Facultatea de Psihologie şi Ştiinţele educaţiei. Curs Limba engleză An I Semestrul I. Titular disciplină. Lector dr. Oana Hriţcu

Transcription

1 Facultatea de Psihologie şi Ştiinţele educaţiei Curs Limba engleză An I Semestrul I Titular disciplină Lector dr. Oana Hriţcu

2 CUPRINS Capitolul I Substantivul 2 1. Formarea pluralului Reguli de ortografiere a pluralului englez Plurale neregulate Pluralul si substantivele colective Absenta pluralului la unele categorii de substantive 3 Capitolul II Genitivul saxon 5 Capitolul III Articolul Articolul hotărât - Formă. Functii Articolul nehotărât Formă. Folosire. Cazuri speciale 8 Capitolul IV Pronumele Pronumele personal. Forme Pronumele demonstrativ. Forme. Exemple Pronumele si adjectivul nehotărat Definitii Forme Folosire Pronumele posesiv Forme Pronumele reflexiv Definitie. Forme Folosire Pozitia pronumelui reflexiv Pronumele reciproce 18 Capitolul V Verbul Prezentul simplu Forme Ortografierea la persoana a treia singular Folosire Prezentul continuu Forme Folosire Imposibilitatea folosirii aspectului continuu 22 Capitolul VI 6.1. Selecţie texte Exerciţii 42 Bibliografie 51

3 CAPITOLUL I Substantivul. 1. Formarea pluralului 1.1. Reguli generale de ortografiere a pluralului englez. A.1. In general, pluralul majoritatii substantivelor din limba engleza (denumit si pluralul saxon) se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei s la forma de singular a acestora. e.g. book books head heads eye eyes laugh - laughs cinema cinemas taxi taxis travel travels stop - stops A.2.Substantivele terminate la singular in literele -s,- ss, -x, -z,-sh,-ch primesc terminatia -es la plural : e.g. bus buses fox foxes match matches class classes beach beaches dutchess dutchesses A.3.Substantivele terminate la singular in -y precedat de consoana formeaza pluralul in -ies astfel : e.g. city cities sky skies country countries baby babies A.4.Majoritatea substantivelor terminate in -f sau -fe primesc -s la plural : e.g. chief chiefs (sef sefi) roof roofs (acoperis - acoperisuri) gulf gulfs (golf golfuri) proof proofs (dovada dovezi) Unele substantive terminate in -f sau -fe formeaza insa pluralul in -ves : e.g. leaf leaves (frunza frunze) thief thieves (hot hoti) life lives (viata vieti) wife wives (sotie sotii) half halves (jumatate jumatati) wolf wolves (lup lupi) A.5. Substantivele terminate in -o, precedat de o consoana, formeaza pluralul in - es : e.g. echo echoes (ecou ecouri) hero heroes (erou eroi) potato potatoes (cartof cartofi) tomato tomatoes (rosie rosii) 2

4 volcano volcanoes (vulcan vulcani) A.6. Cand o final este precedat de o vocala, pluralul se formeaza in -s : e.g. portofolio portofolios (portofoliu portofolii) scenario scenarios (scenariu scenarii) photo photos (fotografie fotografii) piano pianos (pian piane) 1.2. Plurale neregulate. Urmatoarele substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea vocalei (vocalelor): e.g. man men foot feet mouse mice woman women tooth teeth goose geese Trei substantive din aceasta categorie primesc terminatia en : e.g. child children ox oxen brother - brethren (copil copii) (bou boi) (frate frati de cruce) 1.3. Pluralul si substantivele colective. A.1. Substantivele colective au, in genere, o singura forma (cea de singular) si desemneaza o pluralitate de persoane / obiecte identice privite ca un intreg. e.g. army (armata) committee (comitet) family (familie) class (clasa) crew (echipaj) jury (curtea cu juri) public (public) press (presa) herd (turma) flight (stol, roi, escadrila) Substantivele de mai sus au inteles de singular sau de plural, dupa caz. Cand denumesc colectivitatea considerata ca un intreg, sunt substantive individuale si se construiesc cu singularul. e.g. The class was taken by a very good teacher. (Clasa a fost preluata de un profesor foarte bun.) His family was small. (Familia lui era putin numeroasa.) Cand se refera la membrii componenti ai colectivitatii, substantivele colective se construiesc cu pluralul. 3

5 e.g. Nearly all the class were given good marks. (Aproape tuturor elevilor li s-au dat note bune.) His family were asleep at that hour. (Aproape toti membrii familiei lui dormeau la ora aceea.) The police were after him. (Politistii erau pe urmele lui.) 1.4. Absenta pluralului la unele categorii de substantive. A.1.Substantive care nu au forma de plural. Unele substantive din limba engleza au numai singular, in vreme ce in limba romana substantivele corespunzatoare au atat forma de singular, cat si de plural. e.g. advice (sfat sfaturi) business (afacere afaceri) income (venit venituri) knowledge (cunostinta cunostinte) information (informatie informatii) money (ban bani) progress (progres progrese) work (munca munci)\ e.g. He gave me some good advice. (El mi-a dat sfaturi bune.) This is a good piece of advice. (Acesta este un sfat bun.) His business is developing. (Afacerea/afacerile lui îi merg/e bine.) The money is on the table. (Banii sunt pe masă.) How is your work doing? (Cum stai cu munca?) The information we got was very precious. (Informaţiile pe care le-am primit au fost foarte importante.) Here s a new piece of information. (Iată o informaţie nouă/recentă.) In general, substantivele abstracte, numele de materii si numele unor produse naturale (cereale) au numai singular si deci sunt substantive nenumarabile. e.g. hapiness (bucurie) peace (pace) beauty (frumusete) time (timp) tobacco (tutun) bread (paine) wheat (grau) rice (orez) sugar (zahar) cotton (bumbac) coffee (cafea) sand (nisip) 4

6 Capitolul II Genitivul saxon Genitivul saxon (sau cazul posesiv) se formeaza in moduri diferite, in functie de numarul substantivului. A.1. Substantiv in singular. La singular, genitivul se formeaza adaugandu-se s la forma de nominativ singular a substantivelor. e.g. her friend s name (numele prietenului/prietenei ei) the judge s verdict (verdictul judecatorului) Mr. Smith s job (slujba d.-lui Smith) George s address (adresa lui George) Dickens s novels (romanele lui Dickens) Nota! In ultimele decenii, s-a incetatenit forma de genitiv saxon ( ), adica intrebuintarea apostrofului fara s, dupa substantivele terminate la singular in s, -x sau z, pronuntia finalului in /iz/ mentinandu-se, insa : e.g. the actress part (rolul actritei) the duchess maid (camerista ducesei) St. James Park (Parcul Sf. James) St. Thomas Hospital (Spitalul Sf. Thomas) A.2. Substantiv in plural. La plural, cazul genitiv se formeaza in doua moduri : 1. La pluralul terminat in litera s, se adauga apostroful fara s ( ). e.g. her friends names (numele prietenilor ei) the waitress smiles (zambetele chelneritelor) the horses legs (picioarele cailor) the clients needs (nevoile clienţilor) 2. La pluralul care nu se termina in s, se adauga s. e.g. men s hats (palariile barbatilor) children s toys (jucariile copiilor) geese s feathers (penele gastelor) 5

