American Dexway Academy - Level B2 - Course II

Transcription

1 American Dexway Academy - Level B2 - Course II

2 VOCABULARY Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game A few A great deal of A long way to go A temperature According to Bartender Bitter cold Bright Climate Clues Coast Complaint Contact Decision English-speaking Entrance Feminine Foreigner Hardly any Illegal In practice Maid Masculine Some, a small collection, not many. A lot of. E.g.: He put a great deal of work into the project, he tried really hard. With a big distance remaining. E.g.: There's a long way to go before we get to London, we've only just started. A fever. To have a higher body temperature than considered normal. Usually considered a sign of illness. To express another person's point of view. E.g.: I don't know, but according to my doctor... A person who works in a bar or pub and serves alcoholic beverages. Very cold. With a lot of light. Also to mean intelligent or clever. The weather that a region or country has. Especially regarding the temperature. Pieces of information to help solve a problem or mystery. Fingerprints, DNA samples, etc. The area of land next to the sea. When a customer is not happy with a product or service, they make a complaint to customer services. To touch or communicate. The final choice between two or more options or about how to solve a problem. Somewhere where English is the main or official language. The way into a building. Associated with females. To show female characteristics. A person who is not a native of the country where the person is speaking. Very few. A low number or amount of something. Against the law. Prohibited. In reality, not theoretical. Someone who works in a hotel cleaning the rooms, changing the bed sheets, etc. Associated with male or masculine. To show male characteristics.

3 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game Might Most Mountainous Mystery Nearly all Nowadays Nursing On my way Opportunity Or else Pouring rain Quite a lot Recent Scattered showers Shower Spoilsport Strict Sunshine Teaching Temporary job The rest The temperature Thunderstorm To be left To be sure To employ To expect To form To guess To have in mind Possibly. Modal verb to describe a slight probability. E.g.: I might go to the party, but I'm very tired so I don't know for sure. The majority. To descibe the landscape. Somewhere with a lot of mountains. Unknown. Something which doesn't have a clear answer, solution or explanation. Almost the whole. E.g.: I made a cake earlier but the children were hungry and ate nearly all of it. There's a slice for you though. In the present. The industry or act of being a nurse. To say that we are going towards the place where we want to go. The chance or possiblity to do something. To express a condition. E.g.: Finish your dinner or else you won't go to the cinema later. Very heavy rain. More than sufficient. Something that happened in the near past. Light rainfall in different parts of a region or area. A light rainfall which doesn't last for very long. Someone who decries the entertainment or ambience while it is generally accepted by the masses. To have a lot of rules. The light from the sun. The industry or act of teaching. A job that is not permanent. If you have a three week contract to work somewhere, you have a temporary job. The remainder or the ones that are not included. The degrees / level of heat in a place at a certain time. Usually measured by a thermometer. When there is a loud noise or bang from the sky. Often the noise is accompanied by bright light or rain. To remain when others have gone. E.g.: We've got two sweets left out of a hundred. To be certain. To have no doubts about something. To give someone a job. To wait for with hope. To give shape or structure to something. E.g.: A story is formed by 3 parts - a beginning, a middle and an end. To try and find the answer to a puzzle or problem. To be thinking about, conscious of.

4 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game To reject To treat To waste Traditional Unspoiled To say "no" to something. To act or behave in a specified manner toward. To throw away something useful or valuable. E.g.: I wasted all my money on that car - it's never worked well! Something that is part of a culture. Something that has happened many times during the past. A condition usually connoting a clean or pristine setting, such as an unspoiled beach, mountainside, etc.

5 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game VOCABULARY SENTENCES The temperature is higher today than it was yesterday. Mom, I've got a temperature. I can't go to school. Look at that! Beautiful blue sky and sunshine! You're not going out in the pouring rain, are you? Our new apartment is nice and bright. The detectives are looking for clues. There is a map at the entrance to the gardens. Here's a more recent photograph of my daughter. Christmas is a traditional festivity. One of my duties as a bartender is to collect money for the drinks I serve. Snow, ice and bitter cold weather is the usual scenario of my country. One of my duties as a maid is to change the linens in our guests' rooms. The climate is always cold on top of the mountains. Temperatures are low and there is always snow. There are hardly any strawberry candies left. On the contrary, there are plenty of lemon candies. Most of the plants in the balcony are mine. He has just one. They studied nursing at university and nowadays they work in a hospital taking care of people. His friends say he is a spoilsport, he is always in a bad mood and ruins the parties. She enjoys teaching in elementary school, although it can be exhausting and some students can be complicated. She is sure to be able to do a good job, so she is going to sign the contract. She rejected the cigarette her friend offered because she doesn't smoke any more.

