ANALECTA HUSSERLIANA

Transcription

1 INGARDENIANA II

2 ANALECTA HUSSERLIANA THE YEARBOOK OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH VOLUME XXX Editor-in-Chief ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA 11Je World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research and Learning Belmont, Massachusetts A Sequel to Volume IV INGARDENIANA I A SPECTRUM OF SPECIALISED STUDIES ESTABLISHING THE FIELD OF RESEARCH

3 INGARDENIANA II NEW STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF ROMANINGARDEN With a New International Ingarden Bibliography Edited by HANS H. RUDNICK Puhlished under the auspices of lhc World Ills/illlle/I)" Adl'llllccd /'/zellol7lell%giclll Resellrch lind LCliming A-T. Tymicniecka. President KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ingardiana II : new studies in the philosophy of Roman Ingarden, with a new international Ingarden bibliography / edited by Hans H. Rudnick. p. cm. - (Analecta Husserliana : v. 30) Includes bibliographical references. I. Ingarden, Roman, Contributions in phenomenology. 2. Ingarden, Roman, Contributions in aesthetics. 3. Ingarden, Roman, Influence. 4. Phenomenology. 5. Aesthetics, Modem-20th century. 6. Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa. I. Rudnick, Hans H., II. Series. B3279.H94A129 vol. 30 [B ] 142'. 7 s-dc20 [199'.438] ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box AA Dordrecht. The Nctherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programme, of D. Reidel. Martinus Nijhoff. Dr W. Junk and MTP Press Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers. 101 Philip Drive. Norwell. MA U.S.A. In all other countries. sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. P.O. Box AH Dordrecht. The Netherlands. I'rillfl'c/ 011 acid~fi-i'i' paper All Rights Reserved 1l)l)O by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. recording or by any information storage and retrieval system. without written permission from the copyrigh towner.

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE THEME: A-T. TYMIENIECKA! Timeless Contrihution to Philosophy EDITOR S INTRODUCTION Roman Ingarden's IX XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVII PART I TYMIENIECKA AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ROMANINGARDEN ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA / Roman Ingarden's Philosophical Legacy and My Departure from It: The Creative Freedom of the Possible Worlds 3 JADWIGA S. SMITH / A New Phenomenology: Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka's Departure from Husser! and Ingarden 25 KNUT HANNEBORG / Husserl, Ingarden, and Tymieniecka 37 PART II INGARDEN AND LITERARY THEORY J oz 1.1- S I V A K! Reduction phenomenologique et intuition: A propos du rapport Husserl-Ingarden 51 N A D I A DEL L E SITE / The Aesthetic Theory of Ingarden and Its Philosophical Implications 71 ZHANG JIN-YAN / The New Criticism and Ingarden's Phenomenological Theory of Literature 85 GERALD NYENHUIS! Roman Ingarden's Contribution to the Reading and Analysis of the Literary Text 95 PART III THE APPLICABILITY OF INGARDEN'S THEORY Kritische Bemerkungen zu Ingardens Deutung des Bildes 107 WALTER BIEMEL /

6 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS EUGENE F. KAELIN I The Debate Over Stratification Within Aesthetic Objects 123 YOU ZHENG LI I Ingarden's "Strata-Layers" Theory and the Structural Analysis of the Ancient Chinese Kunqu Opera 139 JOSEPH P. STRELKA I Ingarden's "Points of Indeterminateness": A Consideration of Their Practical Application to Literary Criticism 157 HANS H. RUDNICK I Roman Ingarden and the Venus of Milo 171 PART IV INGARDEN AND THE NATURE OF THE LITERARY WORK OF ART JAN WOLENSKI / The Verifiability Principle: Variations on Ingarden's Criticism 183 WLODZIMIERZ GALEWICZ I The Aesthetic Object and the Work of Art: Reflections on Ingarden's Theory of Aesthetic Judgment 193 JANINA MAKOTA I Roman Ingarden's Idea of Relatively Isolated Systems 211 PART V BIBLIOGRAPHY HANS H. RUDNICK and JOLANTA W. WAWRZYCKA I Roman Ingarden: An International Bibliography ( ) 225 INDEX OF NAMES 297