7 Capitolul III Articolul hotărat Formă. Functii Formă. In limba engleza, articolul hotarat este the, invariabil, indiferent de gen, numar sau caz. e.g. the boy the boys the school the schools the forest the forests (baiatul baietii) (scoala scolile) (padurea padurile) Functii. A.1. Articolul hotarat insoteste substantive care denumesc obiecte anume, cunoscute, in ambianta in care se afla obiectele. e.g. Look at the book on the table! (Priveste cartea de pe masa!) A.2. Articolul hotarat insoteste substantive care denumesc obiecte sau persoane anterior mentionate. e.g. I bought a new pair of shoes yesterday. The shoes are very comfortable. (Am cumparat o pereche noua de pantofi. Pantofii sunt foarte confortabili.) A.3. Articolul hotarat insoteste substantive particularizate prin atribute. e.g. I like the red car over there. (red adjectiv, grad pozitiv) Give it to the youngest of the two girls. (youngest adjectiv, grad superlativ ; two numeral cardinal) 3.2. Lipsa articolului. In acest caz, gramatica moderna stabileste trei situatii distincte : 1.,,omisiunea articolului ; 2.,,articolul zero ; 3.,,inexistenta articolului. 1. Omisiunea articolului este deliberata si apare din dorinta vorbitorului de a realiza o concizie, o scurtare a enuntului, din motive de economie de timp, spatiu si efort. (e.g. este folosit in stilul stiintific, gazetaresc, in reclame, anunturi, etc.) e.g. Girl found dead in the park! (Fată gasita moarta in parc!) 2. Articolul,,zero este un nume inspirat din matematică si care marchează importanta absentei articolului, datorită functiilor gramaticale si semantice pe care acesta le capătă. 6

8 Calificativul,,zero indică lipsa articolului hotătat sau nehotărat inaintea urmatoarelor categorii : Substantive nenumărabile cu formă de singular (nume de materii sau abstractii). e.g. I prefer coffee in the morning. (Prefer cafea dimineata.) Go get help before it s too late! (Du-te să gasesti ajutor inainte să fie prea tarziu!) Substantive nenumărabile la plural. e.g. Tom is mad about cars. (Tom e innebunit după masini.) Functia articolului,,zero constă in caracterul de generalitate pe care il dă substantivelor din categoriile mentionate mai sus (substantive nenumarabile in singular / plural). Acest caracter este obtinut prin suprimarea articolului acestora (hotărat sau nehotărat). e.g. Ciocolate is what I like best. (Ciocolata imi place cel mai mult.) - ciocolate subst. nenumărabil, nume de materie. 3. Inexistenta articolului. Spre deosebire de substantivele mentionate la punctele 1. si 2., un substantiv nume propriu, cum ar fi Ann (e.g. Ann is a good student.), ce nu este numărabil si care nu este insotit de articol, are o singura formă (aceea de singular). Se spune, in acest caz, că substantivul Ann nu are articol. Alte exemple similare sunt substantivele nume proprii ce denumesc persoane (e.g. Tim, Mrs. Jones, Mr. Johnson, etc.), localitati, zone sau tări (e.g. London, San Francisco, Tyrol, Bavaria, Germany, etc.). 7

9 Capitolul IV Articolul nehotărat 4.1. Forme. In limba engleză, articolul nehotărat are două forme (a si an) ce sunt invariabile in functie de gen si sunt intrebuintate doar cu substantive in singular. e.g. a boy (subst. gen masculin) a girl (subst. gen feminin) a dog (subst. gen neutru) a house (subst. gen neutru) 4.2. Folosire. A.1. Articolul nehotărat a se foloseste inaintea unui substantiv care incepe cu o consoană, in fata substantivelor ce incep cu semi-vocalele w si y, respectiv sunetele /w/ si /j/, cat si cu substantive ce incep cu vocala u. e.g. a book a door a sandwich a horse a war a yard a uniform a university. A.2. Articolul nehotărat an se foloseste inaintea unei vocale sia unui h mut (sunet initial nepronuntat). e.g. an egg an airplane an engineer an hour A.3. Articolul nehotărat si pluralul. Articolul nehotărat, neputand insoti decat substantive in singular, va lipsi inaintea substantivelor in plural (sau cu sens de plural). e.g. He is a boy. (nr. singular) They are boys. (nr. plural, articol,,zero ) Cazuri speciale de folosire. Articolul nehotărat se foloseste in următoarele situatii : 1. inaintea titulaturilor, a numelor de profesii, meserii, nationalităti : e.g. He is a professor. She is a student. He is a doctor / an engineer. She is an English woman. He is an Italian. 8

10 Atentie! In romană, aceste substantive (nume de profesii, nationalităti) nu primesc articol nehotărat, ci articol,,zero. 2. Inaintea numeralelor: hundred (sută), thousand (mie), million (milion), dozen (duzină), score (douăzeci). e.g. A hundred / thousand people came to the show. (O sută / o mie de oameni au venit la spectacol.) 3. Inaintea unor substantive comune, in cadrul unor expresii uzuale (care nu primesc articol in romană) : e.g. as a reward (ca răsplată) at a distance (la distantă) it is a shame (e păcat!) to make a fortune (a face avere) to be in a hurry (a fi grăbit) to make a noise (a face zgomot) to have an answer (a avea răspuns) a long/short time (multă/scurtă vreme) to have an opportunity (a avea prilejul) to go for a walk / a drive (a merge la plimbare / cu masina) to have a right to ( a avea drept la ) to have a talent for (a avea talent pentru/la) Articolul nehotărat lipseste in următoarele cazuri : 1. Cand precede substantive in plural. e.g. They are nice people. (plural) dar He is a nice person. (singular) You are students.(plural) dar You are a student. (singular) 2. Cand precede substantive nenumărabile (nume de materii, substantive colective, substantive abstracte). e.g. You have very modern furniture. (Ai o mobilă foarte modernă). He gives me good advice. (El imi dă un sfat bun / sfaturi bune.) I like chocolate very much. (Imi place foarte mult ciocolata.) 9

11 3. Alte substantive, din categoriile mai sus mentionate, ce nu iau articol nehotărat in engleză : nume de produse, substante, minerale, materiale : milk, coffee, salt, water, oil, copper, calcium, paper, wood, etc. ; substantivele colective : police, army, crew, family, people, luggage, furniture, etc. ; substantivele abstracte : health, permission, progress, work, time, weather, etc. 4. După without, such si what (exclamative) urmate de : a) substantive nenumărabilke sau b) substantive la plural. e.g. a) Such old gold / silver! (Un aur / argint atat de vechi!) What good news! (Ce vesti bune!) What fine paper! (Ce hartie fină!) We have such fun! (Ce distractie pe noi!) b) Such lovely October days! (Ce zile minunate de octombrie!) Capitolul V Pronumele 5.1. Pronumele personal. Forme. Formele pronumelui personal la principalele cazuri : Nominativ (Functia : Subiect) Dativ(Functia : Complement indirect) Singular Plural Singular Plural I eu we noi (to) me mie (to) us - nouă you tu you voi (to) you tie (to) you - vouă he/she/it el, ea, neutru they - ei (to) him/her/it lui/ei (to) them lor 10

