Gerunds: Subject and Object Prof Marcelo Pereira de Leão
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1 Gerunds: Subject and Object Prof Marcelo Pereira de Leão
2 Running for Office 1 Voting is an important responsibility. Let s discuss improving our schools. I will keep fighting for a new hospital.
3 Running for Office 2 Choosing a candidate takes time. I enjoy working for the people. Do you resent paying higher taxes?
4 Form A gerund is the base form of a verb + -ing. Gerunds can be used as nouns. verb + -ing = noun work + -ing = working pay + -ing = paying improve + -ing = improving
5 Gerunds as Subjects A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. It is always singular. Use a third-person singular verb after a gerund. singular subject Voting is an important responsibility. Choosing a candidate takes time.
6 Be Careful! Don t confuse gerunds with the present progressive verb form. present progressive I am voting today. verb gerund Voting is an important responsibility. subject
7 Gerunds as Objects A gerund can be the object of certain verbs. verb object suggest I suggest improving our schools. verb object enjoy I enjoy working for the people.
8 Gerunds with Go We often use go + gerund to describe activities. Our family goes bowling every Saturday. Ali went jogging with his dog.
9 Practice 3 Ask a partner how often he or she does these activities. How often do you go dancing? I go dancing every night
10 CONTENTS Verb + gerund Go + -ing Verb + infinitive Verb + gerund or infinitive Preposition + gerund Using by and with to express how something is done Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive It + infinitive: using for (someone) Expressing purpose with in order to and for Using infinitives with too and enough
11 13-1 VERB + GERUND She keeps worrying about her husband.
12 13-1 VERB + GERUND verb gerund (a) I like be ing with you. gerund -ing form of a verb used as a noun object of the verb
13 13-1 VERB + GERUND (b) They enjoy eating pizza. (c) They have finished working on a big project. (d) My sister never stops talking on the phone.
14 13-1 VERB + GERUND I wish they would quit arguing.
15 13-1 VERB + GERUND Would you mind taking my picture?
16 13-1 VERB + GERUND I usually postpone doing my taxes until the last minute. Many people put off doing their taxes until the last minute.
17 13-1 VERB + GERUND They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished.
18 13-1 VERB + GERUND They are considering breaking up. They are thinking about breaking up.
19 13-1 VERB + GERUND They discussed breaking up. They talked about breaking up, but they decided to stay together.
20 13-1 VERB + GERUND She is considering not going to work today. not + gerund = negative form
21 13-1 LET S PRACTICE They are thinking about going out to play. think about go
22 13-1 LET S PRACTICE Do you want to talk about buying a new house? talk about buy
23 13-1 LET S PRACTICE Would you consider giving us less homework this week? consider give
24 13-2 GO + -ING It s a beautiful day. Let s go canoeing.
25 13-2 GO + -ING Did you go skydiving yesterday?
26 13-2 GO + -ING Did you go skydiving yesterday? We went camping on the beach.
27 13-2 GO + -ING These guys are going skydiving soon. We went camping on the beach. Larry hasn t gone skiing lately.
28 13-2 GO + -ING Did you go skydiving yesterday? We went camping on the beach. Larry hasn t gone skiing lately. go + gerund certain expressions about activities INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.
29 13-2 LET S PRACTICE Mr. Anders loves to go. fishing go fish
30 13-2 LET S PRACTICE My parents love to go dancing. go dance
31 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I expected you to be here an hour ago.
32 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I hope to graduate this year.
33 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I hope to graduate this year He intends to study hard this year. to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE
34 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I hope to graduate this year He intends to study hard this year. She decided not to attend medical school. negative = not + infinitive
35 13-3 LET S PRACTICE At their wedding, they promised to stay together forever. promise stay
36 13-3 LET S PRACTICE I would love to go on a cruise, but I can t afford it. would love go
37 13-3 LET S PRACTICE I seem to be out of money. seem be
38 13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE I love to go fishing with my dad.