7 ROMAN INGARDEN 1~ By courtesy of Professor Yushiro Takei. Gifu

8 ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA THE THEME: ROMAN INGARDEN'S TIMELESS CONTRIBUTION TO PHILOSOPHY Philosophical production necessarily occurs within a historical period. It is situated at the cross-section of what the philosopher inherits and what he proposes de novo. He is himself a product of his cultural epoch. It is not only that his philosophical concerns, doubts, and aspirations are ingrained with the cultural preoccupations dominant in the schools and academies of his youth; even though his personal drive to give the issues with which he struggles his very own solution, one more adequate than the ones available, and though his striving to accomplish this aims at lasting, absolute validity, these efforts are still geared to the criteria and demands of his times. His thought is meant to enter into the cultural stream at the given monent of historical development. This new way of approaching and solving given issues may, indeed, as intended, enter the present current of thought to answer the demands of the spirit of the times and find a favorable reception among the leading scholars, or it might need a period in which it is sequestered before surfacing and becoming assimilable at a propitious moment. However, even on reaching this point where the course of events moves favorable ahead, a point at which this statement of things could be called on to enter the actual arena and seems poised for proclamation abroad within a congenial wave of the spirit, or to be at least a candidate for fruitful debate, it might again - being at the mercy of the cultural winds - either enter ongoing discussions at the right juncture or miss its moment and, despite general awareness of its presence and of its validity for the most part, fall to the side in the notice of the scholarly community. This was the fate of Roman lngarden's monumental work. After an all too brief period of exposure in European phenomenological life, following the publication of his Das literarische Kunstwerk (Halle: 1931) the Second World War put him in parentheses for a long period. And when he was ready after the war to re-emerge with an extensive IX

9 x ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA body of thought with a new, alternative treatment of the profound philosophical puzzles that preoccupied his onetime master Edmund Husser!, debate among phenomenologists had moved ahead of him. Transcendental consciousness, and not eidetic ontology, was now at the fore. Ingarden's being forgotten was not so much due to Poland's politico-geographic seclusion behind the "iron curtain" which fell across Europe but, foremostly, to the verdict of the then leading phenomenologists that his work fell in the realm of the "naive ontology" of the Gottingen period in phenomenology. In the due course of time, phenomenological discussion moved further, and when, with the progressive publication at Louvain of Edmund Husser!'s posthumous work, it could have been expected that an inquiry like Ingarden's which continued that of his master making a new start from a basically critical standpoint would then surface and even come into its own right for its deeper probing into the heart of things, then, unexpectedly - the spirit, like the wind, blows when and where it fancies - there emerged a deeply rooted dissatisfaction with and distrust of rationality, transcendental and eidetic alike. Now was the hour of the pre-ordained, the pre-constituted, and this with reference to the last reflections of Husser! himself. Moreover, criticisms of all reason have burst out in all lines of philosophical inquiry; denouncing all rationality as a game of reason and all structurizing as its artifice, this still raging spirit certainly does not make the present climate a propitious one for bringing Ingarden's formalism to the fore. To the contrary, it seems that in today's philosophical arena, the ground has definitively slipped out from under Ingarden's feet. And yet, strange to believe, it appears that interest in Roman Ingarden's thought has in recent times increased - with there being no sign of a let up. In 1958, William Earle of Northwestern University (then a visiting professor at Yale), on reading the manuscript of my book, Phenomenology and Science in Contemporary European Thought (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1961), the work in which Ingarden's eidetic formalism was for the first time introduced to the English speaking public, made the comment to me that my presentation "whets the appetite for reading Ingarden, about whom many speak but of whom no one knows anything." We could paraphrase Earle's comment by saying that, nowadays, everybody talks about Ingarden but very few read him. This indicates, in its own way, great progress indeed. The fact that one now encounters so often mention of Ingarden in

10 THE THEME Xl philosophical discussions may be due partly to cultural-political changes in the international climate. With Poland's new fascination following the election of a Polish pope and the rise of the Solidarity movement, new students have been drawn to Ingarden. That Cardinal Wojtyla was ordinary of Krakow, where Ingarden lived and taught phenomenology for a quarter of a century, and that the Cardinal was also a philosopher has led many to familiarize themselves with Ingarden even though the Cardinal's thought had no relation to Ingarden's teaching, having acquired its phenomenological tone through the writings of Max Scheler. And now, with the publication of several of Ingarden's works in English translation as well as of several studies on his thought, it is understandable that more attention is being focused on him. The fact that he is still very little read can be accounted for simply by the difficult style of his writings and even more by the very nature of its strenuous ontological inquiry, a field of investigation which has never attracted many minds. However, I submit that the steady growth of interest in his thought is owing to something essential that perdures the vicissitudes of fashion and philosophical taste, namely, to the core significance of his inquiry for the philosophy of all times. I submit, in fact, that despite Ingarden's failure - which I discussed in a previous work dedicated to his controversy with Husserl (Analecta Husserliana, vol. IV, 1976) - to discover the access to metaphysics he sought as a means for assessing the actual existence of the ideal objectivities which he had analyzed in their ontological nature as ideal, pure possibles, and despite this failure's not allowing him to discover the network of existential links among them - links that would indicate how they do hold together - consequently leaving us with merely a series of disconnected structural skeletons of possible beingnesses, and despite the fact that even these ideal structures of works of art, of the human person, or the monad, of the real world, etc., as he discovered on the ontological plane, require a broader, more completely diversified approach from several perspectives so that their results may - as Ingarden foresaw himself - not only corroborate each other more but even lead to changes in his views on many points, despite all this, I maintain that the core of his analytic work remains of lasting value. Let us consider just the transformations in Ingarden's view of the work of art that is worked by introduction into phenomenology of the Imaginatio Creatrix as the decisive factor in human functioning and