12 Genitiv (Functia : Atribut) Singular mine a(l/i/le) mea, meu,mei,mele nostri, noastre yours a(l/i/le) ta, tău, tăi, tale voastre Plural ours a(l/i/le) noastră, nostru, yours a(l/i/le) voastră, vostru, vostri, Acuzativ (Functia : Complement propozitional) Singular Plural prep. + me - prep. mine prep. + us prep. noi prep. + you prep. tine prep. + you prep. voi prep. + him, her, it prep.el, ea, neutru prep. + them prep. ei 5.2. Pronumele demonstrativ. Forme. Exemple. Pronumele demonstrativ englez poate lua diverse forme cu intelesuri apropiate, astfel : 1. Demonstrativ (de apropiere) Demonstrativ (de depărtare) Sing. this acesta, aceasta Sing. that aceea, acela Plural these acestea, acestia Plural those aceia, acelea Alte pronume demonstrative : 2. the former prima, primul (din doi) 3. the first prima, primul (din mai multi) the latter a doua, al doilea (din doi); the last ultima, ultimul (din mai multi) ; 4. the other(s) cealaltă, celălalt, celelelte, ceilalti ; 5. so acesta/aceasta ; 6. such atare, asemenea, astfel de, asa, atat de ; 7. (the) one/ones - acel/aceea sing./ (a)cei(a)/(a)cele(a) pl. e.g. 1. This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea.) That is his son. (Acela este fiul său.) 11

13 These are my books. (Acestea sunt cărtile mele.) Those are their sons. (Aceia sunt fiii lor.) 2. I have read Bob s and Jane s works.i prefer the former to the latter. (Am citit lucrările lui Bob si ale lui Jane. Le prefer pe primele celor din al doilea caz.) 3. I like his friends a lot : Tom, Sue, Lucy, David and Helen. The first is my best friend too. The last is my sister-in-law. (Imi plac prietenii lui foarte mult. Primul este prietenul meu cel mai bun. Ultima este cumnata mea.) 4. I ll take this, you ll take the other. (Eu voi lua aceasta, tu il vei lua pe celălalt.) One girl danced, the others sang. (O fată dansa, celelalte cantau.) 5. Demonstrativul,,so (,,acel lucru,,,aceasta ), cu functia de pronume, inlocuieste o intreaga propozitie : I knew she wasn t right, and I told her so. (Stiam că nu avea dreptate si i-am spus aceasta / acel lucru / că asa era.) 6. He was a clever man, and well kown as such. (El era un bărbat inteligent si binecunoscut, ca atare.) 7. I gave her the new book, and I kept the old one. (I-am date i cartea nouă si eu am luat-o pe cea veche.) Would you like to see those ones? (Ati vrea să le vedeti pe acelea?) 5.3. Pronumele nehotărat. Adjectivul nehotărat Definitii. Pronumele nehotărat tine locul unui substantiv ce denumeste o fiintă sau un lucru la care acesta se referă in mod vag. Adjectivul nehotărat dă un caracter vag, nedefinit substantivului pe care il determină Formele pronumelor si adjectivelor nehotărate. Majoritatea pronumelor nehotărate pot fi si adjective,astfel : 1. each -,,fiecare e.g. The children are given two apples each. (Copiilor li se dă cate două mere fiecăruia.) pron. 12

14 Each one of the children are given an apple. (Fiecărui copil i se dă cate un măr.) adj. ; 2. every,, fiecare,,,toti e.g. I answered every one. (Am răspuns la toti.) pron. Every man has a hobby. (Fiecare om are un hobby.) adj. ; 3. all -,,tot,,,toată, totul,,,toti,,,toate e.g. I know it all. (Stiu totul.) pron. All the students are here. (Toti studentii sunt aici.) adj. ; 4. one -,,un,,,unul,,,una,,,cineva,,,-o e.g. One cannot always be right. (Cineva nu poate avea intotdeauna dreptate.) pron. One day you ll remember this. (Intr-o zi iti vei aminti aceasta.) adj. ; 5. another -,,(un) alt,,,altul,,,altă,,,alta,,,mai,,,incă unul e.g. One child played, another wrote. (Un copil se juca, altul scria.) pron. Will you have another tea? (Mai vrei un alt ceai/ o altă cească de cafea? adj. ; 6. either -,,oricare din doi/două ; amandoi/amandouă e.g. Which of the two do you want? Either will do. (- Pe care din cele două o vrei? Oricare e in regulă.) pron. I had a child on either side of me. (Aveam cate un copil de fiecare parte.) adj. ; 7. neither -,,nici un,,,nici o,,,nici unul, nici una (din doi / două) e.g. They both got up, but neither of them spoke. (Amandoi s-au ridicat, dar nici unul dintre cei doi nu a vorbit.) pron. 8. both -,,amandoi,,,amandouă e.g. Both are away. (Amandoi sunt plecati.) pron. We like both houses. (Ne plac amandouă casele.) adj. 9. several -,,cativa,,,cateva,,,mai multi / multe e.g. There were several of them. (Erau mai multi.) pron. Several men came in. (Au intrat mai multi oameni.) adj. 10. much -,,mult,,,multă + subst. nenumărabile / abstracte adjective ce exprimă o cantitate 13

15 e.g. much time / money / information / news, etc. (mult timp / multi bani / multe informatii, stiri, etc. 11. many -,,multi multe + subst. numărabile adjective ce exprimă numărul e.g. Many people like swimming. (Multor oameni le place inotul.) adj. There are many interesting places to visit in London. I know many.) adj. si pron. 12. (a) little putin(ă) / foarte putin(ă) e.g. There s a little cheese left in the fridge. (Este putină / ceva branză rămasă in frigider.) adj. He knows little English. I now little too. (El stie foarte putină engleză. Si eu stiu la fel de putină.) adj. si pron. 13. (a) few -,,foarte putine /,,foarte putini,,,putine,,,putini /,,cativa e.g. He has few friends and feels lonely. (El are f. putini prieteni si se simte singur.) adj. She has a few friends and she is very happy. (Ea are putini prieteni si e foarte fericită.) - adj. 14. some -,,ceva,,,niste,,,putin(ă),,,unii,,,unele,,,cateva,,,cativa,,,vreun,,,vreo e.g. Some say she is clever. pron. It took some time to get home. (A luat ceva vreme sa ajung acasă.) adj. 15. any -,,oricare,,,orice,,,ceva,,,vreunul,,,vreuna,,,vreunii,,,nimic,,,nimeni e.g. Any can tell you that. (Oricine iti poate spune aceasta.) pron. Any man knows his weaknesses. (Orice om isi stie slăbiciunile.) adj. 16. no -,,nici un,,,nici o e.g. There is no answer from them. (Nu este nici un răspuns de la ei.) adj. 17. none -,,nici unul,,,nici una,,,deloc e.g. None of them spoke. (Nici unul dintre ei nu a vorbit.) pron. Patience he had none for what he didn t like. (Nu avea deloc răbdare pentru ce nu-i plăcea.) adj. 18. someone, somebody -,,cineva e.g. There is someone / somebody at the door. (E cineva la usa.) pron. 19. anyone / anybody,,cineva,,,oricine 14

