ZOOLOGY AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Transcription

1 ZOOLOGY AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ZOOLOGIA ŞI EXPRESIILE IDIOMATICE 163 OANA BOLDEA Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Timişoara, România Abstract: An expression is an idiom, if there are things that speakers may know about its form or its meaning, which they wouldn't be able to figure out by simply knowing everything else about the language.the paper deals with the lexical idiomatic expressions in the context of teaching English. These are expressions the meaning of which cannot be understood simply by putting together the meanings of the words making them up. The purpose of the paper is to draw some attention on them, and on the importance of teaching them at the English classes, because making use of ready-made expressions creates a sense of group solidarity. The interest of the paper lies in the idioms containing names of animals. We will see that there are several possible classifications of idioms: according to the animal they name, according to meaning, the function or the form they have. We will compare some English expressions with possible Romanian translations, paying attention at the same time to the differences that appear in the attitude of the English and the Romanians towards one animal or another. Key words: idiomatic expressions, language, vocabulary, meaning Cuvinte cheie: expresii idiomatice, limbă, vocabular, înţeles Rezumat: O expresie este un idiom dacă există lucruri pe care vorbitorii le cunosc despre forma sau înţelesul acesteia, pe care nu au de unde să le intuiască din simpla cunoaştere a unor cuvinte sau structuri aparţinând limbii respective. Lucrarea studiază doar expresiile idiomatice lexicale, adică acelea la al căror înţeles nu se poate ajunge prin simpla adunare a înţelesurilor cuvintelor care le compun. Scopul lucrării este acela de a atrage atentia asupra lor si asupra importantei predării lor la orele de limba engleză, inclusiv datorită faptului că folosirea lor creează un sentiment de apartenenţă la un grup. Lucrarea de faţă tratează expresiile idiomatice englezeşti care au în componenţă nume de animale. Se va vedea că există mai multe posibile clasificări ale acestor expresii, în funcţie de diferitele critrerii luate în consideraţie. Astfel, putem vorbi despre categorizarea lor după animalul carae intră în alcătuirea lor, după înţeles, funcţie sau formă. Se urmăreşte compararea unor expresii englezeşti cu posibile traduceri în limba română, observându-se diferenţele şi similitudinile de atitudine existente între cele două popoare în ceea ce priveşte un animal sau altul dintre cele numite de expresiile respective. INTRODUCTION Every time I teach a new class, I ask the students what they expect to learn at the English classes during the next semester. What they answer is more or less the same. More often than not, they let me know that they expect to study grammar and vocabulary, by this meaning that they think they will learn a lot of new words and how to use them together in order to convey coherent meaning. Little do they think of the fact that when dealing with the vocabulary of a target language, learning new meanings of already-known words is equally important as new words proper. English being a highly polysemic language, the problem of multiple meanings is not to be overlooked. I tackled the subject of polysemy in another paper. In the present one, I think of another related subject, namely idiomatic expressions. One cannot claim to know a foreign language without understanding idioms, too. It is not enough, for instance, for one to understand the meaning of put and bee in order to grasp the meaning of to put the bee on

2 something, which is to be understood as to ask for money. In the same way, it is quite difficult to realise that a stare cat is a curious neighbour. This is why, when teaching students the basic vocabulary they are supposed to know in their field as future engineers dealing with agriculture, I find it necessary to tell them also about the idioms they are likely to encounter in every-day conversations. Naturally, there is no way I can teach them all such expressions, but at least I draw their attention towards them, I make them aware that such expressions exist. In what the words naming animals are concerned, there are a set of idiomatic expressions commonly used in every-day life, and which I classified according to various criteria, as shown below. MATERIALS AND METHOD The method used for the research is the lexical analysis. The paper is based on a corpus of 1237 expressions, which I organised with the help of some dictionaries and glossaries including what we might call general idioms, i.e. expressions containing names of animals, or objects, parts of the body or other items. Of these, I studied only the expressions of interest for my research, namely those containing animal names. Some of the books I used were written by Romanian researchers, others by foreign ones. As the paper-based publications containing such lists are scarce, the internet proved to be a good source for compiling the list of expressions to use in the paper. For the general theoretical subject of idioms and idiomaticity, some books proved to be particularly useful. Of these, Idioms. Processing, Structure and Interpretation, written by Cristina Cacciari and Patrizia Talbossi was helpful in setting the theoretical frame for the paper. The same holds true for Fernando Chitra s Idioms and Idiomaticity. In addition, my ideas found support in Mu Fengying s article on the problem of teaching idioms in the foreign language class. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The dictionary meaning of an idiomatic expression is that of a phrase, construction or expression that is recognised as a unit in the usage of a given language and either differs from the usual syntactic patterns or has a meaning that differs from the literal meaning of its parts taken together (WEBSTER, p 707). In other words, an expression is an idiom, if there are things that speakers know about the form of the expression, its use, or the meanings of the parts making it up, which they wouldn't be able to figure out by simply knowing everything else about the language. Or, as Fillmore puts it, we don't understand what the expression means by computing its meaning from information about its form or parts: that's something we just have to know, by linguistic convention. However, the aim of the present paper is not to deal with both already mentioned types of idiomatic expressions. Thus, we will not discuss here the structural expressions, but only the lexical ones. That is, the purpose of the paper is to draw some attention on them, because making use of ready-made expressions creates a sense of group solidarity, since each member of a language community can depend on the others to pick up allusions, to recognize familiar ways of thinking, and so on. (FENGYING: p. 9). People can say they belong to a group if they can master the language of that group, and the specific lexical conventions used by its members. The expressions that are of interest here are those in which there is not a predictable relationship between the meaning of an expression and the meanings of its parts. For instance, although we know what the meaning of all the words is in to whip the cat, the meaning of the whole expression is not that which we might predict. It certainly does not refer to beating a cat up with the help of a whip. It actually describes the action of throwing up. The 164

