Digital Television Fundamentals

Transcription

1 Digital Television Fundamentals Design and Installation of Video and Audio Systems Michael Robin Michel Pouiin McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

2 Preface xi Chapter 1. Basics of Television Historical Background The Eye-Brain Mechanism The Characteristics of Visible Light The Light Perception Visual Acuity Persistence of Vision Spectral Visibility The Scanning Standards The Scanning Process Lines Per Frame Pictures Per Second the Conventional Scanning Standards The Resolution Concept Vertical Resolution Horizontal Resolution The Composite Video Signal The Video Information The Synchronizing Information The Makeup of the Composite Video Signal Interface Characteristics Blanking Intervals and Structure The Spectrum of the Video Signal Transmission Standards and Constraints Video Carrier Modulation Audio Carrier Modulation Channel Bandwidth and Structure Transmission Constraints 32 Chapter 2. Analog Video Fundamentals Color Television Colorimetry Transfer Characteristics The Basic Ingredients 41

3 vi Contents The Color Bar Signal Composite Video Common Characteristics The NTSC System The PAL System The SECAM System Performance-Indicative Parameters and Measurements Concepts The Distribution of Video Signals The Recording of Video Signals Component Video The GBR Signals The Y, B-Y, R-Y Signals The Component Video Recording 126 Chapter 3. Digital Video Fundamentals General Considerations Historical Background The Typical Black Box Digital Device Sampling the Signal Quantizing the Sampled Values The Dynamic Range and the Headroom Concept The Quantizing Error The D/A Conversion The Composite Digital Standards The 4/ sc NTSC Standard The 4 f sc PAL Standard Performance-Indicative Parameters and Test Concepts Bit-Parallel 4f sc Digital Signal Distribution The Component Digital Standards The Sampling Rates The Coded Signals The Sampling Frequencies The Quantizing Range and the Implications The Sampling Structure The Time-Division-Multiplexing of Data Timing Reference Signal Ancillary Data Bit-Parallel 4:2:2 Digital Signal Distribution Review of Other Component Digital Formats Performance-Indicative Parameters and Test Concepts 206 Chapter 4. Elements of Acoustics The Sound Pressure Level Loudness and Loudness Level The Dynamic Range of the Ear The Spectral Resolution of the Ear 216 Chapter 5. Analog Audio Fundamentals Electrical Signal Levels and Units of Measurement ThedBm ThedBu ThedBV Typical Signal Levels and Impedances 218

4 vii Microphone Signal Levels and Impedances Line Signal Levels and Impedances Signal Level Monitoring The vu Meter The PPM Performance-Indicative Parameters and Measurement Concepts Linear Distortions Nonlinear Distortions Noise The Dynamic Range The Overload Level and the Headroom Concept The Minimum Acceptable Signal Level Limits of Dynamic Range in a Studio Environment Operational Approaches Transmission Constraints Performance Targets 232 Chapter 6. Digital Audio Fundamentals General Concepts of Digital Audio Introduction Digital Audio Concepts Principles of A/D Conversion Ideal Sampling Nyquist Principle and Aliasing Actual Sampling Quantization Coding Dither Dynamic Range Standard Sampling Frequencies Preemphasis Principles of D/A Conversion The D/A Converter Aperture Effect Low-Pass Filter Oversampling Noise Shaping Practical Limitations of A/D and D/A Conversions Description of Biphase Mark Encoded Signal Channel Bandwidth NRZ and Biphase Encoding General Structure of the AES/EBU Interface Protocol The Format Structure AES/EBU Data Signal Characteristics AES/EBU Signal Electrical Characteristics Digital Audio Interface Implementation Digital Audio Input Interface AES/EBU Decoder and Demultiplex Digital Audio Signal Distribution ohm Twisted-Pair Cable Distribution ohm Coaxial Cable Distribution Wiring Practices and Interconnection Other Interfacing Protocol Formats MADI Format SDIF2 Format 274