16 e.g. Anybody can do this. (Oricine poate face asta.) pron. Did anyone tell you this? (Ti-a spus cineva asta?) pron. 20. anything,,ceva,,, orice e.g. Anything is better than ill health. (Orice e mai bun decat boala.) pron. Did anything bad happen? (S-a intamplat ceva rău?) adj. 21. nobody, no one,,nimeni e.g. Nobody spoke for a long time. (Nimeni nu a vorbit pentru o vreme.) pron. There was no one there. (Nu era nimeni acolo.) pron. 22. nothing -,,nimic e.g. Nothing matters now that she is gone. (Nimic nu mai contează acum că ea a plecat.) 23. everyone, everybody -,,toti,,,fiecare e.g. Everyone agreed to him. (Toti au fost de acord cu el.) pron. He addressed everybody. (El s-a adresat fiecăruia.) pron. 24. everything -,,tot e.g. I told you everything I know. (Ti-am spus tot ce stiu.) pron Folosirea adjectivelor nehotărate in functie de tipul propozitiei. Some are sens restrictiv si afirmativ. Ca si adjectiv, some se foloseste, de regulă, in propozitii afirmative cu sensul :,,cativa,,,cateva,,,unii,,,unele,,,niste,,,putin(ă),,,ceva. Folosire. Some poate insoti substantive in plural, substantive nume de materii si substantive abstracte. 1. Propozitii afirmative : e.g. I have some good solutions. (,,cateva ) He speaks some English. (,,ceva,,,putină ) I d like to buy some perfume / oranges. (,,niste ) 2. Propozitii interogative (doar atunci cand se oferă ceva sau se adresează o rugăminte): e.g. Shall I bring you some water? (,,niste ) May I have some coffee? (,,putină) 15

17 Any are sensul,,vreun,,,vreo ; cu o negatie nici unul,,,nici o/una. Folosire. Any se intrebuintează atunci cand nu interesează cantitatea sau numărul, ci obiectul. 1. Propozitii interogative : e.g. Have you got any news? (,,vreo,,,ceva ) 2. Propozitii negative (după o negatie) : e.g. He hasn t got any money. (,,nici un ) 3. Propozitii afirmative : e.g. Any man can do this. (,,orice,,,oricare ) 4. Any (ca si adjectiv) se foloseste cu substantive numărabile, abstracte sau nenumărabile. e.g. any books / men -,,oricare (s. numărabile) any information -,,oricare (s. abstract) any chocolate,,orice fel de (s. nenumărabil) No se foloseste adjectival atunci cand determină un substantiv si are sensul,,nici un,,,nici o. Folosire. No apare in propozitii negative, dar in care verbul este la formă afirmativă (pentru evitarea repetării negatiei). 1. Propozitii negative : e.g. There are no students in the class. (,,nici un ) 2. Cand verbul to be sau to have este urmat de un substantiv, singura negatie in propozitie va fi no. e.g. There are no bananas in the fridge. (,,nici o ) no + subst. 3. Cand verbul to be sau to have este urmat de un alt adjectiv, cuvantul negativ folosit este not. e.g. There are not (aren t) any bananas. (,,nici o ) not + adj. 16

18 4. Se foloseste cu substantive numărabile (e.g. no books, no students), nenumărabile (no sugar, no time) sau cu substantive abstracte (no news, no information) Pronumele posesiv. Adjectivul posesiv Forme. Pronumele posesiv are următoarele forme : Singular mine, yours, his, her, its ei / a ei Plural ours, yours, theirs lor. - al meu / a mea, al tău / a ta, al lui / a lui, al - a(i)/ ale noastre, a(i)/ ale voastre, a (i)/ale e.g. These books are mine.(,,ale mele ) The car over there is theirs. (,,a lor ) Adjectivul posesiv insoteste un substantiv si are formele : Singular my, your, his, her, its - meu / mea, tău / ta, lui, ei Plural our, your, their - nostru / noastră / nostri / noastre, vostru / voastră / vostri, voastre,lor e.g. I like your new style. (,,noul tău stil / look ) It s not his fault. (,,vina lui ) 5.5. Pronumele reflexiv sau de intărire Definitie. Pron. reflexiv arată că actiunea exprimată de verb se răsfrange asupra subiectului. Forme. Pronumele reflexiv si de intărire au aceeleasi forme in engleză, spre deosebire de romană unde se traduc diferit. Singular - myself -,,insumi,,, insămi (pron. intărire) -,,mă (pron. reflexiv) - yourself -,,insuti,,, insăti (pron. intărire) -,,te (pron. reflexiv) - himself,,insusi (pron. intărire) -,,se (pron. reflexiv) - herself -,,insăsi (pron.intărire) 17

19 Plural -,,se (pron. reflexiv) - ourselves -,,insine (pron. intărire) -,,ne (pron. reflexiv) - yourselves -,,insivă (pron. intărire) -,,vă (pron. reflexiv) - themselves -,,insisi, insesi (pron. intărire) -,,se (pron. reflexiv) Folosirea pronumelui reflexiv. 1. Formează conjugarea reflexivă a verbelor : e.g. I enjoy myself. (Mă distrez.) 2. In expresii idiomatice, insotit de propozitii (by of, for) =,,singur e.g. by myself -,,singur(ă),,, neinsotit(ă),,,neajutat(ă) (Shed id it by herself. A făcut-o singură.) of oneself -,,singur,,,de la sine (The cup cracked of itself. Cana s-a crăpat de la sine.) for yourself -,,singur,,,tu insuti (You can see for yourself. Poti vedea tu insuti.) Pozitia pronumelui reflexiv / de intărire - In engleză, spre deosebire de limba romană, pronumele reflexiv se pozitionează după verb. e.g. I burnt myself with matches. (M-am ars cu chibrite.) - Pronumele de intărire se plasează imediat după cuvantul pe care il intăreste. e.g. I myself phoned her yesterday. (Eu insumi am sunat-o ieri.) 5.6. Pronumele reciproce - each other (,,unul pe celălalt ) se foloseste cand se au in vedere doar două persoane / lucruri. e.g. The two friends will not see each other for a long time. (Cei doi prieteni nu se vor mai vedea unul cu celălalt multă vreme.) 18

20 - one another (,,unii pe ceilalti ) se foloseste cand se au in vedere mai mult de două persoane / lucruri) e.g. It is good to help one another. (Este bine să ne ajută unii pe ceilalti.) Atentie! In engleză, prepozitia se pune inaintea pronumelor reciproce, nu intre ele, ca in romană. e.g. They talked to one another. (Vorbeau unul cu altul.) They couldn t part from each other. (Nu se puteau despărti unul de altul.) Capitolul VI Verbul 6.1. Prezentul simplu. Acesta este timpul care arată că actiunea verbului are loc in momentul vorbirii Formă. Prezentul simplu are aceleasi forme, in engleză, cu infinitivul verbului, la toate persoanele, cu exceptia persoanei a treia singular care primeste s ca terminatie distinctivă. Singular I speak / you speak / he/she/it speaks Plural We speak / you speak / they speak Ortografierea verbelor la persoana a treia singular. A1. Majoritatea verbelor adaugă s, fără nici o modificare ortografică. e.g. to look he looks to stop he stops to read he reads to take he takes A2. Verbele terminate in s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh, -z adaugă es la persoana a treia singular. e.g. to dress she dresses to blitz she blithzes to mix he mixes to watch she watches to wash he washes to reach he reaches 19

21 A.3. Verbele terminate in y, precedat de o consoană, adaugă es la forma de infinitiv, modificarea lui - y in i. e.g. to try she tries to carry she carries to hurry he hurries to worry she worries A.4.Verbele terminate in y, precedat de o vocală, adaugă s la forma de infinitiv, fără nici o modificare. e.g. to say she says to pay he pays A.5. Verbele go si do adaugă es la persoana a treia singular. e.g he goes / does Folosire. A.1. Cea mai frecventă intrebuintare a prezentului simplu este exprimarea unui adevăr general, universal, fără specificarea momentului actiunii. e.g. A friend in need is a friend indeed. (Prietenul la nevoie se cunoaste.) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (Soarele răsare la est si apune la vest.) Two and two are four. (Doi si cu doi fac patru.) Life is short. (Viata este scurtă.) A.2. Prezentul simplu mai exprimă o actiune / stare permanentă, care constituie un obicei sau care se repetă in mod obisnuit. e.g. One lives and learns. (Cat trăiesti, inveti.) She usually stays up late. (Ea stă de obicei pană tarziu.) Do you ever remember what I say? (Iti amintesti vreodată ce spun?) She is often ill. (Ea este adesea bolnavă.) 6.2. Prezentul continuu. Aceasta este forma prin care se indică faptul că actiunea verbului este in desfăsurare la momentul vorbirii Formă. Prezentul continuu se construieste cu auxiliarul TO BE si participiul prezent al verbului conjugat. ( to be + vb. ing.) 20

