Writing Process. Editing. Drafting. Revising. Publishing. Prewriting

Transcription

1 Chapter 1

2 Writing Process Publishing Prewriting Editing Drafting Revising

3 EoS 1 Pg. 1-7

4 Rule 1 Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding s. It doesn t matter the final consonant Charles s box s Indefinite pronouns Everyone s Someone else s Exceptions Ancient proper names (Moses, Isis) Jesus For conscience sake, for righteousness sake

5 Rule 2 In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. Oxford comma be consistent Oranges, lemons, and limes are good sources of vitamin C.

6 Rule 3 Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas. Dates August 25, 2015 A name in direct address I, Sir, will take the challenge. Etc., i.e., e.g. Abbreviations for academic degrees Titles (if coming after the name) Joy Stouffer, Ed.D. Marty Herron, Reverend

7 Rule 3 Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses Do not identify or define the antecedent noun Does the sentence make sense without the clause/phrase? Walt Disney World, which is located in Florida, is a popular vacation spot. The attraction she liked best was Cinderella s castle. Introductory phrases and clauses Include a comma even if coming after a conjunction combining 2 sentences. I think the weather will be fine, but if you want, we can bring an umbrella.

8 Review 1. Form the singular of nouns by adding. 2. In a series of terms with a single conjunction, use a after each term except the last. 3. Enclose between.

9 Rule 4 Place a comma before a conjunction introducing an independent clause. Comma before as, for, or, nor, while I am not going to eat that candy right now, as I am full from lunch. Do not use commas between compound verbs I d like to, but I can t. I d like to but can t.

10 (Click on the video for the link)

11 Rule 5 Do not join independent clauses with just a comma. We ll go to the restaurant now, we re very hungry. Semicolon cause & consequence Period Accordingly, besides, then, therefore, thus, however All require a semicolon and a comma Exception conversational writing; short, parallel clauses

12 Rule 6 Do not break sentences in two. Periods should not replace commas She is not old enough to drive. Because she is only twelve. Rules 3, 4, 5, 6 the most important principles that govern punctuation

13 Rule 7 The Colon Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative quotation. To succeed in class, you must bring: your books, notes, and a pen. To succeed in class, you must bring the following items: your books, notes, and a pen. William Byrd ends every journal entry with the same sentence: I had good health, good thoughts, and good humor, thanks be to God Almighty.

14 Practice Several states are important squash producers Texas, Florida, California, New Jersey, and New York. There s only one way I like my squash steamed., Mario Batali once said You know, when you get your first asparagus, or your first acorn squash those are the moments that define the cook's year. : :

15 Rule 8 The Dash Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or interruption and to announce a long appositive or summary. Use sparingly if it becomes too common, it will lose its strength. Violence the kind you see on television is not honestly violent there lies its harm. Violence, the kind you see on television, is not honestly violent. There lies its harm.

16 Practice The tomato although many consider it a vegetable is really a fruit. The top of Big Glassy Mountain a gentle 1.3 m hike provides a spectacular view of the valley below. The amount of sleep necessary to function properly throughout the day varies from person to person. On the other hand teenagers often inflict a less-than-desirable amount of sleep on themselves by choosing to stay up late at night.

17 Rule 9 S/V Agreement Words that come between the subj. and the verb do not affect verb number. My brother, along with my mom and dad, are coming to visit next week. My brother, along with my mom and dad, is coming to visit next week.

18 Rule 9 S/V Agreement Verbs in relative clauses following the phrase one of agree in number with the OP, not one. He is just one of those candidates who makes everyone like him. He is just one of those candidates who make everyone like them.

19 Rule 9 S/V Agreement Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs. each, either, everyone, everybody, someone Everyone has a unique point of view. None of them is coming to the game. (not one)

20 Practice The history surrounding Lewis and Clark s adventures (fascinates, fascinate) Americans today. The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation (attempts, attempt) to protect and preserve the historic trail. Almost nobody (realizes, realize) that Lewis took a Newfoundland dog named Seaman on the expedition.

21 Practice Most of the students in the class (enjoys, enjoy) learning grammar. Thomas Edison was one of those people who (perseveres, persevere) through obstacles.

22 Rule 9 S/V Agreement Compound subjects joined by and take plural verbs Timothy and Sarah love to play volleyball. Exceptions: compound subjects that are considered one unit mac and cheese, peanut butter and jelly, spaghetti and meatballs Spaghetti and meatballs is my favorite Italian meal.

23 Rule 9 S/V Agreement A linking verb agrees with the number of its subject. English is my favorite class. The settlers gardens were an area divided into specific parts. Watch out for these: nouns ending in ics (politics, economics, mathematics, physics), measles, mumps, news, and some nouns of measurement (dollars, teaspoons) Physics is the study of matter and motion.

24 Practice Two thousand feet of paper (is, are) printed in one minute by some web presses. Ceramics (is, are) an art form that my cousin enjoys. Meat and potatoes (is, are) on the menu for tonight. There (is, are) still performances of Shakespeare s plays around the world. Steak and ice cream (is, are) all he will eat.

25 Rule 10 Pronouns Use the proper case of pronouns Nominative/Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case I You He/She/It We They Me You Him/Her/It Us Them My Your His/Her/Its Our Their Mine Yours His/Hers/Its Ours Theirs Nominative: subjects and predicate nouns Objective: DO, IO, OP Possessive: adj vs. n

26 Examples Adventurous men and women throughout the years have sought to establish their names in history for exploratory firsts. Robert Edwin Peary chose Matt Henson to accompany him to the North Pole. He designed a special ship that would break through the Arctic ice. They finally reached the North Pole in 1909, but theirs was not the first claim.

27 Rule 10 Pronouns Who vs. whom Who subjective Who is going to the game tonight? She is the one who knows where the music stands are. Whom objective To whom do I give this message? He is the one whom they gave the award to.

28 Rule 10 Pronouns Use I and me rather than myself. (Click on the video for the link)

29 Practice My mom sent birthday cards to my brother and (I, me). A teen (who, whom) attends a Christian camp may make a life-changing decision. (Who, Whom) do you think he will choose as his assistant? Sharon and (her, she) are traveling to Europe. They brought lunch for everyone, including Scott and (me, myself). However, (I, me, myself) brought dessert for (me, myself.)

30 Rule 10 Pronouns Use possessive case with gerunds and objective case with participles. Do you mind me asking a question? Do you mind my asking a question? Sentence 1: focus on me Sentence 2: focus on asking a question

31 Practice (Our, Us) considering a camper is a big step for our family. (Me, My) understanding Spanish comes from three years of study. I didn t think (him, his) reading your report, instead of Livy, would make a big difference.

32 Rule 11 A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject. What is a participle? A verb form ending in ing or ed that is used as an adjective. Running across the room, Miss Jensen tripped and fell. Running across the room, we all laughed as Miss Jensen tripped and fell.

33 Rule 11 Click on the video for the link

34 Practice Fix the dangling modifier Driving in heavy traffic, the cup of water spilled onto the seat. To wash the car, good soap is necessary. Known as one of the most scenic drives in America, we enjoy driving the Blue Ridge Parkway. By not picking flowers, the parks can be preserved. By hiking the trails, your health will improve.