On the Ontological Basis for Logical Metonymy:
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1 Page 1: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. On the Ontological Basis for : Telic Roles and WORDNET Sandiway Fong NEC Research Institute Princeton NJ USA Eventive verb enjoy: Mary enjoyed the party Mary enjoyed dancing at the party enjoy: [ NP/S EVENT] cf. begin, refuse, finish,... sandiway@research.nj.nec.com Page 2: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Eventive verb enjoy: Eventive verb enjoy: Mary enjoyed the sonata Mary enjoyed the sonata (listen to/play) Mary enjoyed [ V-ing the sonata ] Mary enjoyed listening to the sonata Mary enjoyed playing the sonata Page 3: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 4: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
2 Page 5: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Eventive verb enjoy: Eventive verb enjoy: Mary enjoyed the sonata (listen to/play) Mary enjoyed [ V-ing the sonata ] Mary enjoyed listening to the sonata Mary enjoyed playing the sonata #Mary enjoyed the door Mary enjoyed [ V-ing the door ] Mary enjoyed the sonata (listen to/play) Mary enjoyed [ V-ing the sonata ] Mary enjoyed listening to the sonata Mary enjoyed playing the sonata #Mary enjoyed the door (?? telic role) Mary enjoyed [ V-ing the door ] Page 6: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. WordNet What is it? Synonym set (synset) network for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Synsets connected by semantic relations (isa, antonymy,...) 139,000 entries (word senses), 10,000 verbs (polysemy 2), 20,000 adjectives (1.5) Originally designed as a model of human semantic memory (Miller, 1985) WordNet What is it? Synonym set (synset) network for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Synsets connected by semantic relations (isa, antonymy,...) 139,000 entries (word senses), 10,000 verbs (polysemy 2), 20,000 adjectives (1.5) Originally designed as a model of human semantic memory (Miller, 1985) conveyance, transport motor vehicle,... ski tow, ski lift car, auto, motorcar,... go-cart convertible jeep limo hypernymy (isa) Page 7: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 8: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
3 Page 9: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. WordNet WORDNET Relations What is it? Synonym set (synset) network for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Synsets connected by semantic relations (isa, antonymy,...) 139,000 entries (word senses), 10,000 verbs (polysemy 2), 20,000 adjectives (1.5) Originally designed as a model of human semantic memory (Miller, 1985) change, alter Verbs connect, link, tie better, improve, amend,... join, conjoin mend, repair, fix, doctor,... patch, piece hypernymy (isa) Relation Description Example x HYP y y is a hypernym of x x: repair, y: improve x ENT y x entails y x: breathe, y: inhale x SIM y y is similar to x (A) x: achromatic, y: white x CS y y is a cause of x x: anesthetize, y: sleep x VGP y y is similar to x (V) x: behave, y: pretend x ANT y x and y are antonyms x: present, y: absent x SA y x, see also y x: breathe, y: breathe out x PPL y x participle of y x: applied, y: apply x PER y x pertains to y x: abaxial, y: axial Page 10: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. WORDNET Relations Hypernymy and From the literature: Relation Description Example x HYP y y is a hypernym of x x: repair, y: improve x ENT y x entails y x: breathe, y: inhale x SIM y y is similar to x (A) x: achromatic, y: white x CS y y is a cause of x x: anesthetize, y: sleep x VGP y y is similar to x (V) x: behave, y: pretend x ANT y x and y are antonyms x: present, y: absent (Verspoor, 1997) Summary from the BNC corpus: tell STORY eat FOOD/MEAL drink LIQUID tell STORY play MUSIC read/write WRITTEN_OBJECT x SA y x, see also y x: breathe, y: breathe out x PPL y x participle of y x: applied, y: apply x PER y x pertains to y x: abaxial, y: axial Page 11: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 12: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
4 Page 13: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Hypernymy and From the literature: (Verspoor, 1997) Summary from the BNC corpus (Lascarides & Copestake, 1995) Inheritance hierarchy : eventuality represent-art: perceive visual-rep: watch literature: read film dictionary: refer book Hypernymy and From the literature: (Verspoor, 1997) Summary from the BNC corpus (Lascarides & Copestake, 1995) Inheritance hierarchy (Asher & Pustejovsky): Logic of type constructors a) p see: objects with extension typically visible b) p hear: objects involving sound typically audible c) all s inherit a general dependent type that gives their cause d) wine: liquid T drink e) class: people T teach Page 14: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Hypernymy and From the literature: (Verspoor, 1997) Summary from the BNC corpus (Lascarides & Copestake, 1995) Inheritance hierarchy (Asher & Pustejovsky): Logic of type constructors Begin and Enjoy Pustejovsky (1995), Lascarides & Copestake (1995) and Verspoor (1997): John began the novel The author began his unfinished novel back in 1962 Basic Idea: Use WordNet s concept hierarchy Test a bunch of worked examples Locus of telic roles should be in ontological not lexical structure Page 15: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 16: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
