Television and Teletext

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1 Television and Teletext

2 Macmillan New Electronics Series Series Editor: Paul A. Lynn Paul A. Lynn, Radar Systems A. F. Murray and H. M. Reekie, Integrated Circuit Design Dennis N. Pim, Television and Teletext MartinS. Smith, Introduction to Antennas

3 Television and Teletext Dennis N. Pim BSc (Eng), PhD, C Eng, MIEE Discipline of Electronics, Faculty of Technology, The Open University Macmillan New Electronics Introductions to Advanced Topics M MACMILLAN EDUCATION

4 Dennis N. Pim 1988 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Pim, Dennis N. Television and teletext.-(macmillan new electronics). 1. Television 2. Teletext (Data transmission system). I. Title TK6630 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents Series Editor's Foreword ix Preface X 1 Monochrome Television Light and colour 1.2 Converting scenes to electrical signals Visual acuity Dividing up a scene Scanning Number of lines Scanning rate Interlaced scanning Gamma correction Synchronisation The composite video signal Bandwidth of the composite video signal Transmitting the video signal System variations Summary 24 2 Colour Television The three colour signals Compatibility Producing and displaying the colour signals Colour television tubes Colour difference signals The NTSC signal Monochrome signal Chrominance signals Luminance/chrominance interference effects Sub-carrier burst Choice of sub-carrier frequency Summary The PAL system Effects of sub-carrier phase errors in the NTSC system 42 v

6 vi Contents Colour difference bandwidths Phase reversal Simple PAL Delay line PAL Swinging burst Sub-carrier frequency Summary The SECAM system Chrominance signal weighting Video pre-emphasis FM modulation Sub-carrier pre-emphasis Chrominance identification signal Interference and compatibility effects Summary Summary of the three colour encoding systems 56 3 Teletext The basic teletext system Service organisation Page addressing The teletext display Determination of character size Display characters Character coding The teletext TV line Data encoding Decoder synchronisation Addressing data Hamming error protection Magazine and row address group Teletext display packets Header row format Header control bits The teletext signal Bitrate Bandwidth Data rate Full channel teletext 78 4 Videotex The basic videotex system The videotex database Tree structure 81

7 Contents vii Charging structure The videotex display Videotex control codes The videotex signal Decoding the serial signal Signal modulation Data rate 86 5 Television Receivers Reception and demodulation of the video signal Tuner unit Frequency synthesis tuning IF signal processing Audio signal processing Synchronisation signal processing Sync separator Line oscillator and waveform shaping Field oscillator and waveform shaping Scan signal amplifiers Video signal processing NTSC colour decoder PAL colour decoder SECAM colour decoder Teletext decoder Sync and timing generator Data signal conditioning Data clock generation Serial-to-parallel conversion Main control logic Display memory Display unit Videotex decoder Telephone line barrier Modem Controller Display memory and controller Control module Remote control transmitter Remote control receiver Front panel controls Main control unit Control bus Bus receivers Power supply 110

8 viii Contents 5.9 Peri connector Ill 5.10 Summary Ill 6 New Specifications Stereo digital sound Choice of method Analogue-to-digital conversion Data frames Modulation method Summary The MAC system The basic MAC system The MAC variants Synchronisation Control data Time compression Sound coding C-MAC data packets Scrambling Summary The World System Teletext specification The need for enhancements line systems Levels Implementation Progress on implementation Summary The CEPT Videotex specification Presentation Protocol Data Units Summary Overview 142 Further reading 143 Index 145

9 Series Editor's Foreword The rapid development of electronics and its engineering applications ensures that new topics are always competing for a place in university and polytechnic courses. But it is often difficult for lecturers to fmd suitable books for recommendation to students, particularly when a topic is covered by a short lecture module, or as an 'option'. Macmillan New Electronics offers introductions to advanced topics. The level is generally that of second and subsequent years of undergraduate courses in electronic and electrical engineering, computer science and physics. Some of the authors will paint with a broad brush; others will concentrate on a narrower topic, and cover it in greater detail. But in all cases the titles in the Series will provide a sound basis for further reading of the specialist literature, and an up-to-date appreciation of practical applications and likely trends. The level, scope and approach of the Series should also appeal to practising engineers and scientists encountering an area of electronics for the first time, or needing a rapid and authoritative update. PaulA. Lynn ix

10 Preface This book is about the fundamental systems which enable pictures and text to be converted to electrical signals, transmitted, received and converted back to pictures and text. It is not a book on how to design television cameras, transmitters, receivers etc., but seeks only to introduce the basic mechanisms by which pictures and text can be electronically represented. One of the main aspects of the discussion is on how the characteristics of the physical quantity being represented (pictures, sound, written word} influence the way in which it is represented by electrical signals. The book is designed for undergraduates who require a broad knowledge as well as technical students who require a basic understanding of the theory behind television and teletext systems. Practising engineers should also find the book valuable. Although the systems adopted by Britain are discussed in a little more detail than the other systems in use around the world, these other systems are explained in some depth, andcomparisonsmade between them. The book should thus be useful for anyone who requires an introduction to television. Space does not allow a detailed discussion of all the various systems in use today, but it is hoped that sufficient detail is given so that the reader can grasp the basic ideas and understand why the systems have developed in the way in which they have. For further reading on any of the topics discussed, the reader is referred to the Further Reading section at the end of the book, as well as to the published full specifications of each system. The level of the book assumes a basic knowledge of analogue and digital techniques and the basic properties of light, sound and text. Specifically a knowledge of the following topics is assumed: the conversion of light to/from an electrical signal (photocell/bulb) the conversion of sound to/from an electrical signal (microphone/loudspeaker) the cathode ray tube AM and FM modulation frequency and bandwidth binary representation of information (ASCII codes) synchronous and asynchronous serial data transmission Chapter 1 looks at what light is, and shows how a picture can be divided up into a series of strips and then converted into an electrical signal. The basic black and white composite video signal is then developed and the various line systems X

11 Preface xi introduced. The final section looks at how the signal is broadcast in the UHF and VHF radio bands. Chapter 2 explains colour, and how we perceive it. It is then shown how the black and white composite video signal can be modified to include colour information, while still retaining compatibility. The three main colour encoding systems - NTSC, PAL and SECAM - are described and their relative merits compared. Chapter 3 describes the original teletext system as developed in Britain in the early 1970s, and now adopted and in use in many countries throughout the world. Chapter 4 looks at the basic videotex system and shows how what is basically a computer time-share system has been modified to provide a consumer-oriented system that employs the teletext display to enable a suitably equipped television to be used as a terminal. Chapter 5 describes the basic operation of the various sections of television receivers that are equipped to receive and display teletext and videotex as well as colour pictures. This chapter does not explain how to design a television set, but seeks to show the various stages that the received signal undergoes in order to produce pictures, sound and teletext data. Chapter 6 briefly introduces the features and facilities of some of the new specifications that are currently being finalised in the field of television and teletext. Most of these new systems will be appearing over the next few years, and the chapter shows how advances in electronic technology have enabled such features and facilities to become a practical and economic possibility. The complexity of each of these new specifications means that only an overall discussion of each one is possible. Also, in some cases further detail would be inappropriate since some of the specifications have, at the time of writing not yet been finalised and internationally agreed. Dennis N. Pim The Open University Milton Keynes Buckinghamshire MK7 6AA

12 Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material. British Airways Pic. for Figure Oracle Teletext Ltd for Figures 3.4 and Unwin Hyman Ltd for Figure 2.3 from Telecommunications: A Systems Approach by G. Smol, M.P. R. Hamer and M. T. Hills, Allen and Unwin/ The Open University, Figure Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. xii

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