22 Forma afirmativă forma completă Forma scurtă Sing - I am calling I m calling - You are calling you re calling - He/she is calling he s/she s calling Plural - we are calling we re calling - you are calling you re calling - they are calling they re calling Formă negativă completă Formă scurtă Sing. - I am not calling I m not calling - you are not calling you re not calling / aren t calling - he/she is not calling he s / she s not calling / isn t calling Plural - we are not calling we re not calling / aren t calling - you are not calling you re not calling / aren t calling - they are not calling they re not calling / aren t calling Formă interogativă completă Sing. - Am I calling? Plural - Are we calling? - Are you calling? - Are you calling? - Is he / she calling? - Are they calling? Folosire. Prezentul continuu se utilizează atunci cand se doreste să se exprime o actiune / situatie in desfăsurare la momentul vorbirii, sau o actiune / stare momentană ori temporară, sau o actiune continuă pe o perioadă prelungită. A.1. We are having lunch now. (Servim pranzul acum.) Tom is reading right now. (Tom citeste acum.) A.2. We are staying in a hotel. (Stăm la un hotel.) pe o perioadă determinată/ They are decorating their house. (Ei isi văruiesc in casă.) - temporar 21

23 A.3. We are studying French at the university. (Noi studiem franceza la facultate.) perioadă de timp prelungită Imposibilitatea folosirii aspectului continuu. Intrebuintarea formei continue arată că actiunea sau starea denumită de verb este,,neterminată,,,trecătoare,,,temporară,,,in curs sau,,in desfăsurare. Există insă verbe care nu pot avea aspect continuu sau situatii care nu permit intrebuintarea formei continue. A.1. Actiunea verbului nu este trecătoare. e.g. The stream flows from West to East. (Raul curge de la vest la est.) actiune permanentă He writes a clear hand. (El scrie / are un scris frumos.) actiune permanentă A.2. Verbele care exprimă sentimente, activităti mentale sau perceptii senzoriale. sentimente : to care, to matter (a conta), to like, to love, to detest, to hate (a uri), to prefer, to mind (a se supăra), etc. activităti mentale : to agree (a fi de acord), to believe (a fi de acord), to think (a gandi, considera), to know (a sti), to mean (a insemna, a avea sens), to recognize (a recunoaste), to remember (a-siaminti), to forget (a uita), to seem (a părea), to want (a vrea), to wish (a dori), etc. perceptii senzoriale : to feel (a simti), to hear (a auzi), to see (a vedea), to smell (a mirosi), to taste (a gusta), to look like ( a arăta ca/ a semăna), etc. 22

24 Capitolul VI Selecţie texte Activity I NOUNS The Life of a Hard-Working Future King Prince Charles is often portrayed as bad-tempered and spoilt. There are stories that every day seven eggs are boiled for hius breakfast so that he can find one that is cooked just the way he likes it. His toothpaste is squeezed onto his toothbrush for him. He has an enormous private staff secretaries, press officers, four valets, two butlers, housekeepers, two chefs, two chauffers, ten gardners, an army of porters, cleaners, and maids. They must do everything right. If they have performed their duties well, they are praised in a royal memo. If they make mistakes, they are calkled into his study and told off. Charles is eccentric, and he admits it. Hew talks to trees and plants. He wants to save wildlife, but enjoys hunting, shooting, and fishing. He dresses for dinner, even if he s eating alone. He s a great socialize. Poets, writers, broadcasters, politicians, actors and singers all eat at his table. The Prince entertains extravagantly at Sandringham, one of the Queen s homes, at least twice a year. There are picnic lunches on the beach, expeditions to localchurches, and lavish dinners with organic food. Conversartion is lively, but the heir to the throne has to be careful what he says, because he knows only too well that anything he says in private may be repeated in public. The future monarch that we don t see is a man of great humour, who cares passionately about the state of the British nation, and is devoted to his two children, William and Harry. He is madly in love with his darling wife, which is how he refers to Camilla in public. Charles attends over 500 public engagements a year, both at home and abroad. He visits hospitals, youth groups, charities, and business conferences. He hosts receptions to welcome visiting heads of state and VIPs. He travels abroad extensively, as an ambassador to the United Kingdom, representing trade and 23

25 industry. He works hard to promote greater understanding between different religions. He is also President of the Prince s Charities, which are active in promoting education, business, the environment, the arts, and opportunities for young people. The Prince of Wales has his own food company, Dutchy Originals. It is now expanding to become one of Britain s best-known and most successful organic brands, with over 200 different products, including food, drinks, and hair and body care products. Charles, well-intentioned, hard-working, conservative and old-fashioned, continues to do his duty as he sees it. But he is no longer alone. One day he will be King, and his darling Camilla will be HRH The Princess Consort. Exercise 1. Answer the questions below. 1. What gives the impression that Charles is extremely wealthy? 2. What happens to his stuff if they do well? What happens if they don t? 3. What is the routine when he entertains at Sandringham? 4. What is the private side of Prince Charles? 5. What are some of his public duties? 6. What good deeds does he do? 7. What is Dutchy Originals? What is happening to it? 8. In what different ways is Charles referred to? (e.g. future King, etc.) Exercise 2 1. Find in the text nouns ending in ing. Do they have a plural form too? Why? 2. What do you think occupies most of Charles s time? Write a number 0-5 next to each activity, 0=not at all, 5= a lot. earning a living hunting entertaining travelling performing royal duties being with his family 24

26 Exercise 3. Give the plural forms of the following nouns. Indicate the nouns that have no plural forms. shop parent stop travel egg movie friend lesson love child man tooth brush nurse city church bus beach baby leaf match breakfast woman money time salt wife mouse life biology tomato foot puppy torch person box Exercise 4. Rewrite in the plural. 1. It is a sharp knife. They. 2. She is a nice woman. They. 3. He is a good teacher.. 4. It is a small country.. 5. This is a dirty kitchen. These. 6. This child is deaf.. 7. This person is missing.. 8. It is a clean beach.. 9. You have got a big foot This is a slow bus.. Exercise 5. Complete this text about Mary. Put the nouns into the plural (where possible). This is my pen friend Mary. She s Canadian and she lives in Toronto. She is 25 (year) old. She s got fair hair and brown (eye). She has three (sister). Her (parent) are both doctors. They have a big house and two (car). Mary s room is large and sunny. There is a computer, a CD player and a printing machine in her room. The (Dobson) have a cat and two (dog). Mary s youngest sister has got some (fish). They have good (neighbour) and they visit them at the weekends. Mary hasn t got a car of her own so she goes to work by bus. The (bus) run every ten (minute) and there s a bus stop near her house. Mary is a nurse. She is getting on well with all the (nurse) at the hospital. She has a lot of (friend) and she meets them in the (afternoon). They often throw (party) at the (weekend). Sometimes they dance till late at night. Mary doesn t have much (money), but she enjoys her work at the hospital. She wants to travel abroad and visit various (country). When she doesn t go out with (friend) she sits in front of the TV and watches old (comedy). Exercise 6. Write a short text about your best friend. Use different categories of nouns. 25