5 Page 17: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Begin and Enjoy Pustejovsky (1995), Lascarides & Copestake (1995) and Verspoor (1997): John began the novel (reading/writing) The author began his unfinished novel back in 1962 (writing) Begin and Enjoy Pustejovsky (1995), Lascarides & Copestake (1995) and Verspoor (1997): John began the novel (reading/writing) The author began the unfinished novel back in 1962 (writing) novel: telic role: read (purpose/function) agentive role: writing (creation) event/non-eventive noun mismatch: coercion Page 18: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Begin and Enjoy Multiple Telic Roles Pustejovsky (1995), Lascarides & Copestake (1995) and Verspoor (1997): John began the novel (reading/writing) The author began the unfinished novel back in 1962 (writing) Mary enjoyed the novel!!the visitor enjoyed the door Mary enjoyed the garden (reading) (?telic role) (seeing...) Mary enjoyed the garden (seeing) Mary enjoyed inspecting the garden Mary enjoyed visiting the garden Mary enjoyed strolling through the garden Mary enjoyed rollerblading in the garden Mary enjoyed sitting in the garden Mary enjoyed dozing in the garden Page 19: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 20: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
6 Page 21: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Discourse and Telic Roles Discourse and Telic Roles Easily defeasible: Easily defeasible: He really enjoyed your book (reading) My goat eats anything. He really enjoyed your book!he enjoyed your shoe (reading) (eating) (Lascarides & Copestake, 1995) Page 22: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Discourse and Telic Roles WordNet and Telic Roles Easily defeasible: John enjoyed the cigarette (smoking) My goat eats anything. He really enjoyed your book (reading) (eating) (Lascarides & Copestake, 1995) cigarette, butt, fag, coffin nail smoke smoke My dog eats everything.!he really enjoyed your shoe (eating) plant product tobacco street drug substance Page 23: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 24: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
7 Page 25: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Contextual Function Search Rules Principle of Specificity: Prefer R i to R j in Contextual Function Search Rules Principle of Specificity: Prefer R i to R j in R i R j R i R j C... C... i C j C... C... i C j Override possible but requires strong contextual support Principle of Locality: Plausibility of R i scales with m and inversely with l R i Principle of Locality: Plausibility of R i scales with m and inversely with l R i C... C i... l m C T C... C i... l m C T Page 26: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Telic/Agentive Roles Mary enjoyed/began the sonata Noun/Verb Hierarchies Mary enjoyed/began the sonata sonata classical music sonata classical music music perform listen to compose, write music perform listen to make, Page 27: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 28: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
8 Page 29: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Location Absence of Function Mary enjoyed the garden (seeing/visiting)!john enjoyed the rock (?telic role) garden rock plot yard natural object tract location visit, see Note: rock not characterized as a location (cf. garden) Mary enjoyed Ayer s Rock (visiting) Page 30: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Type/Function Distinction Type/Function Distinction Mary enjoyed the wine (drinking) Mary enjoyed the amphetamine (abuse) wine wine alcoholic beverage alcoholic beverage amphetamine, pep pill, upper drink liquid drink food drug of abuse drug (ab)use drink liquid drink food drug of abuse (ab)use drug stimulant substance substance Page 31: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 32: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
9 Page 33: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.!John enjoyed the dirt Polysemy Grammatical Constraint!!John enjoyed the door dirt door movable barrier entrance enter earth body waste material gossip report hear read block barrier obstruction access way substance speech act act Page 34: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Grammatical Constraint Grammatical Constraint!!John enjoyed the door EXP enjoy NP EXP i enjoy [PRO i [V(ing) NP]]!!John enjoyed the door EXP enjoy NP EXP i enjoy [PRO i [V(ing) NP]] door door movable barrier entrance enter movable barrier entrance enter block barrier access block barrier access x enter y obstruction way x block y obstruction way Page 35: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 36: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
10 Page 37: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Grammatical Constraint Grammatical Constraint!He enjoyed your shoe [PRO [V(ing) shoe]]!he enjoyed your shoe [PRO [V(ing) shoe]] shoe foot covering shoe [shoe [cover(ing) foot]] footwear wear [PRO [wear(ing) shoe]] footwear wear [PRO [wear(ing) shoe]] covering cover [shoe [cover(ing) y]] covering cover [shoe [cover(ing) y]] Page 38: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Corpus Data (Verspoor, 1997): BNC (> 100 million words) Infrequent Corpus No. of examples BNC 164 LOB 3 Limited number of semantic classes telic begin tell STORY 20 eat FOOD/MEAL 11 sing SONG 9 serve (jail) sentence 8 play MUSIC 7.5 do business 6 take MEDICINE/TREATMENT 5 play GAME 4 attend SCHOOL/CLASSES 4 argue CASE 3 read WRITTEN_OBJECT 2.5 Page 39: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Page 40: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
11 Page 41: OntoLex 2002, May 27th. Summary Summary Linguistic phenomena as benchtests for WordNet relations Hypernymy: Linguistic phenomena as benchtests for WordNet relations Hypernymy: WORDNET Telic role annotation? Should be easy to do: (1) Limited in scope: only 164 instances in the BNC, and (2) Limited to 20 (semantic) categories of nouns Fall into natural classes, headed by higher concepts: FOOD/MEAL, MUSIC, LITERATURE. Take advantage of the hypernymy hierarchy and annotate only higher concepts. Page 42: OntoLex 2002, May 27th.
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