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1 Springer Praxis Books More information about this series at
2 J.B. Williams The Electronics Revolution Inventing the Future
3 J.B. Williams Offord Darcy St Neots Cambridgeshire, UK SPRINGER PRAXIS BOOKS IN POPULAR SCIENCE Springer Praxis Books ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Design: Jim Wilkie Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
4 Contents Acknowledgments... List of Figures... vii viii 1 Introduction Missed Opportunities: The Beginnings of Electronics From Wireless to Radio Seeing by Electricity: Development of Television Seeing a Hundred Miles: Radar The Box : Television Takes Over Spinning Discs: Recorded Music The Crystal Triode: The Transistor Pop Music: Youth Culture in the 1950s and 1960s From People to Machines: The Rise of Computers Chips into Everything: Integrated Circuits From Signboards to Screens: Displays Distributing Time: Clocks and Watches From Desktop to Pocket: Calculators Shrinking Computers: Microprocessors Instant Cooking: Microwave Ovens Essentials or Toys: Home Computers v
5 vi Contents 18 Computers Take Over the Workplace From Clerks to Xerography: Copiers Shrinking the World: Communication Satellites Personal Communicators: Mobile Phones Going Online: The Internet Glass to the Rescue: Fiber Optics Towards Virtual Money: Cards, ATMs and PoS Saving TV Programmes: Video Recording Electronics Invades Photography: Digital Cameras Seeing Inside the Body: Electronics Aids Medicine Knowing Where You Are: GPS The Electronics Revolution Bibliography Index
6 Acknowledgments It would seem appropriate with the subject of this book that the Internet should have been such a vital tool during the writing. It was of enormous value in finding and retrieving hundreds of relevant articles from journals published throughout the twentieth century. In addition, many articles are published on the Internet alone. I would also like to thank: The enthusiasts who run the many online museums to show their collections. Wikipedia images for many useful pictures. The librarians of Cambridge University Library for leading me through some of the byways of their collections. Clive Horwood for his encouragement, Maury Solomon particularly when it became necessary to split an overlong book, and Elizabet Cabrera. Jim and Rachael Wilkie for turning the manuscript into a book with the cover design and editing. My referees Robert Martin-Royle, Dr Andrew Wheen, Myrene Reyes and Professor Graeme Gooday for their positive comments which made me feel that the nearly 5 years work had been worthwhile. Last, but certainly not least, I want to thank my wife who has, without realizing it, taught me so much about history. vii
7 List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Geissler tube... 6 Fig. 2.2 Fleming... 8 Fig. 2.3 Lee de Forest... 9 Fig. 2.4 Gustave Ferrié Fig. 3.1 Modulation Fig. 3.2 Post Office wireless licenses Fig. 3.3 Households with Radios and electricity Fig. 4.1 Rosing s television transmitter and receiver Fig. 4.2 Baird with early television Fig. 4.3 Baird Televisor and image Fig. 4.4 Baird studio Fig. 4.5 Alexandra palace opening ceremony and camera Fig. 5.1 Chain Home radar Fig. 5.2 Experimental cavity magnetron Fig. 6.1 Decline in cinema attendance and rise of TV Fig. 6.2 Households with B&W and color TV Fig. 7.1 Emile Berliner Fig. 7.2 The composer Elgar recording Fig. 7.3 Sales of recorded music in the UK Fig. 8.1 Brattain, Shockley and Bardeen Fig. 8.2 First point contact Transistor Fig. 8.3 Growth in Transistor sales Fig. 9.1 Number of teenagers in the UK Fig Babbage s Analytical Engine Fig Number of computers on the UK viii
8 List of Figures ix Fig Rise of integrated circuits Fig Gordon Moore s original law Fig Semiconductor sales by value Fig Different shaped fours Fig Vacuum fluorescent display Fig Light Emitting Diode display Fig Sales of watches Fig Arithmometer and Comptometer Fig Scientific calculator Fig Growth of Casio calculator sales Fig Main sections of a Computer Fig Annual production of Microcontrollers Fig Penetration of microprocessors into everyday life Fig Rise of microwave ovens Fig Growth of home computers Fig The IBM PC takes over Fig The rise of computers in the US Fig The rise of computers in the UK Fig Chester Carlson and prototype copier Fig Placements of copiers in the UK Fig Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Oberth and Robert H Goddard Fig Telstar Fig Intelsat 1 Early Bird Fig Cumulative satellite launches Fig Increase in communications satellite capacity Fig Forecasts for 1907; portable wireless phones Fig Mobile phone cells Fig Rise in mobile cell phone subscriptions Fig Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn Fig Access to the Internet Fig Collodon s experiment Fig Rise of fibre optic cable capacity Fig Check (cheque) characters Fig Numbers of ATM machines Fig Numbers of Point of Sale machines Fig Video cassettes Fig Rise of video cassette recorders Fig Rental and sales of video cassettes in the UK
9 x List of Figures Fig An early ECG machine Fig Emi1001, the original EMI head scanner Fig John Harrison Fig GPS satellite over the earth and a Constellation of GPS satellites Fig Millennium Bug
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