Specifying the Relation between the Concept of Value and Conservation in Cultural Heritage

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1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2016 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 10 (5): Science Explorer Publications Specifying the Relation between the Concept of Value and Conservation in Cultural Heritage Mozaffar Abbaszadeh 1, Asghar Mohammadmoradi 2, Mohsen Faizi 3, Masoumeh Ayashm 4 1. Ph. D student of architecture at Architecture and Urbanism Department, Iran university of Science and Technology 2. Professor of Architecture and Urbanism Department, Iran university of Science and Technology. 3. Professor of Architecture and Urbanism Department, Iran university of Science and Technology. 4. M.A. student of urban design at Tabriz Islamic Art University. Corresponding author mozaffar_a@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Value can be called the key term of contemporary society in the intervention of valuable works to protection them. Nowadays, one of the most significant challenges affecting the intervention procedures is investigation and study of value, so we are witness of increasing number of published studies. Values of cultural heritage, as the most important factor of conservation and rich resources of culture, indicate the identity of each society, whose protection is at the top of planning and policy making of this field. Besides the concept of value, there is another term in the name of conservation which is as old as the civilization of human beings. The effect of value concept in interventions of cultural heritage, and increasing efforts to protect valuable works, reveal the existence of a relation between the two concepts of value and conservation. In this study, it has been tried to investigate the effects and quality of relation between these two concepts. Resources used to specify the relation include international documents and theoreticians viewpoints. The methodology of this research is fundamental-theoretical with logical reasoning and content analysis strategies. Information gathering method used in this study comprises of library and document-based research. Some figures have been designed in this regard to determine the kind of relation between these two concepts. What is evident in this research is the fact that it s possible to show the relation of these two concepts from different angles, which emphasizes the central role of cultural heritage values in the selection of conservation methods. Keywords: Value; Conservation; Cultural heritage; Relation between value and conservation. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, the study and investigation of the concept of value in the field of cultural heritage is one of the most important challenges which affect the intervention approaches, so that the publication of increasing studies in the field of value acknowledges this fact, too. In all studies done in this field we can find this common point that these studies don t aim to prove the existence of values, but all of them are in the direction of determining and specifying the correct priorities to intervene in the valuable heritage, on the other hand, it s possible to say that all of these studies are for the maximum exploitation of this concept. The term value is one of the complex and relative terms whose unique definition is not possible regarding its entry into most fields such as philosophy, sociology, cultural heritage, economics, and so on. In general, it is possible to say that values in societies are the equivalent of concepts such as norms, favorability, or the like. One of the most important fields in which the effect of value is clearly seen, is the field of cultural heritage. Besides investigating the concept of value, another concept under the name of conservation is introduced. The concept of conservation is in fact defined as the protection of cultural heritage and passing it to the next generation; and the goal of conservation in this field is defined as studying, recording, keeping, and fixing of these qualities and characteristics with the minimum of possible intervention. Many theoreticians and international charters have defined the concept of conservation in all of which attending to cultural heritage and its preservation by various ways can be seen. In accordance with the conditions of a society, these ways have gradually been changed. In this study, according to its goal and theory which imply a likely relation between the concepts of value and conservation, and by regarding the questions of the research, i.e., what is the relation between the concepts of value and conservation? and what are the kinds of values influenced in the field of defining the

2 concept of conservation?, the concepts of value and conservation have been investigated and then by scrutinizing the international documents and theoreticians viewpoints, the relation between these two concepts has been specified. By considering the concepts of value and conservation in the present research, it has been tried to show the kind of conceived value in each of the reliable international documents. The shortage of the resources in the field of cultural heritage, and especially different definitions of the concepts value and conservation, and relation between these two concepts, have just been some of the problems in compiling this research. Background of the research Studying the concept of value and its influence in different fields requires more exact investigation of this concept in different periods of time or history. The concept of value is one of the complex terms which has entered in various fields and majors, and defined according to the especial needs of each field. Besides the concept of value, the concept of conservation is one of the terms which is as old as the history of human civilization, and has had different forms in various times in accordance with demands of people and conditions of society and culture. Considering the entry of the concept of value in different fields, it has always been classified into two general groups: inherent values, and instrumental values. The first classification and methodic study in the field of cultural heritage concept was done by Alice Riegl. She did the first