27 Activity II THE GENITIVE Task: Read the text below and identify the nouns in the genitive form. Helen s Career Plans Robin is a medical student. After he qualifies in June he has one month before his first job starts. Robin s fiancée, Helen, is still a student: she studies law. Helen will graduate next year. She is already working with a legal firm. It s called Johnson & Sons. She has acquired some experience as a solicitor, but she wants to qualify as a barrister. So she still needs some more years of study and practice before she can actually do that. Helen s ambition is to make a fantastic career in legal work. She is already studying for her next year s final paper. Besides this, she is working extra hours in the office to prepare some of the papers for her boss s clients. Helen is very busy right now, and so is Robin. They don t see much of each other; there are days when they just meet at breakfast and late at night. Still, they spend a lovely time together at the weekends. They share a nice flat at the outskirts of London. Helen and Robin s home is a two-bedroom apartment with a lovely double view to a park and a garden. In fact, it is Helen s garden: she has done all the work there to plant some bushes and flowers. There s even a small pond in it where wild ducks sometimes lend in the summer. She loves watching them in the morning before she leaves for work. Helen s got a large family: two brothers and a sister. Her brothers names are James and Nicholas. They re twins and they are still in school. Her sister s name is Janette, and she is a nurse. In fact, it was her sister s idea to introduce Robin to her. She is grateful to Janette sister that she has arranged her a date with Robin, which she wasn t at first. They re all good friends. Helen and her fiancé always have a wonderful time at Janette s, whenever they can both afford an afternoon off work. 26

28 Last summer they went on a trip to Greece together with Janette s family her husband and two daughters. They visited around Athens, went to the beach on the Aegean coast and had great fun sightseeing all around the Peloponese. Robin and John, Janette s husband, are excellent friends, and they share the same hobbies fishing, diving and driving. John is Robin s best friend, but they seem to be like brothers actually, although John s brother-in-law is ten years younger than him. Janette and John are going to be Helen and Robin s best woman and man on their wedding whenever that may be. They haven t planned anything yet, as they both have some busy years to come. Until then, Helen is happy with her present marital state, though she is looking forward to getting married to Robin someday. Her younger brothers tease her saying that she will make a perfect wife for Robin if she ever decides to take the step. But now Helen s having a busy time preparing the grounds for her future career, so she doesn t really have much time to think about her wedding plans as yet. Her fiancé s career is at stake too. That means that they have greater worries and priorities right now to make room for personal matters take over their lives. All they know for sure is that they will have a family of their own in a few years time. Until that time comes, they re the best company to each other they can ever think of. Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with s or s. 1. What is your mother maiden name? 2. I m going to the dentist tomorrow. 3. Jenny is my brother girlfriend. 4. This is Jack brother, Tommy. 5. Have you seen yesterday newspaper? 6. His friend car is broken again. 7. Our neighbours children make a lot of noise. 8. Bill and Sue is a retriever. 9. Children clothes are very expensive. 10. I m having two weeks holiday this winter. Exercise 2. Match the nouns in column B to their genitive possessors in column A. make the necessary changes. A the boys mother the children police officer B wedding car decisions house 27

29 our friends Mike and Susan my sister the managers a three-week journey garden hair toys room Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes. 1. The bird s nest is completely destroyed. 2. The boys game is too loud. 3. Jan and Tim s rooms are in a complete mess. 4. The United States s economy is in crisis these days. 5. My friend computer is out of work. 6. His brothers team will win the European Championships this year. 7. David s and Emily s dog is quite naughty. 8. Our neighbours s son often sneaks into our orchard and slips fruit. 28

30 ACTIVITY III ARTICLES STARTER 1. Underline the nouns in these sentences. My brother has the best computer in the world. Mine is just an old laptop. Find: a definite article a possessive pronoun an indefinite article a possessive adjective 2. Underline the reflexive pronouns in these sentences. Mike programs his computer himself. I live by myself, which suits me fine. Exercise 1. Work with a partner. Read the text below and answer the questions. 1. Do you agree to these statements? Why / Why not? Microchips are huge. Microchips are tiny. 2. What things in our daily lives have microchips in them? 3. In what way are computers very simple/ 4. How long does it take to make microprocessors? 5. In what way is the future exciting? Reading Microprocessors The Biggest Thing Since the Invention of the Wheel What are they? A microprocessor (also known as a microchip, or just a chip) is a small, thin piece of silicon that has been printed with transistors. One chip can contain hundreds of millions of transistors, performing billions of calculations each second. The smallest are just a few mm2. It is the most complex product that has ever been made. 29

31 What do they do? Microprocessors are the brains of your personal computer.they control everything in your lives. They are used in all digital devices calculators, cameras, radios, ovens, fridges, wasdhing machines, DVDs, and watches. Without microprocessors, modern cars wouldn t start or stop (there are about 60 per car), TV remotes wouldn t switch channels, and we couldn t speak with each other on our mobiles. Doctors and surgeons wouldn t be able to diagnose, treat, or operate. How do they work? Transistors are microscopic electronic switches that turn on and off billions of times a second. It s hard to believe that basically that is all a computer does it either says Yes or No. To process the words, images and sounds we use every day, computers and other devices transform these communications into a simple code that uses the numerals 0 and 1 to represent them on and off states of a transistor. This language of )s and 1s is known as digital information. How are they made? It takes months to make a microprocessor, and inviolves over 250 manufacturing steps, but it can take years to design them. Sometimes the engineers put pictures on the surface of the chip because they want to show it s theirs. The pictures are incredibly tiny, and they can be seen with a microscope. What about the future? The digital world is only a few decades old. There are still countless more things we could do with microprocessors. Soon they ll be able to fix themselves and even make themselves. No one knows what will happen. The future hasn t happened yet. PRACTICE Exercise 2. Discuss the use of articles in these sentences. I bought a laptop and a printer on Friday. The laptop has an Intel microprocessor. Intel is the largest manufacturer of (-) computer chips in the world. I don t understand (-) computers. 30

32 Exercise 3. Complete the text with a/an/the, or no article. 1. Where s Jane? In kitchen cooking lunch. 2. Washington, D.C. is capital of United States. 3. We had dinner in best restaurant in world. 4. Certainly computers have changed modern lives. 5. How do you like coffee? Black with sugar in it. 6. Today is first day of holiday. Enjoy it. Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the or nothing (-). 1. I go to school at The school is in the centre of town. 2. Good night. I m going to bed now. Jane is in bed already. 3. My brother s studying Maths at Manchester University. 4. My sister s at University of Bonn. 5. We can see river Thames, St. Paul s Cathedral, and Buckingham Palace from our room. 6. Last year we had a trip on Mediterranean. We met people from United States, Japan and Middle East. 7. What are you cooking for lunch? 8. I go everywhere by train. I never travel by plane. last plane I took was in fruit is full of vitamins. 10. French love food and wine, but only French food and wine. 11. money doesn t lead to happiness. 12. beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 13. I m going home now. I ll be at home tomorrow. 14. James is studying law at university. 31