3 words not having semantic independence, the expression cannot be translated word by word. Usually we have to paraphrase, or, in the more fortunate cases, we may even find idiomatic correspondents in Romanian. This is the case with an expression like the one presented above, which has the Romanian equivalent a da la rate (the literal translation of this would be to feed the duck ). Although in this particular case, the Romanian equivalent also makes reference to an animal, giving such a well-matching counterpart is not always easy, or even possible. One possible way of classifying these expressions is according to the animal they make reference to. Thus, we can find all sorts of animals in expressions: the cat (if someone is a bag of cats, s/he is extremely agitated), the dog (a hangdog is a mean person), the beaver (an eager beaver is someone always ready to do any work in order to be appreciated by their boss), the pig ( to buy a pig in a poke means to buy something without seeing it first). If someone goes ape, then s/he becomes very excited. It is true that the mammals seem to be the category most used in such idioms. Nevertheless, not only the mammals occur in such expressions. The snake is also present (a snake in the grass can be either a hidden danger or a false friend, depending on the context), as are the birds: if we say about somebody that s/he has got the bird, that means that s/he got fired or dismissed. A wild goose chase is a vain pursuit of something, which would be worthless, even if reached at. The well-known saying birds of a feather flock together means that people tend to associate with others who have the same character or the same preoccupations. It can be translated into Romanian by Spune-mi cu cine te insotesti ca sa-ti spun cine esti, the literal translation of which is tell me who you keep company with and I will tell you who you are. Figure 1 Categories of animals used in idioms There are a great number of expressions (367) in the corpus containing names of insects. One of the expressions in this category is to make a beeline for, meaning to go straight towards something. Another expression referring to the bee is to put the bee on something, meaning to ask for a loan. If two people are bitten by the same bug, they have the same hobbies or interests. A quite often used expression is Don t bug me, meaning Leave me alone, do not bother me. Of all the animals, the domestic or the farm ones are the most used in such expressions. There are on the average 25 expressions containing each of them. It seems natural for this to happen: the more frequently people met with the animal, the more likely it was for 165

4 them to use it in everyday speech. Thus, the dog appears in the greatest number of expressions (267), followed by the cat (149). Figure 2 The large representation of dogs and cats in idioms Some of the expressions referring to dogs are listed in the table below, in order to illustrate the rich variety of meanings and connotations it can bring: Expressions related to dogs No Expressions Meaning 1. Top dog under dog Winner - loser 2. Dog days Extremely hot days (esp. in July and August) 3. Black dog Hangover 4. To blush like a blue dog With no shame 5. Hang - dog Mean 6. To die dog for somebody To be very devoted 7. To be an old dog at something To be very good in a certain field 8. Sea dog Pirate 9. Dog my cats! Expression of surprise or irritation 10. Dog and pony show To put on a performance to impress somebody 11. In the dog house In trouble 12. The hair of the dog that bit you The alcohol you drink in the morning to get rid of a hangover 13. A dog eat dog world A vicious world 14. To put on the dog To act in an ostentatious manner 15. Puppy love A juvenile crush on somebody 16. To bitch up something To spoil something 17 Raining cats and dogs Pouring rain Table 1. One interesting aspect related to this is that most animals present in expressions seem to appear with only one or two main characteristics. The rat for instance always has negative connotations, as in to rat on somebody, meaning to leave someone when they most desperately need you, or rat race, meaning fierce, even unfair competition. In the same way, the bull helps depicting either stubbornness or strength: someone can be bull-headed or s/he can be forced to take the bull by the horns. However, this is not always the case. A dog can have positive, as well as negative connotations, as seen in the table above. To be an old 166