classification of cultural heritage concept in an article of the modern school of historic buildings: entity and development and put value in two groups of memorial values and modern values. In continuation of studies of value, Bernard Feilden in his book with the title of conservation of historic buildings introduced the concept of cultural heritage values in three groups, and besides investigating the concept of value, he also studied and evaluated the concept of conservation. For the first time, he studied both fields of value and conservation beside each other, but he mentioned no mutual relation between these two concepts. Daniel Bluestone by publishing an article with the title of the challenges of heritage conservation and the role of studying values tried to study the concepts of value and conservation. In this article, he points out to the fact that investigation and identification of cultural heritage values is one of the most important requirements for conservation. The Ph.D. thesis of Mehdi Hodjat (1995) with the title of Cultural Heritage in Iran: Policies for an Islamic Country is another organized research in this field. In addition to investigating the concepts of value and conservation in different eras, he tried to present and correct the classifications of value, and introduce the subjects of capability, value, and difference between these two concepts. Besides investigating theoreticians of this field, it is possible to point to related international documents. The publication of international documents for cultural heritage conservation is one of the most important milestones in each historical period. The concept of value and its effect on conservation was implied by publishing The Nara Document in Soon after that, The Burra Charter pointed to this subject in 1996 and introduced it as one of the conservation operations. Later, by completing The New Zealand Charter and publishing its reviewed version in 2010, the effect of value in choosing conservation procedures and its effect on the process of conservation of valuable heritage were discussed. METHODOLOGY The present research can be called fundamental-theoretical. The strategy used in analyses of this article is logical reasoning and content analysis. Information gathering strategy of this study can be called document-based or library research. According to the type of the research, strategy and method used in the analyses of, it can be called a qualitative research. The process applied in this study has first investigated and studied the concepts of value and conservation in different times. In analysis section, by making use of two instruments of theoreticians views and international documents, this relation has been specified, and finally the following charts have been presented in order to clarify the subject matters and the condition of this relation. The following figure explains the process of this study: Figure 1. structure and process of research (source: the authors) 500

3 Table1. different classifications of value in the field of cultural heritage (source: Abbaszadeh and colleagues,2015 :3) individuals values Concept and sub-values Modern values Relative artistic/novelty/artistic/practical Alice Riegl Commemorative values Favorite commemorative/historic/old(riegl,1996) Emotional values Wonder/identity/continuation/spiritual and symbolic Documentary/historic/archeological-oldness-scarcity/aesthetic and Bernard Cultural-training values symbolic/architectural/urban space-natural environment-ecology/scientific and Feilden technology Practical values Functional value/economical value/social value/instructional value/political and ethnic value(feilden,2003) Central core of conservation values which have been attached to an object, building, or place, and conservation of its concept is for individuals or social groups, in relation Social-cultural values to beauty, oldness, art, and its connection with important individuals or events, and its role in cultural dependence. Randall Mason Historic value/cultural-symbolic value/social value/spiritual-religious value/aesthetic value It is one of the most important ways of recognizing a society, evaluating and deciding Economical values about relative value of objects, buildings, and places. Functional value/nonfunctional value/existence value/optional value/heritage value(randall,2002) These values are individualistic and show the amount of interest of individuals to Cultural values subject, environment, and interpretation of natural cultural indexes, and the development of performance policies. Identity value/relative artistic or technical value/value of being rare Feilden and Jo Kilehto Jeremy Wells David Throsby Hanachi and Pourserajian Mehdi Hodjat Mohammad Reza Rahimzadeh Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi Contemporary socialeconomical Values Functional values are related to the present society and political and socialeconomical infrastructures. Economical value/functional value/instructional value/social value/political value (Feilden and Jo Kilehto, 2003) Subject values Historic value/informational value/artistic value/unique(rare) value Experimental values Oldness value/novelty value/place value/supplemental value Social-cultural values Symbolic value/technical value/instructional value/entertainment value/religious value/functional value/identity value/cultural supplemental values(wells,2014) Historic value Historic value derived from the process of constructing the work/ historic values which are unique and not capable of being renovated Cultural value Belief, identity, and oldness values/ continuity of group memories/unity while having variety Day value Economical and trading value/functional value/temporary value(throsby,2000) Historic value Historic value derived from the process of constructing the work/ historic values which are unique and not capable of being renovated Cultural value Belief, identity, and oldness values/ continuity of group memories/unity while having variety Day value Economical and trading value/functional value/temporary value (Hanachi and Pourserajian,2012) Emotional values Aesthetic, symbolic, spiritual, and wonder values Historic values Cultural continuity, identity, oldness, and unique values/ urban environment, ecological, and architectural values