6 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game SENTENCES The island is still unspoiled, with lovely scenery and natural beaches. Ok, I'll fax the information to my contact in Miami. You must visit New Zealand if you ever get the opportunity. There are lots of foreigners in New York, especially in the summer. They are very strict with their children. We'll eat some of the cake now, and keep the rest for later. Families are smaller nowadays. According to the weather man, it's going to be a nice day. Can you guess what this is? Can you go to the store? There isn't any milk left. I think she'll go to the movies tonight; she usually does on Fridays. I'm not going to waste my time reading that!

7 USEFUL PHRASES Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game I'm expecting Paula for dinner. Do you know if she remembered? Oh yes, she's on her way now. Good, thank you. Have you got anyone in mind for the job? Yes, John Clarke would be suitable, I think. You're right, he would. Your ideas are excellent, but in practice it would be difficult to build this. Yes, I see what you mean... What would you like to do tonight? Well, we could go out for dinner, or else we could stay in and watch a movie. If you want to be a music star, you've got a long way to go! Hmph! We'll see... I'm expecting Paula for dinner. Do you know if she remembered? Oh yes, she's on her way now. Good, thank you. Have you got anyone in mind for the job? Yes, John Clarke would be suitable, I think. You're right, he would. Your ideas are excellent, but in practice it would be difficult to build this. Yes, I see what you mean... What would you like to do tonight? Well, we could go out for dinner, or else we could stay in and watch a movie. If you want to be a music star, you've got a long way to go! Hmph! We'll see...

8 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game GRAMMAR Modal verbs In this unit we are going to see other uses of modal verbs and learn some new ones. MAY & MIGHT: We will start by looking at the common meaning of these verbs. Possibility in the future: These two verbs are used to express possibility in the future, but there is a difference of meaning between them: May: Refers to a possibility in the future. She may come. Might: Refers to a more remote possibility in the future. He might find it. COULD & CAN Possibility in the present: These two verbs are used to express possibility in the present. But there is also a difference of meaning between them: Can: Refers to the present. He can come. Could: Also refers to the present. But in this case the probability is less than when we use can. He could come. MAY, MIGHT, COULD, MUST & CAN T Deduction in the present: These verbs are used to express deduction at the moment of speaking. There is a scale of possibilities between them. For a better understanding of the differences we use the same example in different situations: Must: If we are sure that what we are saying is certain. He must be working. (We know that at this time he is working and that he cannot be somewhere else.) Could: In this case, there is a factor of possibility. He could be working. (The fact that he is working is a possibility.) May: There may be the possibility that something happened.

9 He may be working. (Maybe he is, maybe he is not.) Might: In this case the possibility is more remote. He might be working. (I don t know where he is, but I think that he s working.) Can t: In this case, we express impossibility. He can t be working. (We know that he cannot be working, because he is ill, in the hospital, unemployed, etc...) WOULD: This auxiliary is used to express a result in a conditional sentence. Regarding its form remember the rules for the verbs we have seen before. He would write. She wouldn t work. Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game Expect - Hope - Wait To expect. Expresses what we think will happen. I m expecting a letter from him. She expects Mr. Johnson to come at five. To hope. Expresses what we want to happen. I hope he is not hurt. To wait. While to expect and to hope reflects a state of mind, to wait refers to the physical action of waiting. We are waiting for the bus.

10 Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game Too / Enough Too: Is used with adjectives and goes before the adjective. TOO + ADJECTIVE He is too tall. She is too young. Too can go with much and many to speak about uncountables or countables. There is too much water. There are too many children. Enough: Can be used with adjectives or nouns, but then it changes its position: ENOUGH + NOUN He has enough money to buy a car. You have enough experience for the job. When it goes with an adjective the order is inverted: ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH He is tall enough to play basketball. She is old enough to enter a bar. Quantifiers Quantifiers are used to express quantity. Have a look at them, their meaning and their use one by one. Most: Goes before a noun, with or without an adjective. It is used for both countable and uncountable nouns. Most people came to the party. Most chairs in this office are uncomfortable. Nearly all (of): Almost all. Goes with plurals, countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Nearly all of the state is covered with snow. Nearly all of them took umbrellas after hearing the weather forecast.

11 The guests ate nearly all of the chocolate cake. Plenty (of): Is usually used in affirmative sentences with a lot of or lots of, while much and many are used in negative and interrogative sentences. It is used for both countable and uncountable nouns. How much money do you have? I have plenty. How many girls were there at the party? There were plenty of girls. A great deal of: Is used with uncountable nouns, while a large number of is used with plural, countable nouns. They usually appear in affirmative sentences. He spent a great deal of money at Christmas. He made a great number of mistakes. Quite a lot (of): Is used with uncountable nouns and plural, countable nouns. It usually appears in affirmative sentences. When used as a short answer we only say: Quite a lot. There were quite a lot of people. I used quite a lot of sugar in the cake, it s too sweet. How many runners competed in the race? Quite a lot. I don t know exactly. Hardly any: Is used with uncountable and plural nouns. There is hardly any milk. There are hardly any eggs. We will need more to make an omelette. A few / a little: A few is used with plural, countable nouns, while a little is used with uncountable nouns. We use these expressions to express that although the quantity is small, there is sufficient. In contrast, if we say few or little we feel that there isn t enough. There are a few chairs. There is a little milk. So many / so much: So many is used with plural, countable nouns. So much is used with uncountable nouns. They said so many stupid things. Plans for a year out / A long way to equality / We have to send the invitations / A radio panel game They gave me so much homework.