33 15. is the best policy. 16. I m going to doctor s and then to chemist s. Supplementary Reading Going to Work in Africa Alan: I m thinking of applying for a job in East Africa, in Tanzania. Betty: Really? I was there for a while some time ago. Alan: I know, I remember you saying. Can I ask you a few questions? Betty: Go ahead. I ll do my best to remember. I was there for two years but that was ten years ago. Alan: So, what was it like? Betty: It was a great experience. I liked everything except the climate. I didn t enjoy working in the heat. Alan: Ah, I can t help worring about the heat. Was it really difficult to keep cool? Betty: Not if you are lucky enough to have air-conditioning, but we just had fans. And we were on the coast, and it s really hot and humid there. Where is your job based? Alan: A town called Arusha. Betty: Oh, very nice. That s much cooler, inland, near Mt Kilimanjaro. I ll never forget climbing Kilimanjaro. Alan: I d love to do that and go on safari. Did you manage to travel round much? Betty: Oh yes, we went to most of the big game parks like the Seregenti Plain and the Ngorongoro Crater that was so huge it made me feel very small and the wildlife was fantastic. Alan: Which animals did you like best? Betty: Actually, I think it was the giraffes, I like watching the way they raise their long necks to eat. Oh, and the lions, of course. Do you know that in Lake Manyara National park the lions actually climb trees? Alan: Really? It all sounds so exciting. I m definitely going to apply for the job. It s been great talking to you. Betty: Give me a ring and let me know how you get on. 32

34 Activity IV PRONOUNS Brian decided to buy a new car. He first studied the car magazines; then he took a test drive. Which of these cars do you think he chose, and why? BM Calypso/5 dr/1250cc. Our initial impression was average. It looked like so many small hatchbacks. After having driven it for a week though, we began to appreciate its performance and comfort. In addition, the digital instruments and 'speaking voice' computer impressed us. To sum up: A good all-round small car. Unexciting, but well-built. 5,335. Euro Carnival, 5 dr/1149cc. We immediately liked the futuristic styling, and, having taken it at high speed to Scotland, we also gave good marks for speed and handling. Some drivers found it rather small. To sum up: An unusual car, overall less impressive than it looked. 4,930. Cord Festivity/3 dr/998cc. Our first thought was that Cord should have made a 5- door version. Furthermore, they should have made a bigger engine available. It was ideal in town, but a nuisance on long journeys. To sum up: A good 'shopping' car; easy to park. Not for long distances. 4,875. * secondly, thirdly are used, and occasionally fourthly and fifthly, but it would be very unusual to add -ly after five in a sequence. You use sixth, seventh, and so on. Exercise 1. Read the text below. Tasks: Find examples of pronouns in the text below. Compare them to their use in Romanian in the same situations. Is there any case of article omission in the text? Make a list of all the adjectives you can find in the text. Group them up according to their form. Car Wash Brian was extremely proud of his car. It was his first new car after years of second-hand disasters, and he had saved long and hard to get it. He remembered the day three months previously when he had walked into the showroom to order it. The salesman had been helpful and friendly and Brian had enjoyed every detail of 33

35 the transaction. Having had a test drive he had sat for over an hour, poring over the list of options. Yes, he would have metallic paint; no, he wouldn t bother with an electric aerial or electric windows, certainly not at a cost of 350. Yes, he would have the de luxe sheepskin seat covers and so on. When it was eventually delivered gleaming to his door, he had been almost afraid to drive it. That was three weeks ago, and the gleam had gradually become dulled by dust. (It was the hottest summer in living memory.) It was time for its first wash. Brian drove carefully to the automatic car wash at a nearby service station. He was sure that passers-by must be admiring his machine. He drove in, got his token and joined the queue. At last it was his turn, and he pushed the token into the slot, and carefully positioned the car in the centre of the car wash. He felt a bit apprehensive when he looked at the huge green brushes, but he wound down his window again and firmly stabbed the start button. There was a loud whirring noise as the brushes descended and the spray began. Brian tapped his fingers in time with the song on his stereo FM radio. The radio it was working that meant the aerial was up. Brian turned to look too late, there was nothing he could do. Wait better close the window quickly. Brian grabbed at the winding handle in panic. There was a slight cracking noise and Brian found himself staring down at the handle. It had broken off in his hand with the window open. He felt the first, fine spray on his face, and he had time for one last, longing look at his sheepskin seat covers before the deluge of detergent and water hit him. Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with personal and reflexive pronouns. 1. I hurt climbing a tree. 2. Selfish people only care about. 3. Duncan is an honest man. I believe every word says. 4. Let me introduce to Mike. s an old friend of mine. 5. You drive too fast. You could kill if are not careful. 6. I behaved very badly. I m ashamed of. 7. Today is sunny, but is going to be cloudy tomorrow. 8. Bye, Jane! I hope you enjoy at the party. 9. Jenny is my brother s girlfriend. is a lovely companionship for. 10. Burglars emptied my flat. took all my electric staff and art objects. 34

36 Exercise 3. Insert all into the right place. 1. I usually do my homework. 2. I like kinds of music, from classical to jazz and rock. 3. He has spent day on the computer. 4. I need is a new pair of glasses. 5. In their family they like football. 6. Pedro is a great colleague. He has invited the whole class to his party of us! 7. Jane is a hardworking girl. This I know about her. 8. You have t done your best. You should work harder next time. Exercise 4. Complete with all / every / everywhere / everyone / everything. 1. It was a great party. had a great time. the food was eaten. 2. You must tell me about oyur holiday. 3. I believe word you say. 4. There s nothing wrong with your car. it needs is some petrol. 5. The police searched room. They looked in the garden and the basement. They looked. 6. It s been raining week. 7. I ve heard enough of this! I know is that is to blame but you! 8. time she comes over she complains about in her office. Exercise 5. Fill in using the indefinite pronouns or adjectives: some, any, no, many, one, every, several, both. 1. There is time to do this now. 2. Susan and Anne are good friends. like walking in the park. 3. There were people waiting at the bus stop. 4. Please, give me money. I ll give it back to you next week. 5. man knows what s/he wants to do with his life. 6. Are there reasons why you don t speak to Tom anymore? 7. She speaks foreign languages. 8. I don t know of them. 9. The police caught two men. of them is surely suspect of murder. 10. people are more emotional than others. Exercise 6. Use (a) little, (a) few, much or many. 1. Sandra knows about London as she lives in a small village in the north of Wales. 2. Tina drinks too coffee. 3. There is food in the fridge. We need to go shopping. 4. There are cakes left on the plate. You can have some. 35

37 5. She speaks Spanish, but she can t write it. 6. animals live at the South Pole. 7. How fruit do you eat every day? 8. In winter there is daylight. 9. They don t have vegetable for lunch. 10. I don t drink water. 11. There is we can do to help Pam right now. 12. In weeks we shall leave for Australia. Supplementary Readings A Surprise Party A: Can you keep a secret? B: Yes, of course. What is it? A: I m making arrangements for a surprise party for Rosa next Saturday. It s her thirtieth birthday. B: A surprise party! That ll be be difficult to arrange without her knowing. Who are you inviting? A: Everybody. All our friends, her friends from work, all her family, even her two aunts from Scotland. They are coming down on Friday evening and they are bringing her cousins with them. B: What about the food and drink? Where are you going to get that from? A: It s all arranged. Marcello s restaurant are delivering all kinds of food and drink on Saturday afternoon, and their chef is making a special birthday cake with pink icing and sugar flowers. B: Excellent! And what are you getting Rosa for her birthday? Have you got her a good present? A: Oh yes! I ve booked a very special holiday. A week for two in Bali! We are travelling first class ands we are staying in a five-star hotel. B: That s a great idea. Very clever! I can see that you re going to enjoy her birthday, too! Am I invited to the party? A: Of course. But keep it a secret! 36

