jump back and forth in time, Mulisch suggests that individuals cannot have their own identities without incorporating the positive and negative aspects of their pasts. By discussing the historical allusions in this novel we came to the conclusion that Mulisch draws attention to the role of coincidence and chance in history rather than cause and effect. However, Mulisch illustrates the idea that despite the role of chance in history, there are often parallels in history repeating itself. We agreed that it is easy to understand the desire for Germans to forget but also make sense of the happenings of World WaI'II by accusing Hitler of being the devil and putting the country under a spell However, Mulisch believes that one should avoid making such simple moral justifications of the past and come to terms with it instead. Furthermore, we found it difficult to understand how a peaceful cause such as that of the Resistance fighters can be associated with violence. Thus, Mulisch introduces us to the idea of moral complexities by demonstrating that our preconceptions of what went on in the war are not necessarily correct. I think the most useful part of our interactive oral was finding that our own family members, who have lived through WWII or other wars such as the Iran-Iraq War, do not /' repress their memories of the war but prefer to learn from them and pass their stories on to later generations.

11 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment. ~:!.t;:.j.~ Analysis of the Roles of Light Imagery and Moral Dilemmas in Harry Mulisch's The V"" Assault In The Assault, Harry Mulisch illustrates the moral questions that co-me-inṯo pḻay in the life of a twelve-year-old boy, Anton Steenwijk, during World War II. Des - pite ạ (i::o ~ : I. _ t:cim-y '1' ~anal English translation, Mulisch vividly portrays Anton's story with the use of symbolism. In doing so, Mulisch forces the reader to question the dilemmas with which Anton is faced. In this compelling novel, Mulisch uses the recurring images of darkness and light to illustrate the ambiguity and complexity of moral dilemmas involving good and evil as well as the known and the unknown. OK I ()C4. rl-«.. ~ Mulisch introduces this motif of light and darkness through the novel's epigraph. V When Mulisch cites Pliny the Younger (Letters, IV, 16) in saying, "By then day had broken everywhere, but here it was still night-no, more than night", he sets forth the ~..,_.., ~t~ idea that even in the light there is darkness. Moreover, nothing is purely good or cọṃpletely evil, for even in the greatest of times there is still hardship. Through the use - oflight to symbolize the known and the good, and darkness to symbolize the unknown as well as the evil in the world, Mulisch explores the morally ambiguous nature of human beings. Throughout the novel, contrast between light and darkness serves many purposes. For instance, on pages 35 and 36, Truus describes a night when she walks home alone in the darkness after curfew on Resistance business and waits for day to break in order to n~4 find her way. This incident directly relates to the epigraph through the mention of 1M e, t,.:.t ~ "dawn"; however, here Mulisch uses darkness and light to establish the lack of clarity that one experiences while in "the dark". Through Truus's story, Mulisch begins to establish the idea of darkness representing the violence, oppression, and evil involved in ~ \ q \'l.t.~) ~~1' 1 (lw,.

12 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment

13 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment water... as he calmed down, he began to see a pale strip oflight... "(p 38-39) In this case, the darkness represents a fear ofthe unknown while the light represents comfort in the familiar. Moreover, the ambiguity of this situation as well as that of Truus' s unrevealed identity illustrate_the moral ambiguity that Truus represents as a Resistance fighter. Not only does Mulisch use light and darkness to establish a contrast between the known and the unknown, but he also uses this symbolism to further emphasize the morally ambiguous nature of the Resistance fighters' actions. Mulisch frequently uses historical references to illustrate how often various individuals in differing situations are faced with moral dilemmas. The Resistance fighters in The Assault, for instance, are brutal and violent in their killings ofwwii figures; however, their intentions are to prevent the German officers from killing more innocent people. Thus, Mulisch brings into question whether it is morally acceptable to behave in a conventionally unacceptable manner for a just cause. In order to illustrate this moral complexity, Mulisch again uses the light and darkness motifwhen Truus, says, "'Hate is the darkness, that's no good. And yet we've got to hate the Fascists, and that's considered perfectly all right. How is that possible? It's because we hate them the name of the light, I guess, whereas they hate only in the name of darkness."'(p 38). Through the use of light and darkness, Mulisch expresses the morally complex role of the Resistance fighters of WWII, thus challenging the modern reader's preconceptions of the wartime occurrences and realities. Mulisch also uses this contrasting image of light and darkness to illustrate the morally complex decision of sacrificing one's own happiness for that of others. Mulisch does so through the relationship between Truus and Takes, two distinguished Resistance fighters who frequently work together. Although Takes~is a married man with children, 3