12 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... VOCABULARY Advertisement And then Animal lover Animal Assistant Available Cage Conditions Driver's license Duty Either... or... Essential Experience Gorilla Hairstyle Job Kind Lifestyle Mirror Neither... nor... Nice Officer Participant Personnel Pit A notice or announcement to inform the public about new products or services. Expression to show that there are more examples. Someone who likes animals a lot. A living being, e.g., lion, dog, cat, bird and elephant. Someone who helps another person. Free to use. Not occupied. Usually a type of enclosure for animals made of metal bars. The points in a contract. For example, those which describe the agreement between employer and employee. The official document that shows you can drive legally. Responsibility. To express a choice between two things. E.g.: We can either go to Spain or Italy for our holiday. Very important, vital. Past practice in a certain area. E.g.: She has been a teacher for fifteen years so she's got a lot of experience. The largest of the ape family. Native to Africa. The way a person styles or brushes their hair. An occupation; position of employment. An adjective to describe a person who treats others well and tries to help whenever possible. The way of life someone chooses. A reflective piece of glass that we use to look at ourselves in. When discussing two options. Not one or the other. E.g.: I neither want coffee nor tea. Someone or something that has a pleasant or attractive appearance. A post or position of responsibility. Often regarding the Police. A person that takes part in or contributes to something. E.g.: There were 30 participants in the show. The people who work in a company. The department of a company that is responsible for the employees. A hole. A place where an animal lives in a zoo.

13 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... Pronoun Qualification Reflexive Relevant Retired Rule Salary Schedule Sign Stray Summer job Synonym Temporary Tip To appear To call about To deserve To enjoy oneself To explain To hurt oneself To include To inform To panic To spoil oneself To substitute To surround To tend to To treat oneself to To underline Unless A word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. "I", "you", "he", "she", "it", "we" and "they" are personal pronouns in English. The official proof of having passed an exam or course. A word that shows that the person doing the action is also the person who is affected by it. E.g.: She looked at herself in the mirror. "Herself" is a reflexive pronoun. Associated with the matter being discussed. A person who has stopped work due to their age - usually between 60 and 65. Some people take early retirement at 55 years old. Something similar to a law but only for companies or schools. The amount of money that a person earns in a year or month. List of plans or events done at or during a particular period of time. An object to give information to the public. Without a home or owner. A job that a person only does during the summers. Very common with students. A word that has the same or similar meaning to another word. Not permanent or fixed. A piece of practical advice. When something is first seen. To seem. To telephone someone concerning a set matter. To be worthy of. To have earned something. To have a good time. To give someone more information about something. To make something clear. To do physical damage to oneself. E.g.: I hurt myself while I was cooking dinner. I cut my finger. To incorporate, add. To tell someone about something. To react in a very alarmed way. To give something special to oneself, to spend money on oneself. To replace something. To form a circle around something. To have the habit of. To buy oneself something special. To emphasize, stress or highlight something that is considered to be important. To express a condition.

14 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... Vet Visitor Zookeeper A doctor for animals. Someone who goes to a place for a short time, especially as a tourist or as for reasons of friendship or business. A person who cares for animals in a zoo.

15 VOCABULARY SENTENCES Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... What's that? It's just an advertisement for shampoo. My name's Dr. Brown and this is my assistant, Gerry Wyman. Let's look at the bus schedule. He doesn't work anymore: he's retired. She is kind to all the children she meets. A driver's license is essential for this job. Did you enjoy yourself? Yes, it was great. That's a really nice car. How long have you had it? They bought a new cage to keep their parakeet in. You can find the set of rights and obligations of this contract in the terms and conditions section. In the interview she spoke about her past experience working as a bank accountant. In the zoo they have to make sure that the animals' pits are big enough for them to live comfortably. This sign tells people that diving is allowed. Your dog's diet should include: bone, meat, offal, vegetables and fruit. The boss informed me about the strategy changes that the company was going to make. He gave me all the details. I won't go to the party unless you come too. I took my dog to the vet for its routine check-up. 'Little' is a synonym of 'small' because they mean the same. Eight black chess pieces are surrounding a white chess piece. She appeared from behind him. No one had seen her before. When I was sick, my brother substituted me at work. He highlighted a piece of information in order to underline its importance. I tried to explain and provide more information about my reasons in wanting to leave the job but they didn't understand me.