11 XlI ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA which shifts attention away from his approach emphasizing the type of beingness that the work of art is to its origin within the creative process; let us envisage the great shift in our understanding of the nature of the human person if we move from the eidetic/intentional perspective of lngarden which sees it as a self-enclosed monadic entity to one which displays the differentiation of the human person in the open field of the streamlike actualization of the Human Condition, as a crystalization of just one constructive phase in the process of becoming of the unity-ojeverything-there-is-alive, which proposed; lastly, what a radically divergent picture of the real world we obtain if we leave the one-sided, purely static narrowness of the eidetic ontology which sees the world only as a structural domain framing other possibilities and delve into the stream of the constructive becoming of life which has the selfindividualization of living beingnesses as its leitmotif, and the human being with its endowment of the aesthetic, moral, and intelligible senses as the originator and carrier of the societal circuit of Iife.* To just mention these three new perspectives which I have unfolded in my own phenomenology of life is enough to let us see that the entire framework of Ingarden's investigation is turned upside down and its singular acquisitions now have to be reviewed in quite different light. And just think of all the types of succeeding philosophies which will undoubtedly adduce novel points of view to be considered. And yet I contend that Ingarden's fragmented inquiry has and will continue to have crucial validity throughout present and future developments and vicissitudes in philosophical progress. I submit that what Ingarden has accomplished of lasting significance is to have scrutinized with great care, acumen, and penetration the very nature of the principles of objectivity as such. As a matter of fact as long as there is a being who is asking himself to understand the ultimate nature and principles of reality, and as long as this reality will be projected creatively by a type of being that is endowed with the basic stamina, forces, and constitutive faculties that we nowadays distinguish within the human being, with what defines him, in fact, as a human being, the question of objectivity in terms, by means of, and in the form of which the human being establishes his existence on earth and turns its initial endowment into his universe, the * Cf. by the present writer. Logos and Life: Creative Experience and the Critique of Reason. Analecta Husserliana. vol. XXIV Panel II.

12 THE THEME xiii world of and for his life, he will need these rational cornerstones of the ideal structuration of objectivity as points of reference, as guidelines for charting his paths, and as means enabling him to recognize himself and his place within the otherwise all-encompassing chaos. Although we may - as the present writer does - favor radically different accesses and approaches to the real, to man with all of his endeavors, to the world and to the ultimate aims of philosophy, and although we may otherwise from such or other perspective disqualify some or other rational procedures of philosophy as ways to grasp and explain reality, it is hard - if not altogether impossible without falling into absurdity or a darkness of mind - to dismiss, on whatever account, objectivity as a modality in which life, the world, and the cosmos manifest themselves as the milieu of human existence on earth. It is precisely the principles of this modality as the rational intelligible constitution performed by the human mind to serve his active orientation in his circumambient situation and to lay down an orientation network for his life-enactment that it was Ingarden's ultimate aim to discover and plot. So much for the timeless significance of Ingarden's enterprise which, although it resulted in an abstruse and difficult body of theories, attracts and will attract minds which seek clarity and orientation in the labyrinths of philosophical query. Although The World Phenomenology Institute's research work follows quite different paths than those of eidetic phenomenology, we always maintain a lively interest in Ingarden's ideas and continue to discuss his thought at our conventions, seminars, and symposia. Having already offered to the philosophical public an impressive sampling of Ingarden studies in Ingardeniana, the fourth volume of Analecta Husserliana (1976), we present with joy and pride this second volume. The range of the essays included here indicates the spread of interest among our collaborators around the world and displays conspicuous advances in the formulation of problems and lines of inquiry. We are grateful to Professor Hans Rudnick, the guest editor of this collection, for his new bibliography of Ingarden's work, one in which many hitherto common inaccuracies have been corrected, and for his up-to-date bibliography of secondary material, all contributing to the constantly growing body of Ingarden studies. ANNA-TERESA TYMIENIECKA