39 13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE (a) All of a sudden, it began raining. (b) All of a sudden, it began to rain. some verbs gerund or infinitive
40 13-4 LET S PRACTICE hate wait I hate to wait in line. I hate waiting in line.
41 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND She is nervous about testifying at the trial.
42 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND Some people are afraid of driving.
43 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND (a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project.
44 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND (a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project. (c) She apologized for being rude to her mom.
45 13-5 LET S PRACTICE Angie is good at (teach) teaching math.
46 13-5 LET S PRACTICE They are planning on (study) studying all afternoon for the test.
47 13-5 LET S PRACTICE They are excited about (start) starting their new project.
48 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air.
49 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button.
50 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button. By + a gerund how something is done
51 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE I love travelling by train.
52 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE I love travelling by train. Many people eat with chopsticks.
53 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE I love travelling by train. Many people eat with chopsticks. by OR with + noun how something is done
54 13-6 LET S PRACTICE Some people in London get around double-decker bus. by by with
55 13-6 LET S PRACTICE Most students don t write their reports by hand anymore. by with
56 13-6 LET S PRACTICE Floors can be cleaned with a mop. by with
57 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE Riding a motorcycle can be exciting.
58 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE Riding motorcycles is dangerous. same meaning It is dangerous to ride motorcycles.
59 13-7 LET S PRACTICE Gerund as subject It is important to do well in school. Doing well in schoolis important.
60 13-7 LET S PRACTICE Gerund as subject It can be helpful to study with a friend.. Studying with a friend can be helpful
61 13-7 LET S PRACTICE Gerund as subject Is it scary to climb mountains? Yes,. climbing mountains is scary
62 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot.
63 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot. similar meaning
64 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot. (c) He should be careful. (d) It is important for him to be careful. it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase
65 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (e) We don t have to go to work today. (f) It isn t necessary for us to go to work today.
66 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (e) We don t have to go to work today. (f) It isn t necessary for us to go to work today. (g) A dog can t drive a car. (h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.
67 13-8 LET S PRACTICE World leaders should be honest. It is important. for world leaders to be honest
68 13-8 LET S PRACTICE In some cultures, brides wear red. In some cultures, it is appropriate. for brides to wear red
69 13-8 LET S PRACTICE Snakes can t run. It is impossible. for snakes to run
70 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR I am going to college in order to get a good education.
71 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR - Why are you going to college? (a)i am going to college because I want a good education. (b) I am going to college in order to get a good education. (c) I am going to college to get a good education. same meaning in order In order frequently to purpose omitted
72 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR (d) I am going to college for an education. for preposition purpose noun
73 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR (d) I am going to college for an education. (e) I am going to college to get an education. INCORRECT: I am going to college for to get an education. INCORRECT: I am going to college for getting an education.
74 13-9 LET S PRACTICE CORRECT INCORRECT? OR I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.
75 13-9 LET S PRACTICE CORRECT INCORRECT? OR I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.
76 13-9 LET S PRACTICE CORRECT INCORRECT? OR I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.
77 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH This dessert is too delicious to resist.
78 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE (a) Hang gliding is too scary to try. (b) Hang gliding is too scary for me to try. (c) Hang gliding is too scary for Sue to try.
79 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH Hang gliding is too scary to try. Don t even think of trying it. too + adjective negative result
80 COMPARE Hang gliding is too scary. I can t do it. Flying is very scary, but I can do it.
81 ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE (d) I don t have enough time to mop the floor. (e) Do you have enough time to do it?
82 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE I m not strong enough to mop the floor. Are you strong enough to do it?
83 13-10 LET S PRACTICE I am too clumsy. I can t be a waitress. too clumsy to be a waitress I am.
84 13-10 LET S PRACTICE These shoes are too small for me. These shoes aren t. big enough for me
85 13-10 LET S PRACTICE Hang gliding takes a lot of courage. enough courage I don t have to try it.
86
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