16 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... SENTENCES And do you have teaching qualifications? I've got a diploma in education. I'm interested in a secretarial job. A policeman must always do his duty. What you say is interesting, but it's not relevant to what we're talking about. I'm afraid this dress is not available in your size, Ma'am. You don't mind my staying here, do you? It'll only be temporary. Do you require a taxi, Miss? If you'd like to take perfect photographs, here are some tips. He has a very relaxed lifestyle. I've found a stray dog, can I keep him? I spoiled myself on my birthday and and went out for lunch. Don't panic! Everything is under control. She tends to get angry easily. I think you deserve to win, you are the best. SHOWROOM: CONDITIONAL - CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I Unless you like working with children, you won't make a good teacher. If you are good at languages, you can work as a tourist guide. If you like taking care of people, you may make a good nurse. If you don't know what you want to do, you should go to the job center for advice. If you want to be a zookeeper, you will need to know a lot about animals. If you don't like studying, you won't be able to become a doctor. You won't be a good secretary unless you are well-organized. If you have your own business, you will have to work long hours.

17 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... USEFUL PHRASES I'm calling about your advertisement in the paper... Yes! We're looking for someone to look after our two-year-old son. My cousin is an animal lover. He always loves playing with his dog. What are your plans for the summer? I'd like to get a summer job in a factory or something and then, go to Greece with my boyfriend. I'm sorry you can't take photographs in the museum; it's against the rules. What did you do in Boston? Oh, we saw the sights, visited the universities, and then we took a walk by the river. How nice! My grandfather started as an office clerk and worked his way to the top. Did he stay with the same company? Oh, yes. He was company director for ten years. I'm going to treat myself to an ice cream. Would you like one? Yes, please. SHOWROOM: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS He has hurt himself. She is looking at herself in the mirror. I'm going to teach myself Japanese. He talks to himself. Buy something for yourselves! Look at how the cat washes itself. She lives by herself. I can't do your homework for you, you must do it yourself.

18 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... GRAMMAR Conditional sentences Conditional sentences contain two parts: a) The subordinate clause which expresses a condition, usually introduced by if. b) The main clause which expresses the result of the condition. There are three types of conditional sentences, each of them with different tenses. In this unit we are going to see the first and the second conditional. First conditional: Use: The subordinate clause is introduced by if or unless and expresses a condition which is possible to become reality. The main clause predicts the consequences of the fulfilment of the condition. The most frequently used tenses in this kind of sentences are: Form: Subordinate clause: If / Unless + Present Simple Main clause: will future IF / UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE è FUTURE If you study, you ll pass your exam. Sub. clause Main clause Unless you study hard, you won t pass the exam. Sub. clause Main clause Variations: In some cases, the verb of the subordinate clause doesn t have the future tense. This is because we want to express a different meaning. You can see that in the following examples: To express facts in general or certain probabilities If you mix red and white, you get pink. When you mix red and white, you get pink. IF / WHEN + PRESENT è PRESENT This type of conditional is often referred to as the ZERO CONDITIONAL.

19 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... To express advice or suggestions IF / UNLESS + PRESENT è MODAL (May, Must, Should) If you have time, you must visit him in hospital. If you have a cold, you should go to the doctor. Unless you are tired, we may go out. To express orders or instructions If you want to know his name, ask him. IF + PRESENT è IMPERATIVE The two clauses can change their order. When the if-clause goes first, a comma is used: If you study, you ll pass your exam. = You ll pass your exam if you study. Second conditional: Use: The second conditional is used to speak about imaginary or unreal situations and their probable results. Form: Subordinate clause: If + Past Simple Main clause: Conditional Simple If I lived in China, I would learn Chinese. IF + PAST è CONDITIONAL We need to remember two things regarding this type of conditional: The modal verbs could or might can substitute would when we want to say that the result is even less likely to happen. If I knew her telephone number, I could phone her. (But I don t know it, so it s practically impossible to call her.) The verb To be has two forms in the past tense: was and were. In the past, it was only correct to use were (for all the persons) for the Second conditional. Nowadays, it is acceptable to use: If I was you If I were you, I would take the job. / If I was you, I would take the job.

20 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... Either... or / Neither... nor Either... or... We use this construction when we have a choice between two options. His name is either Richard or Robert. I can t remember. Either you come today or I ll never invite you again. Neither... nor... This construction is used to express that both options are not true. She neither phoned nor sent the fax. I ve got neither time nor money to go on holiday. * * Remember that neither is a negative conjunction, and as always in English, when we use a negative particle, the verb must be affirmative. Singular and plural If both elements are singular, then the verb must also be singular. The same applies if both elements are plural. Either her brother or her sister has to take care of her. Neither her brothers nor her sisters have to take care of her. If one of the elements is plural and the other singular, we use the plural form of the verb. Neither her brother nor her sisters have to take care of her. Reflexive pronouns Use: Reflexive pronouns are used to refer back to the subject of a sentence, or clause, when the subject and object are the same and the action of the subject has an impact on the object. Compare: Sarah cut herself. George bought himself a new shirt. I blame myself for the accident. Jim saw him in the shopping center. Jim saw himself in the mirror. Form: Reflexive pronouns for the first and second person are formed by adding the suffix -self in singular, or -selves in plural, to possessive adjective. In the third person they are formed by adding the suffix -self or -selves to the object pronouns.