5 dog in the expression to be an old dog at something is a good thing, which is not the case in you can t teach an old dog new tricks. Again, the explanation for this is that people seem to have kept the closest emotional contact with dogs out of all animals. Therefore, they transferred their own character traits onto dogs, personifying them. Another possible classification of expressions is according to meaning. In this case, we will see that the same meaning can be conveyed by two or more different expressions or by the same expressions where there is variation in what the animal named is concerned. Thus, instead of saying that someone is restless and impatient, the English may say that someone has ants in his pants, or a bee in his bonnet, or even bats in his belfry. Or somebody can act like a chicken on June bug, like a bat out of hell, in two shakes of a lamb s tail, i.e. very quickly. You can have a cat nap or a dog sleep : they both mean that you dormi iepureste in Romanian. There can be variation in the same expression. This means that the same characteristic can be expressed by two or even more animals. We can say about somebody that s/he is busy as a bee, or busy as an ant, or even busy as a beaver. The meaning is the same, although the animals differ: the person is working hard. The idea that something goes smoothly can be rendered by using the expression slick as bear grease, or we can make use of the variants slick as goose grease or slick as owl grease. The literal translation into Romanian is hilarious (although Romanians do have the expression totul merge ca uns ), as is the literal translation of the Romanian counterpart totul merge snur or ca pe roate everything is going cord, as on wheels. There is a special class of expressions in regard to meaning that we mention here. Most expressions in the corpus have some expressive function, too. They add some colour to language. It is certainly not the same thing if we say about someone that he has the favourite position or if we say that he is sitting in a catbird position. Although they mean the same thing, it s the details that make a thing good and fine feathers make fine birds are totally different from an expressive point of view. However, there are some expressions the role of which is purely that of expressing the feeling of those who utter them. Such an idiom is Rabbit it! meaning the same as Rats! or Dog my cats!, or even I ll be a monkey s uncle!. All of them are expressions of irritation or surprise, having nothing to do whatsoever with the meaning of the words making them up. Idiomatic expressions can also be classified according to their form. Thus, we have compound nouns, such as rat race, monkey business, cat calls, or noun phrases as in a pig s eye (=never), a bird s eye view (=seen from above), or expressions in which there appear verbs: to have a bear by the tail (=to have a difficult problem to solve), to let the cat out of the bag (=to disclose a secret). CONCLUSIONS Much as predicted, the idiomatic expressions containing names of mammals represent the largest category of the total. However, what came as a surprise was the large number of idioms containing names of insects. These proved to be more numerous than the ones with birds. Another characteristic of these expressions is that the closer to home the animal, the more idiomatic expressions referring to it were created. Thus, there are significantly more expressions with pigs for instance than with crocodiles. The animal most present in idiomatic expressions is the dog, probably due to the fact that it is the earliest tamed animal, and present throughout history in the company of people. Concerning their translation, the best way is to do it by a Romanian idiomatic expression, in order to keep the flavour and the colour of the English words. We found that this 167

6 is possible in most cases, although the Romanian idiom does not always contain the same animal. Sometimes, it doesn t contain an animal at all (raining cats and dogs ploua cu galeata). Still, the effect is kept in translation. Nevertheless, there are cases when one cannot find such an equivalent, and in these cases, the translation resembles more an explanation. LITERATURE 1. BARBU MARIAN Dicţionar de citate şi locuţiuni străine. Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică Română 2. CACCIARI, CRISTINA & PATRIZIA TALBOSSI Idioms. Processing, Structure and Interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3. CHITRA, FERNANDO Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford: Oxford University Press 4. FENGYING, MU The Ripple Effect. Word Meaning Expansion and its Application in Teaching Vocabulary. In Forum, vol.34 No. 1., pages RAŢĂ, GEORGETA Engleza pentru agricultori. Timişoara: Mirton 6. *** Webster s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New Revised Edition New Jersey: Grammercy Books, Random House Value Publishing 7. *** Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Microsoft Corporation 8. *** Animal Idioms and Expressions at (visited on December 12th 2004) 168