2. Second Person for Third Person: [ You = Someone - does not exist in Greek!] (... = you, the Christians I am writing to)

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1 Person and Number A. Person 1. First Person for Third Person: [ I = Someone ] (... ) 2. Second Person for Third Person: [ You = Someone - does not exist in Greek!] (... = you, the Christians I am writing to) 3. First Person Plural Constructions: The Scope of We [three possibs = editorial, exclusive, and inclusive] a. editorial we: [key to identif: when author shifts unexpectedly from sing to pl; also, normally occurs in nominative; no clear examples exist, tho some probable] ( - w/preceding context referring to Paul alone boasting) b. inclusive v. exclusive we: [resolving the issue must be done case-bycase; context and overall thrust of book the best clues; often presence of 2p in same context = exclusive we ] i. Inclusive ( ) ii. Exclusive (, ) B. Number 1. Neuter Plural Subject with Singular Verb: [neutral pl subj normally takes sing verb, i.e., subj is viewed as collective, w/emphasis on the entirety] ( ) [cf: plural verb used when emphasis on individuality of each subj] ( ) 2. Collective Singular Subject with Plural Verb: [normally, coll sing subj take sing verb - the group is viewed as a whole; rarely, takes pl verb - indivs receive greater stress] (... ) 3. Compound Subject with Singular Verb: [normally pl verb used w/two subjs, e.g., Paul and Barnabas were staying... ; to highlight one subj, verb in sing - the one to be stressed is placed first] ( ) -1-

2 4. Indefinite Plural: [ They = Someone; translate as a passive] ( ; - grapes are not gathered from thornbushes, are they?) [note: if a normal pl meaning fits semantically as well as grammatically w/a natural antecedent, bofp to show indef pl is intended] 5. Categorical Plural (aka Generalizing Plural) [sim to indef pl, but instead of they, it refers to a singular, not pl, subject, i.e., a class of indiv; semantic force is to focus on the action more than the actor - the actor imp in generic sense, this is the kind of person who does this ] ( - ref is to Herod, but pt is the child s life no longer in danger - focus drawn away from the actor) Voice A. Introduction 1. Voice distinctive from transitiveness a. Transitiveness relates action of a verb to an object; voice relates action of a verb to its subject b. transitive verb requires direct object (stated or implied), intransitive does not take a direct obj; transitive has active (or middle) and passive voice, intrans does not have passive c. Test for trans v. intrans: can you convert to passive? (e.g., the girl came home can t be changed to the home was come by the girl ) 2. Distinguishing Middle from Passive [middle and passive forms distinct only in aorist and future; in all other tenses, must be done on case-by-case basis] B. Active Voice def: in active voice, subject performs, produces, or experiences the action or exists in the state expressed by the verb 1. Simple Active: [subject performs or experiences the action; verb trans or intrans] (... ) 2. Causative Active: s-times cause to [subj the ult source or cause of the action] -2-

3 a. where don t use cause to in translation ( - He (Pilate) scourged [him]) b. where do use cause to in translation ( - but God caused [it] to grow) 3. Stative Active: [subj exists in the state indicated by the verb] a. w/equative verbs, explicit or implied ( ) b. verbs translated as adjs ( ) 4. Reflexive Active: [subj acts upon se, w/reflex pronoun as dir obj - corresps to reflex middle w/o pronoun] ( ) C. Middle Voice def: generally, subj performs or experiences the action expressed by verb so as to emphasize the subj s particip (subj acts w/vested int, or calls attn to subj - subj in some sense acting in relat to se) Diff bet active and middle one of emph: active emphasizes the action, middle the subj 1. Direct Middle: [subj acts on se - reflexive; rare in NT] ( - he will gird himself) 2. Redundant Middle: [sim to direct middle, but uses (and requires) reflex pronoun to convey the reflexive notion; uncommon in NT] ( ) 3. Indirect Middle: [the subj acts for or by himself, or in his own interest; the subj is somehow acting in relation to self or calling attn to self; very common in NT; q re how much signif to see in use of middle voice; the q often will be between indirect and deponent uses in NT] ( - he chose us [for himself]) 4. Causative Middle: often cause to be done to or for oneself or has to be done [subj has s-th done for or to him; subj may be the source behind an action done in his behalf; rare usage] ( - the one who conquers will cause himself to be clothed in white) -3-

4 Semantic notes: a. cause may but need not be volitional (a source behind an action, whether personal or impersonal, may act involuntarily as unwilling source) b. causative active v. causative middle - active implies source behind the action, where middle implies both source and results (i.e., the action was caused by someone who was also the recip of the outcome) [or, cause to happen v. cause to happen to, for or wrt oneself] [thus, causative middle is also indirect, and occas a direct, middle as well] c. causative middle v. permissive middle - very close: former implies ult source and often volition, but latter suggests prompting lay elsewhere and only consent, permission or toleration was wrung from subj 5. Permissive Middle: [subj allows s-th to be done for or to himself; rare] ( - arise, allow yourself to be baptized and allow your sins to be washed away) Semantic notes: a. perm middle sim to direct middle - in both, subj is receiver of action; but in direct middle, subj also is the actor b. like a passive in that subj is receiver of action, but differs in that middle implies acknowledgment, consent, toleration, or permission Q for class: diff bet permissive direct and permissive indirect middle (Acts 22:16) 6. Reciprocal Middle: [rare in NT, usu replaced by ] ( - the Jews had already agreed with one another) 7. Deponent Middle: [middle voice w/no active form, but active meaning; most common NT middle] (see p. 430 for list of deponent verbs) Notes: a. completely v. partially deponent - latter is dep in less than all princ part (e.g., ) b. if no active form, but the middle form retains a middle meaning, it s not deponent (e.g., ) -4-

5 D. Passive Voice def: subject is acted upon or receives the action expressed by the verb - no volition or even awareness is implied (i.e., may or may not be aware, may or may not be volitional) 1. Passive Constructions a. Passive With and Without Expressed Agency i. With agency expressed: by, with, through (a) Ult agent [usu w/ + gen, s-t + gen, rarely + gen] ( ) (b) (c) intermed agent [ + gen] ) impers means [can be animate or inanim; + dat, dative alone, or (rarely) + gen] ( ) ii. Without agency expressed [agent may be obvious from context, or from readers preunderstanding; to keep focus of passage on subj; some passive verbs by nature take no agent ( - when those days were completed ); equative verb ( ); implicit generic agent [as in they say, by anyone etc.] ( ); where explicit agent would be obstructive, or reduce literary effect etc.; to suppress agent for rhetorical effect, esp to draw reader into the story ( ); God as obvious agent] b. Passive With Accusative Object [commonly accus of thing in double acc] ( - all were made to drink [of] one spirit] 2. Passive Uses a. Simple passive: [just indicates that subj receives the action - nothing implied re cognit, volit, or cause] ( ) b Causitive/permissive passive: [like middle c-part, implies consent, perm, or cause of the action of verb on part of subj; rare, usu just w/impv; diffic -5-

6 to disting bet caus and perm] ( ) c. Deponent passive: [two most common are and ] -6-

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