LITERARY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
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1 LITERARY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1. allegory: story that can be understood literally and symbolically 2. alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds within a series of words He lies on the sandy shores,/so quiet, so quiet, he scarcely snores. James Reeves 3. allusion: reference to historical, mythical, or literary person, place or thing Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the ark. Come to the party. Don t be such a Scrooge. 4. analogy: a comparison or similarity between like features of two different things; used to help reader/listener understand better: your heart is like a pump for your body. 5. anaphora: rep. of word, phrase, clause at beginning of successive clauses or sentences 6. anecdote: brief story of an individual or incident 7. antagonist: the character who opposes the main character 8. antithesis: contrasting ideas in a parallel arrangement of words "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness -- Charles Dickens 9. aphorism: a brief saying embodying a moral Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads. Henry David Thoreau Failure to prepare is preparing to fail. Ben Franklin 10. apostrophe: [POETRY] directly addressing an absent person, abstract concept, inanimate object 11. aside: [DRAMA] words spoken by character on stage; only audience can hear 12. assonance: [POETRY] repetition of accented vowel sounds in a series of words O sleep! O gentle sleep! Nature s soft nurse, how have I frighted thee, That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down, And steep my senses in forgetfulness? William Shakespeare 13. asyndeton: the omission of conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, etc.) that would ordinarily join words. I came, I saw, I conquered instead of I came, I saw, and I conquered. 14. ballad: [POETRY] a narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. Uncommon Schools; published by Jossey-Bass, a Wiley brand. For more information please visit
2 15. blank verse: [POETRY] unrhymed iambic pentameter 16. cacophony: [POETRY] a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds Dash, dash, With a mighty crash, They seethe, and boil, and bound, and splash. E. Pauline Johnson 17. caesura: [POETRY] a strong pause within a line of poetry He thought he'd 'list, perhaps, Off-hand like--just as I-- Was out of work--had sold his traps-- No other reason why. -Thomas Hardy 18. carpe diem: seize the day ; make the most of the life you have at the moment you have it 19. catharsis: [DRAMA] emotional connection or emotional release 20. chorus: [DRAMA] A group of persons who speak or sing in unison, usually commenting on the action of the play 21. climax: [DRAMA] the highest or most intense point in a drama; the scene of greatest emotion 22. colloquialism: a word or phrase used in conversational language but not in formal speech or writing: gonna, wanna, y all 23. conceit: [POETRY] comparison between two dissimilar things 24. connotation: the emotional associations evoked by a word The connotations of home might include warmth, family, love, security 25. consonance: [POETRY] repetition of consonant sounds preceded by different vowel sounds The autumn time has come/ On woods that dream of bloom John Greenleaf Whittier 26. couplet: [POETRY] pair of two rhyming lines with same meter But if the while I think on thee, dear friend, All losses are restored and sorrows end. --William Shakespeare 27. denotation: exact, literal, dictionary definition of a word 28. denouement: [DRAMA] resolution; resolves plot elements; ties up loose ends 29. dialect: nonstandard subgroup of a language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features
3 Then when I got home I walked smack dab into the crib door. Hit my eye and scratch my chin. Then when that storm come up last night I shet the window down on my hand. --Alice Walker 30. diction: word choice 31. concrete diction: words that describe physical qualities or conditions The cat rubbed up against her knee. He was black all over, deep silky black, and his eyes, pointing down toward his nose, were bluish green. The light made them shine like blue ice. --Toni Morrison 32. abstract diction: words to describe ideas, emotions, conditions or concepts that are intangible or difficult to define precisely perhaps all the wisdom, and all truth, and all sincerity, are just compressed into that inappreciable moment of time in which we step over the threshold of the invisible. --Joseph Conrad 33. low/informal diction: language of everyday use 34. elevated/formal diction: language that creates an elevated (high) tone; contains words with many syllables and long, sophisticated sentences Discerning the impractible state of the poor culprit s mind, the elder clergyman, who had carefully prepared himself for the occasion, addressed to the multitude a discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual reference to the ignominious letter. --Nathaniel Hawthorne 35. colloquial diction: informal expressions; part of everyday speech, but inappropriate in formal writing 36. dissonance: [POETRY] harsh and inharmonious sounds 37. elegy: [POETRY] solemn, reflective poem, usually about death 38. end rhyme: [POETRY] a rhyme that occurs in the last syllable of verses: 39. epic: [POETRY] long narrative poem dealing with heroes/adventures 40. epigraph: a quotation at the beginning of a poem, short story, or other text that introduces or refers to the larger themes of the text. 41. euphony: [POETRY] a harmonious succession of sounds or words. 42. exposition: [DRAMA] beginning of play/story: introduces characters; details setting; sets tone/mood 43. falling action: [DRAMA] series of events following climax, leading to denouement/resolution 44. figurative language: words or phrases that describe one thing in terms of something else (simile, metaphor, personification, etc.)
