Yes, it's rotten science, but it's in a worthy cause The tobacco industry's immoderate love of quote mining. Pascal Diethelm
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1 Yes, it's rotten science, but it's in a worthy cause The tobacco industry's immoderate love of quote mining Pascal Diethelm
2 Or Quote mining in tobacco denialism
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4 Brands of denialism Climate denialism Evolution denialism Moon landing denialism AIDS denialism Vaccine denialism Alzheimer denialism Cholesterol denialism ADD/ADHD denialism
5 Brands of denialism Climate denialism Evolution denialism Moon landing denialism AIDS denialism Vaccine denialism Alzheimer denialism Cholesterol denialism ADD/ADHD denialism Tobacco denialism
6 Tobacco denialism The evidence that smoking and/or exposure to tobacco smoke cause disease is inconclusive. Tobacco denialism Recent variant There is no evidence that plain packaging is an effective tobacco control measure.
7 United States of America vs. Philip Morris, et al. ( RICO trial) August 2006 Judge Gladys Kessler releases her Final Opinion: (1653 pages) Judge Gladys Kessler
8 Judge Kessler s final opinion Defendants falsely denied the adverse health effects of smoking falsely denied that nicotine and smoking are addictive... falsely denied that they market to youth falsely denied that passive smoking causes disease suppressed documents, information, and research
9 Denialism is characterized by: What is Denialism? 1. Conspiracy - Suggesting opponents have an ulterior motive for their position or are part of a conspiracy. 2. Cherry picking - Selecting an anomalous critical paper supporting their idea, or using outdated, flawed, and discredited papers in order to make their opponents look like they base their ideas on weak research. 3. False Experts - Paying an expert in the field, or another field, to lend supporting evidence or credibility; bypassing the peer review process. 4. Moving the Goalpost - Dismissing evidence presented in response to a specific claim by continually demanding some other (often greater) piece of evidence. Denialists use the absence of complete and absolute knowledge to prevent the implementation of sound policies, or the acceptance of an idea or theory. 5. Other Logical Fallacies - Usually one or more of false analogy, straw man, red herring or quote mining, and even plain lies and insults. Source: Diethelm, PA and McKee, M (2009). "Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?". European Journal of Public Health 19 (1): 2 4
10 Logical fallacies False analogy Because both a watch and the universe are extremely complex, the universe must have been made by some cosmic watchmaker Straw man Red herring Misrepresentation of an opposing view so as to make it easier to attack Deliberate attempts to divert attention from what is important Quote mining Quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context Reductio ad hitlerum Hitler was against smoking. Therefore, tobacco control people are health nazis
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12 Logical fallacies False analogy Because both a watch and the universe are extremely complex, the universe must have been made by some cosmic watchmaker Straw man Red herring Misrepresentation of an opposing view so as to make it easier to attack Deliberate attempts to divert attention from what is important Quote mining Quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context Reductio ad hitlerum Hitler was against smoking. Therefore, tobacco control people are health nazis
13 Quote mining The practice of quoting out of context is an informal fallacy in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning. Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms: As a straw man argument, which is frequently found in politics, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position in order to make it easier to refute. As an appeal to authority, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position. (Definition adapted from Wikipedia)
14 Example
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20 The quote [I]n private conversation, I recently heard an authoritative leader in the world of public health epidemiology make the following statement: Yes, it s rotten science, but it s in a worthy cause. It will help us get rid of cigarettes and become a smoke-free society. Alvan Feinstein, professor of medicine and epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine In Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 20, Number 2, 1992
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35 Press briefing by Steve Parrish, general counsel and senior vice-president, Philip Morris 6 January 1993
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44 Canned letter to the editor (prepared by Philip Morris)
45 Canned letter to the editor (prepared by Philip Morris)
46 Canned letter to the editor (prepared by Philip Morris)
47 Canned op-eds (prepared by Philip Morris)
48 Canned op-eds (prepared by Philip Morris)
49 Canned op-eds (prepared by Philip Morris)
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54 22 pages containing about 100 quotes
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59 RISK ASSESSMENT CRITCISMS 55 pages 300 quotes Philip Morris
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66 5 January 1995
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75 the working maxim of the anti-smoking movement
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82 2 nd edition, November 2013
83 2 nd edition, November 2013
84 2 nd edition, November 2013
85 2 nd edition, November 2013
86 2 nd edition, November 2013
87 2 nd edition, November 2013
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91 Do the Right Thing book by Mike Huckabee Governor of Arkansas Presidential candidate Nov New York Times Best Seller Extract: Section on pages
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94 Quoting Hitler (Godwin s law)
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96 HIV/AIDS denialism
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99 SHS denialism
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103 Governor Mike Huckabee Do the Right Thing (Book) Unknown journalist Complete (Magazine) Alvan Feinstein Toxicological Pathology (Scientific journal) a prominent leader in epidemiology heard him saying
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105 Conspiracy theory
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108 Feinstein s argument recycled for climate change denialism
109 LESSON
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112 Conclusion (1) Quotes have a life of their own. The tobacco industry knows how to take advantage of this fact by implanting quotes that serves its purpose.
113 Conclusion (2) Notably via quotes, the message of the tobacco industry is created, amplified and disseminated by: - University professors - The media, notably the financial/economic press - Politicians
114 Conclusion (3) When the tobacco industry quotes a health scientist to support its position on an issue, there is a good chance that the scientist: - is dead (he/she cannot refute the claim); - does not exist (the quote is manufactured); or - is paid by the industry (even if he is misquoted, he/she will keep quiet)
115 Thank you!
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The movie Thank You for Smoking presents many uses of rhetoric. Many fallacies
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