10 Digital TV Introduction Subsampling
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1 10 Digital TV 10.1 Introduction Composite video signals must be sampled at twice the highest frequency of the signal. To standardize this sampling, the ITU CCIR-601 (often known as ITU-R) has been devised. It defines three signal components: Y (for luminance), C r (for R-Y) and C b (for B-Y). The biggest problem with sampling is that SECAM and PAL use 625 lines and NTSC use 525 lines. The ITU-R 601 standard defines that SECAM and PAL are sampled 858 times for each line and NTSC is sampled 864 times for each line. This produces the same scanning frequency in both cases: Scanning frequency (PAL, SECAM)= =13.5MHz Scanning frequency (NTSC)= =13.5 MHz With this technique, the luminance (the black and white level) is digitized at a rate of 13.5 MHz and color is sampled at an equivalent rate of 6.75 MHz. Each luminance and color sample is coded as 8 bits, thus the digitized rate is: Digitized video signal rate= =162 Mbps Thus the sample rate for all three systems will be: Sample 1 rate 74ns Normally the Y is sampled at 13.5 MHz and the chromatic components (such as U/V or C b/c r) are sampled at a quarter of this rate (that is, MHz). The bits are then interleaved to give 12-bit YUV bundles, as illustrated in Figure B10.1. This shows that there are 12 bits transmitted every 74 ns, thus the bit rate is: 12 Bit rate 162Mbps Subsampling Subsampling reduces the digitized bit rate by sampling the luminance and chrominance at different rates. The standard format uses integer values as a ratio, such as: Y sampling frequency : C d1 sampling frequency:c d2 sampling frequency
2 74 ns Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 0 U 1 Y 0 Y 1 Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 2 U 3 Y 2 Y 3 Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 4 U 5 Y 4 Y 5 One U and one V sample every 296 ns Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 6 U 7 Y 6 Y 7 Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 0 U 1 Y 0 Y 1 Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 4 Y 5 Y 6 Y 7 U 2 U 3 Y 2 Y 3 Figure B10.1 Interleaved luminance and chrominance data where C d is the sampling frequency for the chominance. For example, standard studioquality TV uses a 4:2:2 sampling ratio for the Y:C r:c b ratio. This means that the number of samples for the color difference is half of the luminance. For example, if the image is: R ( ), G ( ) and B ( ) R ( ), G ( ) and B ( ) (NSTC) (PAL) then using 4:2:2 gives the resultant YC rc b form: Y ( ), C b ( ) and C r ( ) (NSTC) Y ( ), C b ( ) and C r ( ) (PAL) Thus, in NSTC, the number of terms has been reduced from to (a saving of 33%). The H.261 standard, as used in video conferencing, uses a 4:1:1 ratio. Thus the color difference components are sampled at one-quarter of the luminance rate. For example, if the image is: R ( ), G ( ) and B ( ) then using 4:1:1 gives the resultant YC rc b form: Y ( ), C b ( ) and C r ( ) Thus, in NSTC, the number of terms has been reduced from to (a saving a 50%) CCIR-601 active lines CCIR defines a constant sampling rate of 13.5 MHz. Unfortunately, a delay is required to go from the end of one line to the start of the next (called horizontal retrace). A delay is also required when the scanning reaches the end of a frame and returns to the top of the frame (called vertical retrace). The time for active pixels has been defined as 720 per line, or 53 ns (in CCIR-601 the time of scan for a line is 64 s). This is the same for NSTC (which samples 2 Telecommunications
3 at 858 per line) and PAL (which samples at 864 per line) CCIR-601 quantization Each of the samples for luminance and chrominance has 8 bits, which gives 256 levels. Only 220 values are used, the black level is coded as 16 and the peak white levels are coded as 235. Values from 0 to 16 and 235 to 255 are reserved for special code words. The colordifference signal can take on 225 different values; the zero corresponds to coded value 128 and the peak saturation to values 16 and 240. The values from 0 to 16 and 240 to 255 are reserved for special code words Hz pictures Digital transmission of video signals not only improves the transmission of the video signals, it can also be used to increase picture quality. Two typical problems with PAL, NSTC and SECAM systems are: Interline flicker the flickering of sharp horizontal edges around the edges of objects. Large-area flicker most noticeable on large screens. Research indicates these problems disappear when the frame rate is 90 Hz eliminates all flickering. Thus as the video data is digitized it can be stored in a memory and recalled at any rate. A possible technique, for PAL/625, is to store the incoming video data in memory and then to read it out at a