4 45. flashback: scene that interrupts the action of a work to show a previous event 46. foil: characters whose traits highlight the strengths/weaknesses of other characters 47. foreshadowing: hint of what is to come, usually negative 48. free verse: [POETRY] verse with no regular meter, rhyme, or length A noiseless patient spider, I mark d where on a little promontory it stood, isolated, Mark d how to explore the vacant vast surrounding, It launch d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself, Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them. Walt Whitman 49. genre: literary type or class 50. gothic: [GENRE] a mode or genre of fiction that combines elements of both horror and romance 51. hubris: excessive pride 52. humor: [GENRE] appealing to an audience by being comical or amusing 53. hyperbole: deliberate/outrageous exaggeration The shot heard round the world. --Ralph Waldo Emerson 54. iambic pentameter: [POETRY] 5-footed line of 2-syllable feet with a unstressed/stressed pattern 55. imagery: words that appeal to the five senses 56. in media res: [DRAMA] literally in the middle of things ; jumping right into the action of a story 57. interior monologue: a representation of an inner voice or thinking in words 58. irony: the opposite of what is expected 59. juxtaposition: putting two or more things side by side in order to compare them 60. lyric poem: [POETRY] poem, usu. short, expresses emotion/state of mind; single impression; highly personal 61. magical realism: [GENRE] a genre of fiction in which magical elements blend with real world elements and are presented in a straightforward manner 62. metaphor: implied comparison "The streets were a furnace, the sun an executioner. --Cynthia Ozick
5 63. meter: [POETRY] pattern of stressed/unstressed syllables in poetry 64. metonymy: a figure of speech in which a closely related term is substituted for an object or idea. We have always remained loyal to the crown (Crown=royal family) 65. mood: overall atmosphere of work 66. motif: recurring ideas, images, topics, or literary devices that can help to develop the theme/s of a novel 67. myth: [GENRE] a traditional, legendary story that serves to explain natural or social aspects of a world or society 68. naturalism: [GENRE] a genre of literature in which events are determined by heredity and environment; characters are studied in terms of their surroundings and environment 69. octave: [POETRY] 8-line stanza 70. ode: [POETRY] long lyric poem, formal and complex, commemorates/celebrates occasion or quality 71. onomatopoeia: the use of words to imitate the sounds they describe, such as buzz and crack. 72. oxymoron: combination of opposite terms into single expression jumbo shrimp, freezer burn, constant variable 73. parable: brief story to illustrate lesson 74. paradox: an apparent contradiction which, after consideration, is true "The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot." Henry David Thoreau 75. parallelism: grammatical similarity between sentences or parts of sentence [I]t has truly been said that never in history have so many educated people devoted so much attention to so few children. Jane Howard Give me liberty, or give me death. --Patrick Henry 76. pastoral (idyll): [POETRY] lyric poem which idealizes rural life 77. personification: attributing human qualities to inanimate objects 78. point of view: the perspective from which the narrative is told
6 a. first person: narrator is a person in the story (I, we) b. third person: narrator is not a part of the story (he, she, they) c. limited: author is restricted to the minds of a few or a single character d. omniscient: author can enter the minds of all characters 79. protagonist: central character 80. polysyndeton: the repeated use of conjunctions in a sentence (especially when they are not necessary) 81. quatrain: [POETRY] 4-line stanza 82. realism: [GENRE] a type of literature in which authors depict contemporary life in terms of everyday activities and experiences in an effort to replicate the true nature of reality 83. refrain: [POETRY] repetition of one or more lines in a stanza 84. regionalism: [GENRE] a type of literature, also known as local color, that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, etc., of a particular region 85. resolution: [DRAMA] the problem of the climax is resolved 86. rhetorical question: question to which no answer is expected, or answer is self-evident And ain t I a woman? -Sojourner Truth 87. rhyme scheme: [POETRY] pattern of rhyme in a stanza 88. rising action: [DRAMA] series of events that lead to the climax; the building of tension in a narrative 89. romanticism: [GENRE] a type of literature that focuses on the individual rather than society, and highlights the individual s beliefs and emotions 90. sarcasm: kind of verbal irony in which the speaker appears to be praising something, but is actually insulting it You walk several blocks to school in the pouring rain, and enter the commons room dripping wet. Lovely weather we re having! remarks your teacher. Yes, fabulous, you reply. 91. satire: [GENRE]poke fun at human weakness with intent to change it 92. sestet: [POETRY] 6-line stanza 93. setting: the time and place in which events in a narrative occur 94. simile: comparison of two dissimilar things using like or as
7 The stars twinkled like tiny candles in the black sky. 95. soliloquy: [DRAMA] character speaks true thoughts alone on stage 96. sonnet: [POETRY] a poem which typically expresses a single, complete thought or idea in 14 lines of rhymed iambic pentameter 97. speaker: [POETRY] the narrative voice in a poem who speaks of his/her situations or feelings; the author of a poem is not necessarily the speaker 98. stanza: [POETRY] group of lines set off division in poem 99. stock character: a fictional character based on a common literary or social stereotype 100. symbol: a concrete object that represents an abstract quality or idea 101. synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part of something is substituted for the whole, entire thing, lend me a hand 102. syntax: the grammatical order of words in a sentence or line. In the following example, the normal order (subject, verb, object) is inverted: Whose woods these are I think I know 103. theme: main idea/ central message/author s insight into life 104. tone: author s attitude toward subject a. objective tone: the writer shows no bias b. subjective tone: the writer exhibits a bias, pro or con 105. tragedy: [DRAMA] play in which a main char suffers a major downfall after serious struggles, but does so in a way that shows his/her nobility of spirit 106. tragic flaw: [DRAMA] error in judgement that causes a character s downfall 107. tragic hero: [DRAMA] protagonist (usu. of high moral standing) in tragedy; suffers downfall as a result of tragic flaw 108. understatement: deliberate representation of something as less than it is "I have to have this operation.... It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." --Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger 109. utopia/dystopia: [GENRE] imaginary society organized to create ideal conditions for humanity/utopian ideal gone awry leading to conditions that hurt humanity 110. volta: [poetry] a shift in a poem s tone, subject, or logic that gains power from a matching shift in structure
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