Scientific values Ecological values, documentary values, archeological values (Hodjat,2001) Historic value The process of building structures which are unique and not capable of being renovated Cultural value Belief, identity, and emotional values Day value Belief, functional, and temporary values (Rahimzadeh and Najafi, 2009) functional values investigate the frame of buildings, imaginations of theoreticians and Functional values people as well as their conclusions, and history. Instructional value/ tourism value/economical value/structural-technical value/historic value/artistic value Spiritual values Spiritual and nonmaterial values which try to recognize the human being and his physical/spiritual aspects. Political value/social value/emotional value/cultural value/identity value (Nejad Ebrahimi,2014) Theoretical frame The Concept of Value in Cultural Heritage Value is one of vague and complex terms which has continuously occupied the minds of philosophers and researchers from long time ago. Value can be defined as principles, priorities, and individual as well as group criteria to prefer one thing to the other thing. Value is a relative and variable phenomenon which is the product of the society, and reflects the thoughts, insights, activities, and fundamental subjects of a society such as culture, economics, and politics. So, determining value without considering its underlying social fields is impossible (Throsby, 2000). The term of value has been introduced in various fields and in each field a specific definition has been presented, and these definitions have been originated from the needs of each field as well as the necessity of the research. The concept of cultural heritage is one of the important fields in which the concept of value has entered. In addition to presenting various definitions of the concept of value in the field of cultural heritage, a lot of theoreticians have also tried to describe it by means of providing some classifications of the extensive 501

4 concept of value. There are lots of varieties in the type of classifications for the concept value ; however, in general, the concept of value in the field of cultural heritage can be classified in two groups: inherent values, and instrumental values. Inherent values are those values which include cultural heritage, but instrumental values are those values which are created because of inherent values. (Hodjat, 2001:98) It seems important to mention that the realization of instrumental values depends on inherent values. The classifications of value concept done by Alice Riegl, Bernard Feilden and Jukka Jo Kilehto, Mason Randall, David Throsby, Jeremy Wells, Mehdi Hodjat, Pirouz Hanachi, Mahmood Pourserajian, Mohammad Reza Rahimzadeh, Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi, and in different articles and researches are indicative of the extensiveness of this concept in the field of cultural heritage. For the purpose of reading quickly, all of these classifications have been put in table1. Variety in the presentation of various classifications of this field can be regarded as a symbol of extensiveness in the kind of look. As mentioned before, different classifications of this field have been originated from the culture of societies, need of the research, and intellectual priorities of individuals, but in general, two kinds of value (inherent and instrumental) have always been evident in all classifications. Bernard Feilden in his valuable book, the conservation of historic buildings, introduces the most organized classification in this field. This kind of classification can be regarded as the most complete classification of value concept in the field of cultural heritage. By looking carefully at the presented classifications, it can be pointed out that in all kinks of classifications, paying attention to culture and norms of the society and its relation with passing of time are some of the most important common points. The Concept of Conservation in Cultural Heritage: Conserve in Longman dictionary means: to keep, to prevent something from being wasted, damaged, or lost. Its noun, conservation, in Latin means: a preventive and protective activity (Feilden and Jo Kilehto,2003). The world Bank in the definition of the term conservation states that it can be called as all aspects of protection from an area or monument so that its cultural importance is preserved. Conservation includes keeping, and according to the significance of the cultural product and related conditions, it involve protection, revival, rebuilding, adaptation, or a combination of the ones mentioned above (The World Bank, 1994). Conservation is an action to prevent decline. It includes all activities that make our natural life or cultural heritage continue, with the aim of presenting the artistic and human messages of these buildings to people using or looking at them surprisingly (Feilden, 1995). The following figure shows the aims of the conservation: Figure 2: goals of conservation (source: the authors) The term conservation has a lot of meanings. In some fields, conservation has a widespread concept whose range includes all subject matters of conservation field, from scientific researches and historic studies to implementation of plans for technical interventions. At the same time, the term conservation is applied for physical intervention or especially for the manner of framework actions. However, in another definition, conservation is implied extensively as a complicated, various, and different social activity, a definition that should be regarded as a prerequisite of conservation. The presented definitions of conservation together with the analysis for each of them have been shown in table2. It has been tried to place the definitions and names of theoreticians in the table in such a way that they be according to their values. On the other hand, the last definitions in the table are closer to the concept of value in conservation, and are clearer for specifying the relation between these two mother concepts. Furthermore, it has been tried in this table to present the procedure and intellectual orientation of each theoretician along with the analysis of subject matters. It shows that in different periods of time, the attention to the action of conservation has taken different forms to itself, and the introduction and publication of special documents in this field have changed the orientations to this concept, and directed that toward the completion of the concept of conservation. 502