14 Example 9 English A: literature HL written assignment the two fall in love. However, as a highly ethical woman, Truus refuses to act on her feelings towards Takes, She understands that "[his wife and children] need him, as much as [Anton] needs [his] father and mother... "(p 39). By not acting on her emotions, Truus puts the happiness of others before her own and thus, serves as a symbol of two fundamental dichotomies: love and emotions as opposed to ethics as well as the interest of others as opposed to that of one's self. Thus, Truus's life consists of a compilation of various divergent forces that threaten her moral state of being. To illustrate these opposing forces, Mulisch establishes contrast between" rebellious streaks of light [curling] and [flashing] around her head against the dark background"(p 138) when Anton views a photograph of her many years after their encounter. Anton always glorifies Truus, for she is his only source of comfort at a time of great hardship; however, Mulisch later reveals that Truus is not purely a source of good during her lifetime. Thus, Mulisch's use of symbolism ~gh light and darkness serves to emphasize the E contrasting forces that embody the morally complex nature of Truus's life. Mulisch further extends this image of light and darkness to illustrate the lasting effects of the dark war years. Throughout tins novel, Anton frequently faces the continuing influence of the war on his life as well as the lives of those whom he encounters. For instance, on page 92, Mulisch illustrates the ways in which being the son of an assassinated German officer becomes detrimental the life of Fake Ploeg Jr. Although Fake and Anton both lose their parents as a result of the war, the two lead rather different lives. While Anton becomes a successful anesthesiologist due to his interest in forgetting his traumatic wartime childhood, Fake drops in social status due to his father's role in the war. In order to illustrate such continuing effects of the war, 4 DP languages teacher support material 6

15 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment

16 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment English A: literature HL written assignment Assessment Criterion A B C D E Total Marks available Marks awarded Criterion A While it is a little implicit at times, there is enough evidence of developed understanding of cultural and contextual elements here to justify the mark awarded. The candidate considers the impact of occupation on a country with a colonialist background of its own and on the occupiers, along with the legacy of former members of the resistance and collaborators. The contextual setting of the work within the candidate s own culture is also a valid response; however, too much emphasis on this, given the restrictions of the word limit, would probably not assist the candidate in answering the question, which should be the only prompt to the reflective statement: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? It would be nice to see a little more concrete detail about the history and culture of the setting of the work, yet this reflective statement represents a good, focused achievement with scope to be even better. Another good feature of the reflective statement is that it makes it very clear that valuable interactive orals took place and that the candidate has thought about reflected upon them. What is not expected here is simply a collection of notes made following isolated research. Criterion B The topic chosen is suitably tight and at the same time relevant to many sections of the novel; a connection between the imagery and the moral aspects is effectively established in the introduction. The candidate uses the topic to show knowledge and understanding of the work with pertinent and detailed textual evidence selected from various sections. Some insight is shown in the way the candidate is able to relate the detail to an interpretation of the work as a whole but this overarching reading of the work could have been taken further especially, perhaps, in the discussion of moral ambiguity. Criterion C The topic chosen has a clear focus on the way the writer shapes his work and creates meaning. The candidate selects quotations with care and analyses them thoughtfully, although some of the