5 viii Contents SPDIF Format Audio Synchronization Synchronization Between Digital Audio Signals Synchronization Between Digital Audio and Video Signals Digital Audio Recording 282 Chapter 7. Bit-Serial Signal Distribution and Ancillary Data Multiplexing Shannon's Theorem Channel Coding The Eye Diagram Bit-Serial Distribution Standard Interface Characteristics f sc Bit-Serial Distribution :2:2 Bit-Serial Distribution Performance Indicative Parameters and Measurements Concepts Measuring Transmitter-Related Parameters Measuring Transmission-Related Parameters Measuring Receiver-Related Parameters Special Test Signals Digital Audio Multiplexing Minimum Implementation Full AES Implementation The Audio Multiplexer The Audio Demultiplexer Digital Videotape Recording f sc Composite DVTRs Component DVTRs System Considerations 342 Chapter 8. Digital Signal Compression and Distribution General Concepts of Video Bit-Rate Reduction (BRR) Video Signal Redundancies and Entropy HVS Characteristics Video Data Reduction Techniques Lossless Data Rate Reduction Lossy Data Rate Reduction DCT Coding Process and Implementation DCT Coding Process DCT Block Quantization Process Zig-Zag Scanning Run-Length and Level Coding Variable-Length Coding Buffer Memory DCT Decoder Temporal Data Reduction Techniques Motion-Compensation Prediction Technique Complementary Processing Techniques Video Compression Standards Video Data Structure Hierarchy JPEG and Motion-JPEG Schemes MPEG-1 Video Scheme MPEG-2 Video Scheme Video BRR Performance and Applications Video BRR Scheme Characteristics 395

6 ix Data Rates and Compression Ratios Video BRR Scheme Performance Video BRR Scheme Applications General Concepts of Audio BRR Needs for Audio BRR Human Perceptual System Characteristics Audio Data Reduction Techniques Lossless Data Reduction Lossy Data Reduction Audio Coding Process and Implementation Audio Compression Standards MPEG-1 Audio Subsystem MPEG-2 Audio Subsystem Other Compression Schemes Audio BRR Scheme Performance Distribution of Compressed Signals Packetized Elementary Stream Program Stream Transport Stream 422 Chapter 9. Computers and Television Computer Architecture Internal Computer Data Communication Buses Main System Buses Local Buses Over-the-Top Buses Switched Buses Data Bus Router Display Monitors for Computers The CRT Construction General Considerations Display Monitor Performance Characteristics Computer Monitor Formats Expansion Cards Video Controller Cards Video/Audio Interface Cards PCMCIA Expansion Cards 453 Chapter 10. Multimedia and Television The Multimedia Concept Multimedia Technologies Multimedia Hardware and Systems PC Workstations Audio and Video Signal-Processing Systems Disk and Tape Storage Servers Cameras Video Cassette Records (VCRs) CD-ROM and Magnetooptical Disks Digital Video Interactive (DVI) Multimedia Interconnections Interfaces Networks Multimedia Software 482

7 10.6 Multimedia Systems and Applications Video on Demand (VOD) Near Video on Demand (NVOD) PhotoCD Compact Disk Interactive (CD-I) Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) Multimedia Standardization Activities 486 Chapter 11. Advanced Television (ATV) Concepts Why the Industry Is Moving to DTV Efforts Toward a Single Standard The ATV Emergence The Digital Solution Interoperability Flexibility Compression Progressive Versus Interlace Scanning Image Aspect Ratio and Pixel Aspect Ratio Video Format Conversion Production Aperture and Clean Aperture Audio System Considerations DTV Compatibility with Film Originating Programs The Grand Alliance System System Overview Video System Characteristics Audio System Characteristics Ancillary Data Services Program Multiplex and Transport System Characteristics RF/Transmission System Characteristics Receiver Characteristics The Japanese Hi-Vision and Enhanced Definition TV Systems The Hi-Vision System The Enhanced Definition TV (EDTV-II) System 11.7 The European DVB and PALplus Systems The DVB System The PALplus System 11.8 Transition from NTSC to ATSC Transition in Video Production and Distribution Transition in Audio Production and Distribution Index 547