5 The evolution of the concept of conservation and effectiveness of the concept of value Table2: summing up of definitions of conservation and their approaches (source: the authors) individuals Definition of the concept of conservation procedure explanations Feilden and Jo Kilehto (2003) Turner (1996) Brandi (2008) Talebian (2005) Aiatollahzadeh Shirazi (2003) The general concept of conservation includes all methods of repairing, and its aim is to make safe the buildings, and historical areas or cities. These actions consist of maintaining, repairing, strengthening, and reinforcing. The expressions of conservation and repair refer to the protection and maintenance of works and facilities that a human being has created in the past, and now are in our hands. In this regard, conservation has a comprehensive concept including all efforts that can manifest the presentation and relation with remainder works of the past. The expressions of conservation and repair, based on the countries, cultures, and values, may be used interchangeably. A methodical time in which an artistic work, in its physical existence, and in its aesthetic, and historic nature, is recognized in terms of its transferring to the future. Conservation is more a cognitive-cultural subject than just an action for keeping a work, in other words, in order to preserve a work, the origin should be understood. This term means to keep and conserve the work in its natural and early form in such a way that the work can meet every day needs. Conservation is an activity in order to prevent the decline, and includes all activities which lengthen the lifespan of historic buildings. cultural Culturalvaluable Culturalaesthetic and historical Culturalartistic Timeeconomical In this definition, conservation is regarded as a method for preservation of historic context. In this definition of conservation, besides paying attention to cultural variety in using this term, conservation is defined as all activities that lead to preservation of historic works. In this definition of conservation and repair, two central things are presented: attention to aesthetics and attention to historic aspect of the work. In fact, conservation is regarded as a science for keeping the history and beauty of a work. In this definition, conservation is not only an action for keeping and protecting from a work, but also a cultural category. In this definition, the term conservation is just entitled to methods causing the work to be kept and used according to modern needs. In fact, in this definition, making use of the work in any way is considered important. Hanachi and others (2007) Conservation includes an extensive spectrum of interventions and plans performed to keep the cultural heritage. Valuablecultural In this definition, conservation is treated as a mother term, which covers the term repairing. Conservation consists of methods done for the purpose of preserving the heritage. Vatandoost and others (2014) Conservation is more a cognitive and cultural subject than just a technique for keeping the work. Culturalartistic Conservation is not only a technique for keeping the work, but also a socialcultural category. Paying attention to nonmaterial aspects in this definition, speeds up studying of the work and causes it, s purpose not to be just the preservation of its framework. Feilden (1995) Conservation is an activity to prevent decline. It includes all activities which make our natural and cultural heritage life continue. Its aim is to present the humanistic and artistic messages presented by these buildings to people who use them or look at them astonishingly. Culturalhistoric and artistichumanistic According to Feilden, conservation is an activity which prevents decline. In the most important definition of this mother term, Feildn points out to conservation of cultural field, which clarifies the historic and artistic messages of the work. This definition shows that conservation, as a physical activity to prevent decline, has been interpreted as a cultural-social activity that can make the unfamiliar aspects of a valuable work comprehensible. 503

6 Avrami and others (2000) Conservation (in its exact definition) in general is a technical response based on heritage considerations which is formed after the recognition of an object or place as a valuable work. Time-valuable and architectural Attention to the concept of value while defining conservation is one of the most important characteristics of this definition, which evaluates the concept of conservation and methods of conservation in relation to each other. Hodjat (2001) The duty of conservation is to protect and introduce the messages and values of cultural heritage. Besides the privative feature of conservation, which is fighting with erosion factors, its affirmative feature is to provide the conditions for the continuation of works life in the present and future society. Although these two factors at first seem to be alike, they have considerable differences with each other. Valuablecultural and socialeconomical Hodjat sates that the main purpose of the term conservation is in fact keeping cultural heritage values. In addition to regarding conservation as a social principle, he thinks that the main goal of conservation depends on the preservation of cultural heritage. According to the stated materials, conservation is defined as: all activities that use different ways including repairing, rebuilding, improvement, strengthening, and etc. in order to stabilize the messages and values of cultural heritage so that it gets possible to understand it, and be part of the current life, and guaranty the transmission of values to future. Based on this definition, the specialized repairing operations and lots of related ways in this regard are included under the concept of conservation. Besides the presented definition, the goals of conservation can be explained as: 1) fighting against the factors of decline and destruction 2) presenting human and cultural messages and values 3) continuity of cultural life for the present and future time. It