13 EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION This Ingardenia volume is the second in the Analecta Husserliana series that is entirely devoted to the phenomenology of Roman Ingarden. The first was volume IV (1976). Twenty years after Ingarden's death, this volume demonstrates that the Polish phenomenologist's contribution to philosophy and literary scholarship has received world-wide attention. His ideas have proven especially fruitful for the definition of the structure of the literary work of art and the subsequent recognition of its characteristic features. Of all the early phenomenologists who were students of Husserl, it is Ingarden whose work has faithfully pursued the original tenet that language "holds" the essence of the life-world "in readiness" (bereit halten). To investigate this premise with the rigor of a science, as Husserl had envisioned for phenomenology, was Ingarden's life work. That Ingarden did not quite reach his ambitious goal does not diminish his unquestionable achievement. The understanding of the nature of the literary work of art has increased enormously because of his analyses and aesthetics. The Polish phenomenologist investigated above all the work of art as a structure of necessary components which define and determine its nature. That the artistic ingredient was shortchanged under those conditions should not be surprising, particularly since Ingarden usually kept a purist's philosophical distance from the concrete detail of the material under consideration. He was not concerned with individual works of art but with the principle that was shared by all of them as the defining feature of their being. Professor Tymieniecka reverts her teacher's thinking and goes beyond his concern for the work of art itself. Her imaginatio creatrix takes the creative process into consideration which leads to the conception and generation of the work of art. The formalism of the teacher has now been enriched with the inclusion of the creative aspects that make it possible. The result is a more comprehensive understanding of the work of art that combines Ingarden's formalist, definable principles with Tymieniecka's principles and powers of the artist's creative imagination. xv

14 XVI EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION Ingarden's phenomenological literary theory can be understood as a philosophical poetics of the structure of the literary work of art. His work reflects to a considerable degree the formal characteristics that were major concerns of theorists during his time. This applies as much to Husserl's original attention to the nature of linguistic disclosure as well as to the strict "New Critical" attention to the formal aspects of the literary work of art. The applicability of a theory is the touchstone for its quality and validity. Critical observation may reveal exceptions, incoherence, or contradiction, which should lead to revision and improvement of the theory. As far as the testing of Ingarden's theory is concerned, the most comprehensive application of Ingarden's theory is Strelka's Literarische Textanalyse (Tiibingen: Francke, 1989) which covers all three genres of literature and finds, in great detail, that Ingarden's theory does justice to the nature of literary art. Literary theory as a branch of philosophy involves the forwardlooking element of speculation that drives the axioms toward new horizons of insight and overall understanding. At the end of that road lies the formulation of a system that allows openness to artistic creativity and grants verifiability to the formal aspects of art. lngarden has led us a considerable distance toward the end of that road. The bibliography which concludes this volume should lead scholarship further ahead toward this tantalizing goal. HANS H. RUDNICK

15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The guest editor wishes to express first of all his special gratitude to Professor Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka for giving him the opportunity to prepare this Ingardenia volume for the Analecta Husserliana series. Further thanks go to the contributors to this volume. Their lngarden scholarship proves that twenty years after the Polish phenomenologist's death the achievement of his philosophy has truly reached international recognition. For their generous advice, untiring cooperation, and encouragement, particular mention goes to Professors Hugh Olmsted of Harvard University and Alan Cohn of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Without their benevolence, this Ingarden bibliography would not have reached completion. Further thanks must go to the staff of the libraries of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, of Duke University, of the University of Illinois, of North Carolina State University, and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville for their professional support of this project. Dr. Jolanta Wawrzycka and Dr. Aron Aji deserve prominent recognition for bibliographical research performed when they were graduate students. Professor Wawrzycka's expertise in the Polish language and her considerable devotion to this project over the years were the conditio sine qua non that made this Ingarden bibliography possible. In addition, thanks for research support are also due to the Office of Research Development and Administration of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Professors Yushiro Takei of Gifu University and You Zheng Li of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have kindly supplied bibliographical data concerning Ingarden publications in their respective countries, Japan and China. Bibliographies published in the World Phenomenology Institute's Phenomenological Inquiry have also greatly enhanced the international range of this bibliography. Last, but not least, special thanks go to my wife, Catherine Bird, whose computer expertise and unwaivering support have blessed the editing of this volume. XVll H. H. R.