rate of 100 Hz. This will then be displayed to the speed at doublespeed lines and field scan rates Analogue component hybrid systems The IBA in the UK developed a digitally based system that permits time division multiplexing of YUV analogue signals into a form suitable for DBS/FM transmission within the 27 MHz channels (19 MHz carrier separation). In the early 1980s, it was adopted for DBS in Europe in the early 1980s. It is termed Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC), where the separate YUV signals are digitally time compressed and then time division multiplexed to occupy the active line periods of the PAL (625 line) standard. Digital sound and data signals are then inserted into the video channel during the line sync periods, which are then frequency modulated onto a single carrier. Thus, the video signal is transmitted in a digital form, but still contains digital information. At the receiver the signal is demultiplexed and thus restores the YUV signals, which are used to display as PAL signals. A number of other MAC systems have been developed for the multiplexing of signal within a studio or for Outside Broadcast applications. These include: 1. B-MAC. Developed by Scientific-Atlanta for satellite cable distribution links or DBS and can carry up to six digital audio channels as baseband data symbols. It is designed to be simple in multiplexing. and has a fixed format, where the data packets are not addressable). 2. C-MAC/packet which transmits up to eight high-quality digital audio channels. These are directly modulated on to the carrier during the line blanking period and use binary Digital TV 3
4 phase shift keying. The resultant data bit rate is Mbps. 3. D-MAC/packet has the same data rate as C-MAC, but rather that using the blanking period it is modulated on the baseband signal with a duobinary form. 4. D2-MAC/packet which is similar to D-MAC, but the data rate Mbps. It can thus be used to transmit four high-quality digital audio channels. The 625 D-MAC/packet system has been adopted as the UK DBS standard Compressed TV TV signals and motion video have a massive amount of redundant information. This is mainly because each image has redundant information and because there are very few changes from one image to the next. A typical standard is the MPEG standard which allows compression of about 130:1. With MPEG-2 this transmission rate can be reduced to 4 Mbps for PAL and SECAM and 3 Mbps for NTSC, giving a compression ratio of 40:1 to high quality TV. MPEG-1 typically compresses TV signals to 1.2 Mbps, giving a compression ratio of 130:1. Unfortunately, the quality is reduced to near VCR-type quality. Table B10.1 outlines these parameters. The base bit rate for a standard Ethernet network is 10 Mbps. This allows compressed video to be transmitted over the network when there is no other traffic on the network. The 4 Mbps rate will load the network by approximately 50%. Standardized and compression techniques will be discussed in the next chapter. Table B10.1 Motion video compression Type Bit rate Compression Comment Uncompressed TV 162 Mbps 1:1 MPEG-1 4 Mbps 40:1 VCR quality MPEG Mbps 130:1 PAL, SECAM TV quality 10.5 HDTV quality HDTV (high-definition TV) has been supported by many companies for many years. Standards such as the European High-Definition MAC, a mainly analogue-based system, have been promoted then abandoned. The main parameters in a TV system are the frame rate and the picture resolution; the main improvements are: HDTV-quality gives a higher picture resolution with a higher frame rate ( at 60 frames per second). This gives excellent images of 1920 pixels per lines, 1080 lines per frame and 60 frames per second. HDTV-quality with a high resolution and a conventional frame rate ( at 24 frames per second). The advantage with this system is that is gives much high resolution with a frame rate which is similar to the frame rate of current system (25 frames per second for PAL and 30 frames per second for NTSC). Improved resolution/conventional frame rate ( at 30 frames per second). The 4 Telecommunications
5 advantage of this system is that it gives an intermediate response between conventional systems and the alternatives given above. This technology may allow the best intermediate migration between current TV and high-resolution technology. Its screen resolution is also similar to SVGA monitors. Another important parameter in TV systems is the aspect ratio. Conventional TVs use an aspect ratio of 4:3 (which is defined as the width of the screen divided by its height). This aspect ratio does not really suit showing movies or sports events, and HDTV improves this to a 16:9 aspect ratio. HDTV will be covered in the next chapter. Digital TV 5
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