is clear that the purposes of conservation affect each other, and this fact won t be achieved without considering the necessities of the target community. Each society according to its conditions and in special positions needs to receive part of the heritage messages. Therefore, conservation should be harmonized with it and have necessary orientation. What is clear is in fact the relation of conservation orientations with characteristics and conditions of the target community conservation (source: Abbaszadeh and colleagues,2015). Specifying the Relation between the Two Concepts of Value and Conservation The works that have been transferred to us as cultural heritage, due to their inherent value or the value given to them by the society during the time, have both importance and credit. The things we have today as cultural heritage are in the custody of us, so we should try to keep their values well, find ways to use them in everyday life, and deliver them to the next generations (Fadaeenejad, 2012). Three questions are usually asked for conservation of cultural heritage: a) What to conserve? B) Why to conserve? C) How to conserve? All three questions are answered related to the present values in heritage. For example, the first question can be answered as: we should try to conserve things which are valuable and but the answer of the second question directs us to the subject matter of various ways of intervention in heritage, of course, we should never ignore the significant and fundamental subject of conservation that is the target community of conservation including all of its circumstances, addressees, and beneficiaries of cultural heritage. It s possible in some ways to introduce this factor as the connector of the other two ones of values and conservation manners. The answer of the third question can be found in relation to the second question. The question of Why to conserve? has a direct relation with various values saved in cultural heritage. Scrutiny in investigating the relation between the concepts of value and conservation has been the basic step of this study which has been accessed by studying the two basic sources of theoreticians viewpoints and international documents. Theoreticians Viewpoints In this part of the study according to the presented concepts and definitions of value and conservation in different theoreticians viewpoints, the possibility of relation between the concepts of value and conservation is studied and specified. It is tried to approach the subject matter and specify its true relation by introducing different viewpoints. In table3 the concepts of value and conservation have been investigated by regarding the viewpoints of theoreticians, and then in order to specify the relation between the two concepts and conditions of this relation, some explanations have been provided. The theoreticians in this part of study have been chosen from different groups, which helps a lot to understand this relation according to different attitudes. Alongside with studying the viewpoints of theoreticians it is necessary to investigate and analyze the international documents such as: charts, conventions, and statements to find out the quality and quantity of the relation between the concepts of value and conservation. 504

7 Table3: investigation of theoreticians viewpoints in specifying the relation between the concepts of value and conservation (source: the authors) theoretician Concept of value/aspects of value Concept of conservation Feilden (2003) Values are concepts used to set the general priorities in decisions of intervention in valuable heritage. Values are generally classified into three groups: emotional, cultural-training, and functional. The first step in conservation is determining the target, and then determining the priority of present values to understand and transfer the message of that work. Selection of special targets, condition of encountering and amount of intervention in properties, whether movable or immovable, depend directly to values which have been selected by society for different cultural properties. Explanations: according to the concepts pointed out to by Feilden in the definition of the two key terms value and conservation, it can be understood that values and their effects in forming the concept of conservation are of most important steps in intervention. In another part, Feilden introduces seven degrees for the concept of conservation, and states what effects the selection of these degrees can have in heritage values. These degrees include: preventing decline, stabilizing the present condition, keeping the unity, repairing, revival, rehabilitation, recreation. For example, choosing the conservation process of revival can increase the value of the field, and potential usages may be decreased. Pointing to the concept of value is also one of the cases which implicitly shows this relation and conditions of its effect in the field of conservation. Taylor (2008) The concept of value can be used for valuable works only when all parts and details of that valuable work participate in naming and prioritizing, on the other hand, when you name a valuable work as something which has a functional value, this value should be present in all parts of a work. Exact conservation interventions can cause some values to be lost in order to preserve the others. Selecting or not selecting a case can even have a long-term influence on qualities assigning value to it. Explanation: according to the stated concepts and definitions by this theoretician, conservation should be carried out by through recognition of heritage value. Although these definitions pay attention to different aspects of relation between value and conservation, they don t clearly point out to the existence of this relation. Feilden and Jo Kilehto (2003) Cultural heritage values can be classified into two groups including: cultural values and socialeconomical values. Heritage resources can underlie many values. These values are generally inborn and regarded significant, and they justify the conservation and protection of themselves, too. Explanations: direct reference to the concept of value in specifying the aims of conservation can be regarded as a sign of relation between these two concepts from the point view of these two theoreticians, which