21 PERSONAL PRONOUNS SUBJECT I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES THEMSELVES OBJECT ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR Reflexive verbs: There are some verbs that are called reflexive verbs because they require the use of a reflexive pronoun, at least in some of their meanings: To enjoy oneself: Did you enjoy yourself? To behave oneself: Be good and behave yourself. Nevertheless, some of the verbs that are reflexive in your language are not reflexive in English, so we need to be careful when we translate: Concentrate: I can t concentrate. You re making too much noise. Feel: Do you feel comfortable on the sofa? Relax: Why don t you lie down for a while and relax? Meet: Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you...

22 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you... Where can we meet? Shave: He shaves every morning. Often a reflexive pronoun of another language is translated into English by using a structure with the verb get. to get up to get dressed to get red, nervous, aggressive, etc. By + Reflexive pronoun: Somebody did something on his own. She learned to read Italian by herself. They can also be used as the object of a preposition when it is the same as the subject: She bought a birthday cake for herself. Joining sounds When we speak in English, we tend to join or link words to each other so that they are easy to say and flow together smoothly. That is why the words in a sentence do not always sound the same as when they are used individually. Joining sounds in English is very important to both understand people and make other people understand you. These are the most common sounds that are joined in English: - consonant > vowel We join words that end with a consonant sound to words that begin with a vowel sound. E.g.: I need it. - vowel > vowel We link words that end with a vowel sound to words that begin with a vowel sound. E.g.: Take it; I don t need it any more. In addition, we can also join words that end in a consonant sound to words that begin in the same consonant sound. We don t pronounce twice the same sound. E.g.: That was a big grape I just ate.

23 Looking for a temporary job / Spoil yourself! / If I were you...

24 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages VOCABULARY Acting school Agent As soon as Behavior By the way Capital Career Ceremony Commuter Couple Course Crossword Crowd Crowded Department store District During Entertainment Housing estate Just in case Let me see Library Lively Meal Medical center A place where people can learn techniques to use when acting. Someone who looks for work for an actor or writer. To express an action that takes place soon after another. Actions or demeanor which typify or characterize one's state of being at any given moment. To add extra information. E.g.: By the way, did I tell you that I'm having a party next week? The main city of a country or state. A person's working life. The progress they make in their chosen job or industry. A formal or public event, usually celebrating or commemorating something. A person who travels a considerable distance to work. A pair. Two. Often used to describe two people in a relationship. A series of classes on a specific theme. A pastime where the answers to clues fit into a square with interlinking vertical and horizontal boxes. A large group of people in the same place. Busy with a lively atmosphere. A bustling market. A large shop which sells a variety of products. Division of land withing a city. While something is taking place. Any sort of activity, show or hobby that provides personal and/or public enjoyment. A group of houses in a semi-private or enclosed area. Expression used when we take or do something because we think it could be useful. E.g.: I'll take an umbrella in case it rains. Expression to use when faced with a problem or difficult situation. Indicates the speaker has to think carefully about the situation. A place where one can borrow books for free. To describe a vibrant atmosphere or person with a lot of energy. Any of the occasions in a day in which food is eaten, e.g., breakfast, lunch and dinner. A place that functions as an off-site medical facility aside from the hospital.

25 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages My pleasure Neighbor Newspaper stand Pet store Real estate agency Reality Reception Rush hour Second-hand Shopping center Street market Studio apartment Telegram To create To dream To dress up To give up To reach To rearrange To suffer To train Within walking distance Expression in response to someone's thanks. To say that one has enjoyed doing something. The person who lives in the dwelling closest to you. However, it can be used in general to describe proximity. A small place in the street where you can buy a newspaper. Not a shop. A store in which animals are sold commercially, usually cats and dogs, however there are also exotic animals sold such as snakes, lizards and others. A place where people go to buy or sell a house or property. The actual or real situation. The area in a hotel or company where visitors go for information or to find the person they need to see. The busiest periods of the day. When there are a lot of cars on the road and people commuting. Especially in the morning and evening. Something that is not new, that has been owned or used previously by someone else. A place that contains a collective of stores under one roof. It is also known as the mall. A market outside in a public area. An apartment or dwelling that usually contains one room and is already furnished. A way to send messages. To invent, design or make something. To have an idea or future aim. An ambition. The pictures or events we see in our head when we are asleep. (with as)to put on clothes that make you look like a famous person, animal, etc. E.g.: We all dressed up as famous actors for the party. To stop a (usually bad) habit. To arrive at. E.g.: We reached the airport on time. To be able to physically touch. E.g.: I can't reach the top shelf, I need a ladder. To organize something again. E.g.: The dinner was initially at 7:00 but it's been rearranged and it's now at 8:00. To feel pain or anxiety. To teach someone how to do a specific job or task. To be close enough to walk to.