17 / English A Literature HL Written Assignment Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment Reflective Statement on Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen Question: How was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral discussion? Discussing Ibsen's Ghosts allowed me not only to place thq within its contemporary context but also to provide me with a deepened in~.glf(;nto the minds of the play's characters. For instance, discovering the negative way in which artists were perceived at the.,/ _ jime led me to understand both Pastor Manders' disdain at Oscar's career choice and the ease with which Oscar assumes that soliciting artists is what caused his Vermoulu. Furthermore, the discussion led me to fully appreciate the chilling effect of the play. This is because I learned that this effect was completely intentional and calculated down to the minutest detail by Ibsen himself. That Ghosts was written to be more than simply entertaining is evident by) c)t40 v\..:.., the precision with which the playwright chose to stage it. Indeed, it is often ~ through details such as stage directions that Ibsen communicated important ~? messages. Among these include criticisms of issues such as the over-importance attributed to duty and the hypocrisy of the clergy. With Ghosts Ibsen hoped to open the eyes of the Norwegian and the worldwide audience to these issues. The discussion also permitted me to see why the play, which a modern audience would hardly describe as shocking, inspired such negative reactions when it was first published. Though some of the problems featured in Ghosts, such as incest, are as taboo today as they were in 1881 when the play was first published, a contemporary audience would be more able to discuss them openly./' than a 19 th century audience, who tended to ignore the issues. This allowed me to truly grasp how revolutionary the play was at the time of its publication. Finally, the interactive oral led me to understand the extent to which realism is the essential element without which the play may not have been so effective or upsetting to the audience. The public's horrified rejection of the piece was largely because the secret-ridden and faulted characters of Ghosts were not all an exotic people but (seemingly) ordinary Norwegians. Indeed, the Alving family seemed, on the outside, so mundane that they could have been any spectator's next-door neighbours. It was, importantly, only once the secrets behind closed doors were revealed that the family became repulsive. It is this idea which horrified Ibsen's contemporaries: they were not ready to face the possibility that their reality, a civilised society, could, in fact, just be an illusion. Words: 398 DP languages teacher support material 1

18 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment What is the function of doors in the stage directions in Ibsen's Ghosts? Word Count: 1337 English A Literature HL Written Assignment Session: May 2013 /

19 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment When Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts was first published in 1881, it was considered scandalous. Challenging many of the accepted values of the time, Ghosts "aroused a hostility beyond anything Ibsen had envisaged" (Meyer 12). One aspect of the play that contributed to this effect was Ibsen's use of staging. A central part of the staging in Ghosts is the four doors, which are frequently specified in his detailed stage directions. In order to fully appreciate the play, it is essential to examine the symbolism and use of doors within it. To do so, the reader must note / where the doors in the play are located, what they each signify, how doors are used as places of transition, and finally what the significance of doors being open V or closed is. The four doors in the play are clearly differentiated and each has its own uses and implications. Within the main room, called the "garden-room" (Ibsen 27), are three doors, two to the right of the room and one to the left. The first door on the right-hand side of the garden room leads to the dining room, and the one beside it to the hall. This door leads to the formal entrance to the house and is the only door that Pastor Manders and Regina, who both care enormously about appearances, use. The door on the left leads into the more personal area of the house, upstairs and the bedrooms, which is only accessed by Mrs. Alving, Oswald and their trusted servant, Regina. Attached to the garden room is a conservatory containing another door leading into the garden. This garden door is especially significant and reveals much about each ~, (K.. 1 ~~~ ~<.t r character's personality and social status. It is not a respectable door and is primarily used by lower-class characters. For instance, Engstrand, a vulgar character in the play both in his position in society and in his manner (he is a carpenter planning to open what seems to be a brothel), first appears "standing