have been referred to in the form of definitions and conservation goals. Randall (2002) Value in anthropology is often used to describe two senses, first as morality, and second as reference to qualities and characteristics (potential and actual). Values in the field of cultural heritage include an extensive spectrum, but they can be classified into two groups: social-cultural and economical values. The evaluation of values attributed to heritage is an important activity in any kind of effort for protection. A thorough evaluation of heritage values, and combination of different values lead to improvement of planning and more constant conservation management. Explanations: as stated, Randall believes that conservation and management of conservation are affected by complete evaluation of conceived values in heritage, and considers all value aspects in this evaluation. Avrami and colleagues (2000) Final aim of conservation is not to conserve an object for its own sake, but it tends to conserve or form the values accompanying the heritage, together with intervention of practical methods as one of the endless ways to reach a goal. Explanations: He says in order to achieve the goal that heritage should be efficient and meaningful, it is necessary to investigate the condition of giving value to heritage, and who does this important activity. These theoreticians introduce the final aim of conservation as protection of values, which is indicative of the deep effect of this concept in the field of conservation. Wells (2009) Wells by regarding the concept of value and classifications in this field points out that historic value may be called the most important aspect in prioritizing values. In fact, historic and time values attract the early basis of humans attention to a valuable work. The job and science of conservation is an activity which is in relation to the other fields, and relation between different fields can be effective for achieving the final goal. Explanations: Wells in the article of Historic Preservation Challenges to Collaboration with other Disciplines at first investigates the historic movement of forming the process of conservation and various instructions in this field. Later, by stating different challenges in this field, he introduces conservation as a challenge between different fields. He finally points out that one-sided attention to the valuable heritage causes individualism, decline of the work, problems in the work itself and around it, and other problems. Wells recommends paying attention to value along with carrying out the process, but tells nothing about the existence of relation between these two mother concepts. 505

8 Bluestone (2000) Cultural heritage values can be thought of in direct relation with the condition and culture of the society, in such a way that if once a concept is regarded as a value, it will not be forever and it will not be regarded as a value, and it will be possible for this value to be considered valueless in a period of time. The process of value in different times and cultures has been full of values and valueless ones which have been changed. Conservation is an activity which should be done after studying the value. The study of all value aspects of works and cultural heritage will help us to choose a right way for conservation. Explanations: one article of Bluestone under the title of the conservation challenges of heritage and the role of values research has been published in one of the books of Getty institute. He points out in this article that unfortunately most of individuals working in the field of conservation believe that the aim of conservation in remained valuable heritage is in fact to rebuild the destroyed parts and to return the building to its original form, and call this activity conservation and aim of conservation. In fact, this action not only has not caused conservation, but also exposes the building and its values to permanent forgetting. He points in this article to paying no attention to value aspects of heritage and thinks that conservation should be carried out after doing complete researches about value aspects of cultural heritage. Hodjat (2001) He states that the purpose of introducing heritage values is not to prove the values, but values are such concepts that exist and don t need to be proved. He classifies values into three groups: emotional, historic, and scientific. He believes this classification is originated from the definition of cultural heritage. He also differentiates between capability and value in heritage. The thought of preservation of what is valuable for a human has invited him to choose special conservation methods. Fighting with decline or in fact lengthening the lifespan of objects has begun from the first days of human life, and has been evolved indifferent cultures and during the time. The duty of conservation is to protect and introduce the messages and values of cultural heritage. He also believes that the aim of introducing values is to find out the relation between these two concepts. Explanations: besides defining the value and the concept of conservation based on values, Hodjat in his book investigates the priority of values in concept and methods of conservation, too. He points out that there is a strong relation between the policies of conservation of cultural heritage and social values in each society. Aiatollahzad eh Shirazi (2003) The values and messages in valuable works should be deepened by deciding on right conservation procedure. He puts values in three groups: emotional, cultural, and practical Conservation should protect values and messages, and possibly make it stronger. These values basically influence the priorities considered in interventions, and affect the nature of individual s behavior. Explanations: he thinks that intervention depends on priorities of values and their effects on behavior, and by means of this definition, he points out to the existence of relation between these two concepts. International Documents The publication of Venice Charter in 1964 with emphasis on historic values, and instructions of World Heritage Convention in 1972 with emphasis on outstanding universal values, are regarded as the first formulized documents in the conservation of cultural heritage based on the