EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
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1 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Evolution both the fact that it occurred and the theory describing the mechanisms by which it occurred is an intrinsic and central component in modern biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky captures this well in the much-quoted title of his 1973 paper, Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The correctness of this assertion is even more obvious today: philosophers of biology and biologists agree that the fact of evolution is undeniable, and that the theory of evolution explains that fact. Such a theory has farreaching implications. In this volume, twelve distinguished scholars address the conceptual, metaphysical, and epistemological richness of the theory and its ethical and religious impact, exploring topics including DNA barcoding, three grand challenges of human evolution, teleology, historicity, design, evolution and development, and religion and secular humanism. The volume will be of great interest to those studying philosophy of biology and evolutionary biology. R. PAUL THOMPSON is Professor in the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto. His most recent books include The Structure of Biological Theories (1989) and Agro-Technology (Cambridge, 2011), and he is editor of Issues in Evolutionary Ethics (1995). DENIS WALSH holds the Canada Research Chair in the Philosophy of Biology and is a member of the Department of Philosophy, the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, and the Department for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto. He is editor of Naturalism, Evolution and Mind (Cambridge, 2001).
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3 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Conceptual, Ethical, and Religious Issues edited by R. PAUL THOMPSON University of Toronto and DENIS WALSH University of Toronto
4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8 BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Evolutionary biology : conceptual, ethical, and religious issues / edited by R. Paul Thompson and Denis Walsh. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardback) 1. Biology Philosophy. 2. Evolution (Biology) I. Thompson, R. Paul, 1947, editor of compilation. QH331.E dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
5 For Michael Edward Ruse Intellectual pioneer, a founder of modern philosophy of biology, dedicated student mentor and a warm supportive friend to many
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7 Contents List of contributors Acknowledgments page ix xi Introduction 1 1 Human evolution: whence and whither? 13 Francisco Ayala part i evolution and theology 29 2 Evolutionary theory, causal completeness, and theism: the case of guided mutation 31 Elliott Sober 3 Religion, truth, and progress 45 Philip Kitcher part ii taxonomy and systematics 63 4 Consilience, historicity, and the species problem 65 Marc Ereshefsky 5 DNA barcoding and taxonomic practice 87 David Castle part iii the structure of evolutionary theory Darwin s theory and the value of mathematical formalization 109 R. Paul Thompson vii
8 viii Contents 7 Population genetics, economic theory, and eugenics in R. A. Fisher 137 Jean Gayon 8 Exploring development and evolution on the tangled bank 151 Jane Maienschein and Manfred Laubichler part iv function, adaptation, and design Darwin s cyclopean architect 175 John Beatty 10 Function and teleology 193 Denis Walsh 11 How physics fakes design 217 Alex Rosenberg Index 239
9 Contributors francisco ayala is University Professor and Donald Bren Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Irvine. is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of British Columbia. JOHN BEATTY DAVID CASTLE is Professor at the ESRC Innogen Centre at the University of Edinburgh. MARC ERESHEFSKY is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary. JEAN GAYON is Professor at the Institut d histoire et de philosophie des sciences et des techniques at the Universit é Paris 1 Panth é on-sorbonne. PHILIP KITCHER is John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. MANFRED LAUBICHLER is Professor at the Center for Biology and Society, and Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity at Arizona State University. JANE MAIENSCHEIN is Professor, Regents Professor, and President s Professor at the Center for Biology and Society and School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University. ALEX ROSENBERG is Chair and R. Taylor Cole Professor of Philosophy at the Department of Philosophy, Duke University. ELLIOTT SOBER is Professor, Hans Reichenbach Professor, and William F. Vilas Research Professor at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin Madison. ix
10 x List of contributors R. PAUL THOMPSON is Professor at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and the Department of Philosophy, at the University of Toronto. DENIS WALSH is Professor at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, Department of Philosophy, and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, at the University of Toronto.
11 Acknowledgments Evolutionary theory has a complex and fascinating history, and it is conceptually and theoretically rich. Hence, it is not surprising that historians, philosophers, and biologists have mined the rich veins of gold it contains. As this volume demonstrates there is considerable gold left to be unearthed. There is a worthy tradition of thanking those who, directly or indirectly, have had an impact on a volume. Our list is too extensive to make specific mention practicable. Those that have contributed chapters have, obviously, had a crucial impact on its quality and relevance. Those who provided helpful comments on the proposal and the text have improved the final result. We would like to acknowledge the serious health issues that prevented Elisabeth Lloyd and Robert Brandon from submitting chapters. The staff of Cambridge University Press have made important contributions to the accuracy, readability, and style of the volume: Hilary Gaskin (editor), Emma Walker and Anna Lowe, in particular. Also, many thanks to Sylvia Nickerson for the artwork in Chapter 9, Fermin Fulda for compiling the index, and Alison Evans of Out of House Publishing. Those who know our spouses, Jennifer McShane and Deborah Kohn, are familiar with their constant support and encouragement; for others we acknowledge here their support and endurance. Although having no specific hand in this volume, always lurking in the background is the indefatigable Michael Ruse. xi
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