ENGLISH LITERATURE MODULE EXPLANATION TEXT

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1 ENGLISH LITERATURE MODULE EXPLANATION TEXT Grade X Semester 2 Academic Year

2 Learning Objectives: Students are able to identify explanation text Students are able to decide the right topic sentence Students are able to explain the usage passive voice especially present passive voice Students are able to explain cause and result Conceptual Map Understanding Explanation Text Cause and Effect in a paragraph Passive Voice (Present Passive Voice)

3 EXPLANATION TEXT A. Understanding Explanation Text is used to explain why or how something happens or works. It is used in most subjects, like history (e.g. How did Diponegoro war happen?), geography (what happens when a volcano erupts?), science (e.g. How does insulation work?). It can be simplified that explanation also can be used to explain the sequence, cause or theoretical understanding of phenomenon or event. The generic structure: 1. General statement 2. Explanation statement 3. conclusion Communicative Purpose To provide logical, time related information to explain and describe events happening in our world. Example Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth s surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth s atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow. However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regionsit? B. Cause and Effect in paragraphs Cause-result verbs They cause damage because they have intense suction at the tip. Deeper water leads to greater pressure. Subordinating conjunction A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses. One is an independent clause, and another one is a dependent clause Debris is created because these cortexes tear at the walls. Independent clause conjunction dependent clause Other conjunctions showing cause and result include so (introducing result), since and for (introducing cause)

4 Prepositions Because of that, walls, window, doors, columns can overload. Because of + noun (phr) clause Other preposition showing cause and result include therefore (introducing result), due to (introducing cause). Transition words Consequently, the high pressure can find its way into the building. (introducing result) As a result, the other side of the building will be loaded. (introducing result) C. Grammar Review How to change an active sentence into passive sentence? The object in the active sentences move into the subject position in the passive sentence. The subject move to the end of the sentence and by is inserted before it the sentences now has an agent by phrase. The main verb is changed to its past participle form and the appropriate form of be is inserted before it. General Rules Active Passive Simple Present : V1 is/am/are + V3 Simple Past : V2 was/were + V3 Present Perfect : have/has + V3 have/has been + V3 Past Perfect : had + V3 had been + V3 Present Continuous : is/am/are + Ving is/am/are being + V3 Past Continuous : was/were + Ving was/were being + V3 Future : will + V1 is/am/are going to + V1 will be + V3 is/am/are going to be + V3 Future Perfect : will have + V3 will have been + V3 Modal : modal + V1 modal be + V3 Example ACTIVE: a. Mary helps the boy. S V O PASSIVE: b. The boy is helped by Mary. Special Rules of Forming the Passive Passive of Gerund or Infinitive Active : Jane likes her teacher praising her in front of the class. Passive : Jane likes being praised (by her teacher) in front of the class. Active : They tend to criticize his work. Passive : His work tends to be criticized.

5 Passive of Present Participle or Bare Infinitive Active : I saw the man crossing the street. Passive : The man was seen crossing the street. Active : I saw the man cross the street. Passive : The man was seen to cross the street. Passive of Instructions Active : Do the test carefully! Passive : You/We are told/asked/ordered to do the test carefully. Active : Don t walk on the grass! Passive : You/We are not allowed/permitted to walk on the grass. Passive with Noun Clause Active : They say love is blind. Passive : Love is said to be blind. Or It is said that love is blind. Active : Many people think the man has a lot of money. Passive : The man is thought to have a lot of money. Or It is thought that the man has a lot of money. Active : I think John went to Singapore on his last holiday. Passive : John is thought to have gone to Singapore on his last holiday. Or It is thought that John went to Singapore on his last holiday. Active : People believed that he was killed. Passive : He was believed to be killed. Or It was believed that he was killed. Active : They have found that the bombing caused a lot of casualties. Passive : The bombing has been found to have caused a lot of casualties. Or It has been found that the bombing caused a lot of casualties.

6 Exercise A. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past, active or passive 1. (somebody/cook) the breakfast yesterday? 2. The school gates (lock) at 6.00 p.m every evening. 3. The book (send) a week ago. 4. While I was on museum, my wallet (steal) from my bag. 5. The invitation (bring up) by my friend tomorrow. 6. Why John (resign) from the job? Didn t he enjoy it? 7. The team (interview) him right now. 8. The choir (conduct) by Mr. Smith now. 9. The student (punish) by the principal yesterday. 10. Water (consist) of hydrogen and oxygen. B. Change these sentence into passive 1. The professor is going to show the students an old bone. 2. They expected us to build the road. 3. People said that the President is ill. 4. Boys like to play soccer. 5. He could not read the sentence. 6. Could Jenny lock the door? 7. Clean the garden quickly! 8. Clean the garden quickly! 9. Did Sue draw this circle? 10. Suzy likes the boys admiring her. C. Change these sentences into active 1. Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake few days ago 2. Our house is going to be renovated. 3. The report must be completed by next Friday 4. We are not allowed to visit her. 5. The black bike is being repaired at the moment. 6. Penicilin was discovered by Alexander fleming 7. A stone was being thrown by the kid 8. Is the house being cleaned by the servant? 9. The mother tongue would be taught to him by her 10. This hotel is said to have more facilities than the mottel

7 Glossary: Conjunction (noun): conjunction Preposition (noun): in grammar, a word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a pronoun, connecting it to another word References Sudarwati, Th. M. & Eudia Grace Pathway to English. Erlangga. Quick Grammar (retrieved on July 21, 2016)

VERB PATTERNS. Verb + Ving (avoid speaking) Verb + to inf (learn to speak) Verb + inf (I would rather speak)

VERB PATTERNS. Verb + Ving (avoid speaking) Verb + to inf (learn to speak) Verb + inf (I would rather speak) VERB PATTERNS Verb + Ving (avoid speaking) Verb + to inf (learn to speak) Verb + inf (I would rather speak) GERUND, present participle or ing form Use Ving: As the subject of a sentence Smoking is bad