identification of value. The Nara Chart published in 1994 defined value as changing phenomena which vary from culture to culture and from time to time. The Burra Chart is the first international document which has classified cultural heritage values as values of beauty, historic, scientific, and social, and has called the sum of these values as cultural credit. Publishing the conservation chart of unfamiliar cultural heritage in 2003 is indicative of attention to unfamiliar aspect of heritage (Salehi, 2014). In The Athens Charter (1931), the selection of preventing ways for stopping the destruction of unique works is emphasized (article 70). This indicates that the goal of protecting a value work, what is called the cities historic heritage, is not inspiring, modeling, or continuing and transferring the sense of these value funds through using recognizable styles for them (Moradi and Akhtarkavan, 2007). In article 5 of The Venice Charter (1964) a new subject with the title of getting effective of a historic building in the case of modern usage is introduced. This title can be thought of as an interpretation of revival concept in conservation of valuable urban buildings. According to this charter, the intervention condition for conservation of valuable buildings is emphatic attention to the subject of aesthetic values. The Florence Charter (1982) introduces new concepts to the field of conservation. In this charter, the value of place and its soul is introduced beside the historic, cultural, and time value alongside with the definition of places capable of intervention and conservation, and according to these values, some ways are introduced for the act of conservation. Dependence and existence of relation between the concept of value and conservation are also seen in this charter. In The Nara Document (1994), some explanations have been presented for values and originality: the conservation of cultural heritage in all of its forms and historic periods is rooted in the values attributed to that heritage. The definitions of the terms used in it, have been presented at appendix 2 of this document. As seen in The Nara Document, conservation of the cultural heritage depends on recognition of values and originality, and besides this, the necessity of attention to the concept of cultural values in the definition of the term conservation indicates the significance of value in the subject of conservation, and existence of a strong relation between these two concepts. 506

9 In The Declaration of San Antonio (1996), significant topics about values and their conservation can be selectively stated as: the importance of comprehending the cultural works value due to the direct relation of native heritage with our cultural identity, understanding of pervasive values of native heritage only through extrovert study and investigation and so on is from people who have a connection with that heritage, or consider that heritage as part of their own history. As seen, besides paying attention to cultural and historical value, social values, originality, local and traditional values are introduced as factors in the formation of conservation concept for the protection of cultural heritage. The Burra Charter has defined the concept of conservation as the production of a place in order to save its cultural value. In conservation of a place, all of its meaning aspects and cultural value should be considered carefully. There are two key words in this definition: meaning and cultural value (Aminpour,2003). As observed in The Burra Charter, the use of value concept in conservation can be felt more explicitly. In The International Cultural Tourism Charter(1999), it has been stated that: the importance of main cultural heritage places as places owning inherent value for all human beings and as an important foundation for cultural variety and social development, entails conservation and long-term keeping of live cultures, heritage places, collections, physical integration and ecology as well as their environmental context, so it should be considered as one of the primary axes of social or economical policies, political diplomacies, legislation, and the culture of tourism development. Based on concepts and definitions stated in The International Cultural Tourism Charter, cultural values are regarded as the most important basis in cultural tourism. In The Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage (2000), it has been stated that: the act of conservation, while being aware of the inevitability of change and development, and the necessity of respecting the society s stabilized cultural identity, should be implemented by making use of multi-field skill, and new actions on buildings, collections, and vernacular heritage should respect cultural values and their traditional characteristics. As seen in the chart, the act on conservation should be done by respecting and paying attention to cultural values. The existence of relation between the concepts of value and conservation is one of the most significant cases in this charter. In The New Zealand Charter (2010), it has been stated that: the purpose of conservation is paying attention to valuable places of cultural heritage. In general, places such as the followings ones: 1) being valuable during the time 2) being aware of the past and culture come before us 3) providing an explicit link among past, present, and future 4) reinforcing the recognition of society, and relation with the ancestors and country 5) providing evaluation in such a way that our present findings can be evaluated. Definitely, the purpose of conservation in this charter is considering and protecting the valuable places. In table 4, the results of scrutiny in international documents have been presented. Findings of the research According to the viewpoints of theoreticians in this field, important points about the relation between the concepts of value and conservation can be found. The first thing coming to the mind in the investigation of table3 is in fact the difference in the kind of definitions presented for the concepts of value and conservation. Each theoretician, according to conditions of the target community and his attitude, has presented a special kind of definition. Lack of independence in the definition of each of the key terms