26 VOCABULARY SENTENCES Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages He has a newspaper stand outside the station. I try not to travel during rush hour. There was a crowd of people at the concert. Don't they make a lovely couple? It is important to have a proper meal at lunch time. It's a really lively bar. It's a crowded area. There are always people in the streets. I sometimes dream that I have a luxurious house. I'm going to dress up as a prisoner for the carnival. I can't talk at the moment; I'll call you as soon as I arrive. I live in a tiny studio apartment but it is enough for me. I have a bed, a table and a small kitchen. Austin is the capital of the state of Texas. When she retires she will have a brilliant career as a psychologist. We need to go to the department store and buy some clothes, cosmetics and food. The rest of the candidates had to wait outside during the time she was doing the interview. We are a leading theme park and entertainment company with large attractions, rides and shows. The new sofa is bigger than we expected, so we need to rearrange the rest of the furniture. Housing estates are usually characterized for being a group of buildings with similar designs. You can find all the books you need to complete this research in the public library. There is no hospital in my town but we have a small medical center for regular check-ups. I bought this puppy for you at the pet shop. They had many other animals but I fell in love with this puppy. We enjoyed going to the street market and buying some antiques. The climber is trying to reach the top of the mountain. During the summer we train by the beach before the matches.

27 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages SENTENCES This is the friendliest part of town. A commuter travels between his town and his work place every day. Can you hold on a couple of minutes? I'm afraid his behavior is not good enough. I'm going to take an evening class in photography. The reality of war is much worse than movies. She buys all her clothes second-hand. No, thanks. I've quit smoking. Thank you so much for your help. You're welcome, my pleasure. She suffers from frequent headaches. We have created a hospital for the natives. SHOWROOM - PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS How long have you been waiting for? For about half an hour. How long has she been going out with him? Since they were kids, for ages... How long have they been living in this house? Since they got married. How long has he been playing professionally? He's been playing for two or three years. How long have you known Kate? For most of my life; we grew up together. How long have they had their car? They've had it for more or less six years. How long has she been a secretary? She's been in this office since she finished school. How long have we been in the air? We've been flying for about forty-five minutes.

28 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages SHOWROOM: ADVERBS OF TIME - ADVERBS OF TIME II After getting up, I have a shower. While having breakfast, I read the paper. After finishing breakfast, I catch the bus. While riding on the bus, I do the crossword. Before starting work, I talk to my colleagues. While working, I have a cup of coffee. After working for two or three hours, some friends and I go out for a sandwich. USEFUL PHRASES How many cousins have you got? Let me see. Twelve altogether. Hmmm, it's a nice apartment, but are there any stores within walking distance? Yes, there's a small shopping mall fifteen minutes away. Can you tear yourself away from your stamp collection? I need some help with these boxes. Just a second... Bye, have a good day! You too. Oh! by the way, I may be late coming back. OK. I'm going to take my umbrella just in case it rains. Good idea. The sky looks a bit grey. What kind of man is he? I don't know; he keeps to himself. Can you tell me where to find Mr. Green's office? Yes, it's on the second floor, third door on the right. You can't miss it, it's right next to the soda machine.

29 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages GRAMMAR Present perfect simple vs. Present perfect continuous a) Form: Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Subj. + HAVE/HAS + Participle + Compl. I have traveled a lot. She has read many books. Subj. + HAVE / HAS + not / never + Participle + Compl. They haven t seen that movie yet. He has never been to Italy. HAVE/HAS + Subj. + Participle + Compl.? Have you talked to him today? Has she spent all her money yet? PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Subj. + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ing + Compl. You have been taking a lot of trouble to help her. Subj. + HAVE/HAS + not BEEN + V-ing + Compl. She hasn t been smoking too much lately. HAVE/HAS + Subj. + BEEN + V-ing + Compl.? How long have you been writing that letter? b) Use:

30 Both the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous are used to talk about actions or events with a connection between the past and the present. I have written two books. Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages I started writing books at some point in my life and so far, I have written two. I may write more books in the future. However, depending on the tense you use, you will show a different perspective of the situation. Focuses on PRESENT PREFECT SIMPLE The result of an action. You have written ten s today. The emphasis is on the s you have written today. In other words, it focuses on the result of your action. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS The duration of an action. I have been writing s all morning. The speaker wants to emphasize the fact that he/she has been doing the same activity for a long period of time. The completion of an action. I have written a book. The book is finished now. The action or event is permanent. I have worked here for three years. The speaker focuses on the fact that he/she started working for the company three years ago and on the fact that he/she views this situation as something permanent. Notice that we often use time expressions to say how long the activity has been in progress. The duration of an action. I have been writing a book. That is how the speaker has spent his/her time. It doesn t matter whether the book is finished or not. The action or event is temporary. I have been working in this office for two months but I usually work from home. The speaker focuses on the fact that this is temporary, meaning that this can change in the future.

