1. Allusion: making a reference to literature, art, history, or pop culture

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1 Literary Terms Every 8 th Grader Needs to Know Before Going to High School You need to know the definition of and be able to identify each literary term 1. Allusion: making a reference to literature, art, history, or pop culture 2. Analyze: to examine a piece of literature critically in order to bring out the essential elements. 3. Antagonist: A person or force who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something 4. Anthropomorphism: giving animals human qualities 5. Audience: those reached by a book, radio or television broadcast, etc 6. Author s purpose: the reason the author wrote the story/piece of writing 7. Biblical Allusion: a reference to a character or story in the Bible 8. Character: a person, animal, or item that participates in a literary work. a. Dynamic character: a literary or dramatic character who undergoes an important inner change b. Static character: a literary or dramatic character who undergoes little or no inner change 9. Characterization - the method a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character in a literary work. a. External Characterization: the characteristics one can see Physical description b. Internal Characterization: the characteristics one cannot see, things like personality, which can be shown through Character s actions

2 Direct statements by narrator Character s own thoughts, comments, feelings and emotions Other characters thoughts and comments about the character 10. Conflict: the struggle between two opposing forces that lies at the center of a plot in a story or a drama a. External Conflict: a conflict that exists when a character struggles against some outside force man vs. man man vs. nature man vs. society b. Internal Conflict: a conflict that exists within a character torn between opposing feelings or goals man vs. self 11. Culture: behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group 12. Deities: a person or thing revered as a god or goddess 13. Evaluate: to determine the quality of something 14. Expository: intended to explain or describe something 15. Flashback: an interruption in the chronological narrative that tells about something in detail as it occurred that happened before that point in the story or before the story began. 16. Foreshadowing: the use of clues by the author to prepare readers and build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. 17. Genre: type of literature

3 18. Heroes: people of distinguished courage or ability, admired for their brave deeds and noble qualities 19. Hyperbole: figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to express strong emotion, make a point, or create humor. 20. Idiom: an expression that has a figurative meaning that is completely different from its literal meaning. 21. Imagery: the picture that forms in the reader s mind as they read. 22. Inference: a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. 23. Irony: the contrast between what is and what should be a. Dramatic Irony: the audience knows or understands something that the character or characters do not. b. Situational Irony: the result of an action is the reverse of what is expected. The reader is just as surprised as the characters. c. Verbal Irony: the contrast is between the literal meaning of what is said and what is meant. Also known as sarcasm. 24. Literary devices (literary terms): are an identifiable rule of thumb, convention or structure that is employed in literature and storytelling 25. Media: the means of communication 26. Metaphor: comparing two unlike things Extended metaphor: several connected comparisons are made 27. Mood: the feeling of a piece of literature

4 28. Mythology: a set of stories, traditions, or beliefs associated with a particular group 29. Narrator: the person telling the story 30. Oxymoron: combining two things that do not go together 31. Organizational patterns: recurring structures of relationship 32. Paraphrase: restating information in your own words 33. Parody: a humorous imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing 34. Personification: inanimate objects take on human characteristics 35. Persuasive: the attempt to someone to do or believe something through reasoning or the use of temptation. 36. Plot: the main events of the story a. Exposition: contains the characters and setting b. Rising Action: the part of the story that builds interest c. Climax: the turning point d. Falling Action: the part of the story that brings it to a close e. Resolution: the end of the story Denouement: the tying together of the plot Catastrophe: when everything falls apart at the end of the story Cliffhanger: a story that doesn t have a true ending, but leaves the reader waiting for more

5 37. Poetry: literary work in metrical form; verse. a. epic poetry: poetry celebrating the deeds of a hero b. lyric poetry: songlike verse c. narrative poetry: tells a story 38. Points of view a. 1 st person (subjective): the story is told from the point of view of one of the characters, uses I b. 2 nd person: the narrator addresses the reader, uses you c. 3 rd person objective: the narrator is not part of the story and does not know what the characters think and feel, uses he, she, they, them d. 3 rd person limited: the narrator is outside the story but reveals the thoughts of only one character e. 3 rd person omniscient: the narrator is outside the story and knows all the characters thoughts, feelings, why they act the way they do, can reveal any or all events 39. Procedural: explains a process 40. Protagonist: The leading character or a major character in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text 41. Secondary characters: any character that is not a main character 42. Setting: the time and the place of the story 43. Simile: comparing two unlike things using like or as 44. Stereotype: traits, characteristics, and mannerisms supposedly shared by all members of a group 45. Subplot: the subordinate storyline to the main plot. Side stories.

6 46. Symbolism: when something or someone represents something or someone else 47. Theme: the main idea the author tries to get across to the reader 48. Tone: the writer s attitude towards his or her audience and subject. 49. Universal: relating equally to everyone

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