20 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment

21 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment / partly concealed by the "half-open door" (Ibsen 56). Not only does this turn of events change the whole course of the play, but the carelessness of Oswald's having left the door open ("the door swings half open behind him", Ibsen 55) also reveals the indifference that he feels toward being found out. This somewhat forewarns his marriage proposal that follows, as his carelessness about being discovered indicates that Oswald may indeed be serious about Regina. Doors also symbolise the transition between past and present and how these two can bleed into one another. Oswald's bold advances on Regina ~heard when "From the dining room is heard the crash of the chair being knocked over': followed by Regina's sharp "Oswald! Are you mad? Let me go!"(lbsen 56). The door mentioned here, the dining room door, is the same door that Mrs. Alving previously pointed toward when telling Pastor Manders about how her husband seduced their servant, Joanna ("Points to the first door on the right 'It was in the / dining room that I first found out about it", Ibsen 53). Thus, her vision of Oswald as the "ghost" (Ibsen 56) of his father is amplified by having the two parallel situations occurring in the same exact doorway. Standing in the doorway represents another kind of transition: the transition from one situation to the next, a place in between past occurrences and future action. When Mrs Alving stands "in the doorway" (Ibsen 57) before taking up her interrupted conversation with Pastor Manders about the Oswald- Regina situation, the parallel between being halfway through a doorway and / halfway to a solution or resolution cannot be ignored. The significance of doors being open or shut in the play is equally crucial to the understanding of its dramatic effect. After the orphanage has burned down, all the doors on the set are left "standing open" (Ibsen 82). This symbolises

22 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment shared and open thoughts, as everyone, the whole town, is involved in the tragedy and the Alving household is not alone in grieving the orphanage's loss. Thus, with all the doors open, there is nothing, physically or mentally, separating them. Leaving a door semi-open has different connotations altogether. It establishes an invitation for people to enter the room and shows how those in the room may desire a connection with those out of it. This can be observed when Mrs. Alving replies "leave the door open" (Ibsen 70) to Oswald's offer to close it, suggesting the hope that her son, in the dining room, will come and talk to her in the garden room. Closed doors, however, indicate an altogether different mind frame. When Oswald has an anxiety attack, he enters the garden room and exclaims, "Shut all the doors!"(ibsen 88). Byclosing all the doors he seeks safety, sealing himself -: inside and locking the rest of the world out. This paranoid attitude shows a mind closed to others, as opposed to the way things were after the fire, when all the doors and minds onstage were open. When a character enters the room and then closes the door, an atmosphere of secrecy is established and a cocoon is created around those within the room. An example of this is when Oswald enters the living room and "closes the door behind him" (Ibsen 70), just before he confesses to his Vermoulu. The dosed doors serve to make his discourse more secretive / and focused. The closed doors allow the audience to understand that the subject about to be discussed is sensitive, intensifying the discourse as our focus rests solely on the characters. There is no doubt that doors play an important role itchosts. However, though they help to refine the way the message is communicated, it is the play's DP languages teacher support material 6

23 Example 12 English A: literature HL written assignment

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25 Assessment English A: literature HL written assignment Criterion A B C D E Total Marks available Marks awarded Criterion A The reflective statement covers good ground, firmly setting the play within the context of many aspects of late nineteenth-century Norwegian society; there is also some useful focus on a relevant aspect of cultural context in the discussion of theatrical realism. It is clear that the ideas discussed in the interactive oral have enriched the candidate s reading of the play. Criterion B The topic has a good focus on the mechanics of the play and allows the candidate to range widely throughout it. The inclusion of in the stage directions in the title could be unnecessarily limiting, or rather redundant. The candidate makes some assertions about the function and role of some of the doors that do not receive persuasive support: Why is the garden door not a respectable door (page 1)? There is evident knowledge and understanding, but too much assertion and lack of development of a compelling thesis justify the mark awarded. Criterion C With a focus on stage directions as well as dialogue and using examples taken from various sections of the play, there is potential for much to credit here. However, analysis is adequate at best and supporting examples are sometimes used as running narrative rather than to show appreciation of the writer s choices: the exploration of Oswald s running out through the garden door is scant. The discussion of the half-open door to the dining room is useful, but not all examples are so well handled. Criterion D The organization of ideas is clear and methodical; supporting examples are neatly embedded. The introduction lays out a clear line of structure but the overall impression given by the essay is somewhat of one thing after another in a series of often rather short, undeveloped paragraphs instead of the building of a persuasive line of argument. Criterion E Language use is clear, register is generally appropriate and the degree of mechanical accuracy is good. However, some lack of precision in diction and some slightly awkward phrasing at times justify the mark awarded.

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