31 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages The result of an action. I have cooked dinner. A side effect of an action. A: Why is the kitchen dirty? B: I have been cooking dinner. The emphasis is on the fact that the speaker has cooked dinner. The emphasis is on the fact that the kitchen is dirty. It doesn t matter whether Speaker B has cooked dinner or not. Note: we do not use the Present Perfect Continuous with stative verbs, those that describe unchanging states such as: belong, (dis)like or know.

32 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages Expressing duration HOW LONG...? This form is used with the perfect tenses to express or ask about the duration of an action or activity. How long have you been studying English? How long has he been saving to buy a car? How long have you known her? How long have we had this house? FOR AND SINCE Sentences with for and since are used to answer questions like How long?. How long have you been reading? I ve been reading this book since four o clock. I ve been reading this book for two hours. How long has she worked in this office? She has worked in this office since she left school. She has worked in this office for ten years. As you can see in the previous examples, although for and since are both used to express periods of time, their meanings are different: FOR: refers to the duration of an action. SINCE: refers to a particular moment in which the action initiates.

33 Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages Time expressions Time expressions are used to sequence events or stories. TIME EXPRESSION + VERB (ending with -ing) AFTER: After getting up, I had a shower. BEFORE: Before starting work, I bought a newspaper. WHILE: While reading the paper, I had a coffee. TIME EXPRESSION + NOUN UNTIL: Everyone went home to rest until the ceremony. BEFORE: Before the ceremony, the bride was very nervous. DURING: During the ceremony, her mother cried. AFTER: After the ceremony, everyone drove to the reception. TIME EXPRESSION + PAST TENSE BEFORE: Before he came in, we were talking about his present. AFTER: After he went out, we continued talking about it. WHEN: When I was a little child, I used to play soccer with my father. UNTIL: Until the phone rang, I was studying. AS SOON AS: As soon as I could, I went to acting school. WHILE: While I was studying there, I learned to drive.

34 THEN: Then, I started to act in plays. AS: As I was talking to him, he went away. Depending on the tense we use, it is also possible to express present or future actions: After getting up, I always go for a run. He usually has a good breakfast before he goes to work. I ll wait until he comes. I ll phone you when I get home. Working with animals / A solitary child / I have not seen him for ages

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36 Additional vocabulary VOCABULARY Agriculture Apart Architecture Astonishing Been Bike Bookshop Branch Bruise Bump Bureaucracy Calf Cassette recorder Chop Civilian Conversion Cosmopolitan Crab Critic Diversion Dolphin Everyday Failure The science or practice of farming. Separately, in regards to space; in a state of separation. E.g.: To take a piece of machinery apart. The study or practice of designing and constructing buildings. A surprising or unexpected thing or feeling. Past participle of the verb 'be'. Short form of bicycle. A vehicle with two wheels, one in front of the other. A place where one can buy books. A division of a large organization. An injury appearing as discolored skin caused by a hit or blow rupturing blood vessels. E.g.: A bruise appeared on my arm after getting hit by a baseball. A part that extends beyond or above a flat surface. E.g.: There are a lot of bumps in the road so you have to drive slowly. A system of government in which most decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives. Complicated administrative procedure. E.g. One must deal with a lot of bureaucracy when moving to a different country. The young of some large mammals, especially a cow or bull in its first year. A device that uses cassettes to record audio. A cut of meat, typically "pork chop". A person who is not a member of the military, police, or an antagonistic group. The process of changing or transforming into another form. Composed of people from all over the world. E.g.: New York is a cosmopolitan city. A crustacean, having 5 pairs of legs, the front of which are in the form of claws. E.g.: Crabs have a hard shell and live in a body of water and on land. A person who gives an unfavorable opinion of something. A person who judges literary or artistic works. A change from the normal or original direction/course. An intelligent sea mammal with a beak-like snout (long nose). Daily; commonplace. An unsuccessful person or thing; lack of success.