38 Activity V Present Tenses Exercise 1. Read the text. Identify the present verb forms as indicated below. The Scottish Artist Annie McLean was born in St Andrews on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. She trained at the college of fine art, in Edinburgh. She lives on the Isle of Lohan in Scotland with her husband, Duncan, and her three children. Home is a 300-year-old farmhouse which overlooks the sea. It is a working farm, and Duncan keeps sheep, chickens, and pigs. Annie paints animals and wildlife. I paint what I see around me, she told me, birds, animals, trees, and flowers. I find my work totally absorbing. I work outside for as long as it is light, from dawn until dusk about 16 hours a day in summer, and less in winter. Her work is becoming increasingly popular, and she is planning to open a gallery on the island. At the moment I m working on a series of wild flowers, she said to me over a coffee in her studio. The Isle of Lohan is inhabited by 700 people who are employed in the fishing industry. The population is falling because young people are leaving the island to look for work. The island is developing as a tourist destination 50,000 visitors come every year but it is big enough for Annie to escape and find her inspiration. Present Simple (x8): Present Continuous (x5): Exercise 2. Write the questions to these answers. 1. Where? On the Isle of Lohan. 2. How many? Three. 3. What? He s a farmer. 4.? Animals and wildlife. 5. Where? In the open air. 6. doing at the moment? She s painting a series of wild flowers. 37

39 7. young people? Because there aren t any jobs. 8.? 50,000. Exercise 3. Correct the info in the sentences. Use a negative form. 1. Annie lives in Ireland. 2. Her husband grows fruit and vegetables. 3. Annie paints portraits. 4. She s painting a series of wild birds. 5. The people on Lohan are employed in farming. 6. Young people are leaving the island to get married. Exercise 4. Write the negative sentences. 1. Mary / not sell / ice-cream / winter. 2. People / not want beef or rice / breakfast. 3. We / read newspaper / morning. 4. She / not want / different job. 5. I m / not seeing my grandparents / this weekend. 6. They / not cook. They eat out. 7. He / not drink coffee / the evening. 8. We / not study / night. Exercise 5. Turn these sentences into questions. 1. Nick goes to work by train. He starts at 7.30 and comes back home at Most cities have very tall buildings. 3. She is working on a new project. 4. Paula and Tim go out in the evenings. 5. Dana has a small garden on her terrace. 6. Tom is often late for work. 7. The firemen are putting off a fire in our street. 8. She is wearing a red hat today. 9. Our washing machine is broken again. 10. Luke s parents have very demanding jobs. Exercise 6. Choose the right form of the verb. 1. Is Sue talking / does Sue talk to a friend from another class? 2. Does / do he want to miss the test? 3. Is / are this money yours? 4. They are having / have a break till Has he / does he have a doctor s appointment today? 6. Do you take / Are you taking sugar in your coffee? 7. Does / is she still on a diet? 8. Annie is cooking / cooks dinner for some friends now. 9. They don t allow / allow not dogs around their children. 10. She considers / is considering to retire soon. 38

40 Exercise 7. Write a text (150 words) about your hobby or any activity you enjoy doing. Supplementary Reading The Three Students Part I Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson were in one of England s most famous university towns doing some research. One evening, Holmes received a visit from an old acquaintance e, Mr Hilton Soames, a tutor at one of the colleges. Mr Soames looked very nervous. I hope you can spare some of you valuable time, Mr Holmes. Something very serious has happened at my college. Holmes was very busy. Why don t you call the police? he said irritably. No, no that s impossible. We can t have a scandal at the college. Let me explain it to you. see, tomorrow is the first day of the university examinations, and this afternoon I received the Greek translation papers. I put them on the desk in my room while I went to have tea with a friend. When I returned, I saw immediately that the papers had been disturbed. Some were lying on the floor by the window. I see, said Holmes. Please continue. Well, at first I thought that perhaps my servant was responsible because he had been in the room after I left, but he denied touching the papers and I believe him. He is a good and honest man. I examined the room very carefully. And what did you find? asked Holmes impatiently. On the table by the window I found a broken pencil. Also, there was a cut, about three inches long, in the red leather top of my desk, and next to it, a small lump of black mud. There were no sighns of entry at the window. Please, help me, Mr Holmes. Someone must have copied the exam questions. I ll have to cancel the exam and there will be a scandal, you see, if you don t We need to visit your room, said Holmes. Come on, Watson. Part II They walked towards the tutor s room, which was on the ground floor. Holmes tried to look in through the window but he wasn t tall enough. Above lived three students, one on each floor. Holmes entered the room and examined the carpet. Nothing, he said. Let me look at the table by the window. Ah, yes, I see what might have been. Someone tookthe papers from your desk over to the window table to copy them, because from there he could see when you were returning. Actually, Holmes, nobody could see me. I came back through the side door. Ah, so you may have surprised him and he had to leave hurriedly. Did you hear someone running away as you entered? No, I didn t. Interesting. So, our only clues are the cut in the leather and one small lump of black mud. Now tell me, where does that door go to? 39

41 My bedroom. Can I examine it? Yes, of course. Holmes followed Soames into his bedroom. Hello, said Holmes, What s this? Another lump of black mud, exactly like the one on the desk. Clearly your visitor came into the bedroom. I don t understand. Why did he do that? Well when you came back so suddenly, he run into your bedroom to hide. Look at the bedroom window, it s open. That s probably how he escaped. Part III Now, said Holmes, The three students who live above you. are they all taking this examination? Yes. Tell me about them. Well, on the first floor is Gilchrist, an excellent student and an athlete, he plays rugby and cricket and is particularly good at long jump. He s hard-working but poor. His father gambled away allt he family money. And the second floor? Daulat ras lives there. He is from India, very quiet and hard-working, but Greek translation is his weakest subject. And finally there s Milles Mc Laren on the top floor. A very intelligent student, one of the best when he chooses to work but he s been very lazy this term, he s been playing cards till late at night and I think he must be worried about this exam. Now, tell me, said Holmes, how tall are these young men? How tall? What a strange question. I think Milles is taller than the Indian, but Gilchrist is the tallest. Ah, that s important. Now, Mr Soames. I wish you good night. I ll return tomorrow. Next morning Sherlock Holmes left his house at 6 am. He returned at 8.00 to pick up Watson and they went to the tutor s room. Mr Soames was waiting nervously for them. Tasks: 1. Work in pairs. Try to guess who copied the papers. 2. What were the cleverest parts of Homes investigation? 3. How might the mystery be solved by detectives today? 40

42 Activity VI Grammar Review Laying Out a Business Letter Exercise 1. Lay out this business letter and punctuate it. Newsmonth international centre tower eighb wl 8rd dear mrs green we are writing to ask you for a favour we note that your next door eighbor miss grant has not replied to any of our recent letters we fear that she regards them as junk mail and is dispensing with them could you possibly if you have time take the enclosed letter to miss grant and see that she opens it we enclose a free copy of our magazine for you yours sincerely dennis tyler subscriptions manager Language study Formal and business letters Addressed to: Beginning Ending The Personnel Manager, Forest Insurance Co., Abbreviations Here are some common abbreviations. Do you know what they mean? A/C inc. ref. advt. info. RSVP Yours, The Sales Manager, Dear Sir, appro jnr. Snr. Southern Computers Ltd, Dear Madam, Yours faithfully, x. Dear Sir or Madam, (GB) a.s.a.p km. st. Yours truly, (US). The Managing Director, Bros. lb. tel. 41