is also another thing which is seen, in such a way that the definition of each term has been introduced in relation to the other term. Another really important subject is getting clarified of different aspects of this relation as the followings: Values have an important role in the creation of relation between the target community and conservation goals. Conservation, in relation to values, acts as a double-edged sword. Values justify the conservation of values. Values must be prioritized to become effective in the process of conservation. It has a direct effect on the priority of conservation methods. There is a direct relation between values and selection of different conservation methods. Conservation and value have an old relation with each other, and the conception of conservation lies in its relation with value. The aim of conservation is to understand, protect, and reinforce the values. The final goal of conservation is not to keep an object for its own sake, but conservation intends to keep or form the values together with heritage. As seen, all cases have been originated from various viewpoints in this subject. Meanwhile, the effect of individuals attitudes in the presentation of definitions cannot be ignored. For example, Randall for the concept of value points out that the first origin of this concept was from anthropology. Bluestone also points out that values are really changeable concepts, and are affected by the society in such a way that we cannot introduce a value as value forever. He sees a lot of values in the society that once were regarded as valueless. Although there are some differences, we can see some considerable common points, so we can find out a strong 507

10 relation between the concepts of value and conservation. We can also know what conditions this relation has had in different times and among various groups, and what evolutions it has met. By looking carefully at table4, attention to value dimensions in the definitions of conservation in international documents is seen. This shows the existence of a relation between two concepts of value and conservation. These two concepts affect each other and have reciprocal relation with each other. The investigation of evolution of charters, statements, and international documents in different periods indicates the fact that the theoreticians and establishers of these documents, affected by everyday subjects of society and trying to solve the cultural heritage problems and passing them to the future, have tried to add new horizons to this field. Beside these, the change of attitude in understanding cultural heritage can also be regarded as an important factor in creation of a milestone in protective documents. In chart3, the attention to the concept of value in relation to conservation and milestones of this subject has been presented. Scores given to each charter have been according to the kind of importance each document gives to the concept of value in the formation of conservation concept. Table4: specifying the existence of relation between concepts of value and conservation among charters and international documents (source: the authors) International The value considered in each Specifying the relation between value and conservation charters conservation document The Athens Charter Article65: the aim of conservation: transferring a noble heritage, Historic (1931) without intervention, to the next generations The Venice Charter (1964) The Florence Charter (1982) The Nara Document (1994) The Declaration of San Antonio (1996) The Burra Charter (1996) The International Cultural Tourism Charter (1999) The Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage (2000) The New Zealand Charter (2010) Condition of revival and conservation: keeping decorations/making historic buildings efficient in the case of modern usage The value of the place and soul of the place beside historic, cultural, and time value alongside the definition of places capable of intervention and conservation are introduced. Conservation of cultural heritage in all forms and historic periods has roots in values which are attributed to that heritage. Paying attention to the concept of originality beside social values, the importance of local and traditional values as an identity. In conservation of a place, all of its meaning aspects and cultural value should be considered. meaning Cultural value Cultural values mean Cultural importance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, aesthetic, historic, scientific, or social, or moral values in the social values for relating the past, view of past, present, and present, and future future generations. The importance of main places of cultural heritage as places with inherent value for all humans, and an important foundation for cultural variety and social development, health keeping and originality of heritage places The act of conservation should be done by considering the inevitability of development and change, and necessity of respect to stabilized cultural identity of the society The purpose of conservation is paying attention to valuable cultural heritage, to keep and reveal the values, and to support progressive concepts and functions of valuable places of cultural heritage in favor of the present and future generation. Historic, Aesthetic, Functional Historic, cultural, and time values Soul of the place and moral value All aspects of value especially cultural value, originality value, and historic value Originality and social value, Historic, cultural, local, and traditional values Historic value, social-cultural value, aesthetic value, scientific-technical value, time value, moral value Cultural value Originality and social value Local and traditional value Historic value Political value Moral value and identity Historic value Social-cultural value Attention and pointing out to the concept of value and all value aspects Figure 3: calendar of attention to different kinds of cultural heritage values in international conservation documents (source: the authors) Another important subject which can be concluded from table4 is the fact that in early conservation charts, the dimensions of value were more inclined to the framework of valuable works, and the target of 508

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