37 Additional vocabulary Geyser Grammatical Guitar Handy Herself Impolite Impossible Laser Leader Long-standing Mango Narrow Police force Quarter Release Residential Runway Section Seldom Self-confident Sink Smoker Sympathetic To relax To surf To switch off Topic A boiling natural spring which throws out at frequent intervals water and mud. Anything that relates to grammar/the rules of a language. A musical instrument with a long fingerboard (neck), usually with 6 strings; played with the fingers or a plectrum (guitar pick). Useful; convenient to use Pronoun (reflexive) The female object of a verb or preposition previously mentioned as the subject of a clause. E.g.: She hurt herself. Rude; inconsiderate. Not able to occur, exist, or to be done. A powerful, thin beam of light. Any person or thing that leads or conducts; one who is first. To describe something that has existed for a long period of time. A yellowish-red tropical fruit with fleshy skin. Something of small width in comparison to length. Antonym: wide. An official group employed by the state to protect people and enforce law. Each of four equal parts. A U.S. or Canadian coin worth 25 cents. Set free. Pertaining to a place where people live. E.g.: Michelle lives in a residential building. A long strip of hard ground along which aircraft take off and land. A part, piece, subdivision of anything. Hardly ever; rarely Feeling sure or certain in one's self. A basin (bowl) used to hold water for washing, usually with a drain (hole) in the center. One who smokes cigarettes or other substances. Feeling sorry or sensitive to one's feelings. Make or become less tense, stressed, or anxious. E.g.: After work I like to relax at home. Stand or lie on a board and ride on a wave towards the shore. (transitive) To turn a switch to the "off" position in order to disable a device. A subject of a text, conversation, speech, movie, etc.

38 Additional vocabulary Transitive Trouble Unsafe Urban Versus Where Whereas Which Would (Grammar) Used to describe a verb that can have a direct object. E.g.: 'kicked' in he kicked a donkey. Difficulty or problems. Not secure, dangerous. Antonym: Safe. Relating to a town or city, usually with a large population. E.g.: Cecilia lives in an urban area of Mexico. Against, in opposition to. To ask for a place, position, or direction. E.g.: Where is my pen? (Conjunction) In contrast. E.g.: The United States is a large country whereas Belize is a small country. Asking for information specifying one or more in a set of something. E.g.: Which one is your car? Indicating the consequence of an imagined event. E.g.: If I were rich I would travel around the world.

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40 It's a bargain! Making a complaint / A very good read / An amazing concert VOCABULARY Amazed Amazing Amused Amusing Annoyed Annoying Attitude Automatic Bargain Camera Carefully Continuous Correctly Damaged Depressed Depressing Disappointed Disappointing Embarrassed Embarrassing Faulty Goods Impatiently Indeed Instructions Irritated Irritating Meaning My goodness! To describe a feeling of surprise, shock. Incredible, great. To describe the state of feeling entertained or happy. Funny, entertaining. Irritated, frustrated. Irritating. E.g.: He has some very annoying habits. Someone's way of acting towards something. Without controls. A very good price. You can find a lot of bargains in the sales. An object we use to take photographs. To do something with great care and attention. Something that doesn't stop. To do something in the proper way. Something that has been hurt or broken, something that is no longer perfect. An overwhelming feeling of negativity and sadness that a person has about life. Something which causes a feeling of depression. To feel sad about something. E.g.: I'm a bit disappointed that I didn't pass my driving test. To express the effect of something negative. E.g.: The exam results are a little disappointing - nobody got top marks. Being ashamed or shy. Making you feel ashamed or shy. Not working correctly. Products or items for sale. To act without patience. To add emphasis. E.g.: The meal was very good indeed. The commands or correct way to do something. E.g.: I bought a new TV but I can't make it work because I don't understand the instructions. To express ones feeling of frustration. Making you feel annoyed or frustrated. Definition. Words that are used to explain another word. Expression to show surprise.

41 It's a bargain! Making a complaint / A very good read / An amazing concert Package Pleased Result Sale Surprised Surprising Thrilled Thrilling To afford To agree To be worth it To complain To exchange To line up To load To offer To pick up To put things right To suggest To work Worried Worrying Zipper A parcel sent through the mail or other delivery service. It can also mean that everything is included, e.g.: The software is part of the package. To describe the feeling of satisfaction or happiness. The outcome or end situation. E.g Did you see the football results? Who won today? A period of time in shops where the products are at lower prices than usual. To describe how someone feels when something unexpected happens. Something that wasn't expected. Very happy, delighted. Exciting. To have enough money to be able to buy or do something. E.g.: I can't afford to go on holiday this year. To say "yes" to something. To deserve the time, effort or money dedicated to something. To tell someone something negative about a product or service. To give one thing and receive another in return. The act of joining a consecutive order, i.e., taking a number or any other abstract periods of time in which you wait. To put something onto or into another thing. E.g.: We need to load the camera with film. To tell someone you will give them something or do something. To collect or gather items. E.g.: Can you pick up your toys from the floor please? To find. E.g.: Where did you get that money? I picked it up from the floor. To learn by accident. E.g.: I picked up some Chinese when I was in Beijing, but I didn't have any classes. To make a bad situation better. To try to give a solution to a problem or to recommend something. To do a job or task. Usually for money. (With objects or machines)to function correctly. Concerned, nervous. Something that causes concern. These are metal parts which form a mesh in order to close two pieces of fabric and they are most common on pants and jackets.