CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study One of the most important aspects of human being is language. Because it is a tool of communication among people to support their ideas. Translation has a very important role in solving communication problem between two different languages and one way to open the gate in any kind of aspects such as literature world. Communication among people from different countries might be interfered because of their language differences, but it can be solved by translating a text in a language into another, so they can understand each other. A translator becomes an important figure to help transferring human s mind to make it easier in understanding the form of certain language into another. Sometimes, the translator finds the difficulties during the process of translation from Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL), for especially from English into Indonesian. By giving commentary on several parts that become problems for the translator, she has done annotated translation. In annotation, the problem will be analyzed and given possible reasons for their translation. The translation from English into Indonesian is taken due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian. Where its language mostly known by the researcher as her native language. When people communicate each other, they transfer a message. The message itself can be given in direct form or in figurative expression. The writer chooses The Most Dangerous Game by American author Richard Connell to be translated and annotated because she thinks that the translation of The Most Dangerous Game can increase the Indonesia s literature book collection, so it has the potential to be published. This story has been used in some literature and translation fields. I am going to provide the translation of the story in Bahasa and hopefully it can be reference in Indonesia translation field and literature book collection as well. To support this research as well as the annotated translation, the researcher who also play role as a translator doing some researches related to this research in figurative language. Such as the famous Indonesian writer who influence another writer as well as Indonesian s literature 1
world through his amazing works, Sapardi Djoko Damono. He translated one of Ernest Hemingway s famous work entitled The Old Man and The Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut. In 2013, Stevanus Rendy JP with Drs. A. Soerjowardhana did research about it which is deals in related to figurative language contains in the story. Another previous research comes from Ade Mulyanah in 2011, Translation Approach of English Metaphors into Indonesian (A Cross Cultural Understanding Study) which more focused in one of figurative language that is metaphor. She works consider by cultural background between the source text and target text in Indonesian language. Another work is An Annotated Translation of The Mutiny of The Bounty by D.S. Suranto. 1. Research Questions a. What are the translation strategies that suitable for translating simile and metaphor in the short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell? b. Why does the translator choose those strategy? 2. Objective of Study a. To analyze the strategies used in translating simile and metaphor expressions from source language into target language. b. To explain the reason why the translator used those strategies. B. Description of The Selected Text Given that Richard Connell is one of America s influential writers, who does not know Richard Connell and his works? Everybody does. The most Connell s popular work is The Most Dangerous Game and A Friend of Napoleon which won much acclaim. He won the O. Henry Memorial Prize twice for his short stories. And he also nominated for an Academy Award for another best original work story in 1942 for his film Meet John Doe. As first I know based on the information I got and research that what I have done, besides novels and short stories, I found out he also produces screenplays and movie scripts. Some of his works in short stories and novel such as The Most Dangerous Game (1924), Cross-Eyed South-Paw (1929), Murder at Sea 2
(1929), The Mad Lover (1927), Playboy (1936), Centenarian (1916), etc., Those are some list of Connell s works that I know before and as some of his most notable works. Richard Edward Connell was born on October 17, 1893 in Poughkeepsie, New York and died at the age of 56 in Beverly Hills, California. He was a writer, American short-story writer and novelist also a journalist. His Father was an editor also a reporter for the local paper just before his political career. Because of his father s connection in his field, Connell become an editor by the age of 18. Then he served himself in World War I while he also wrote and edited the camp newspaper after the death of his father. Louise Herrick Fox became his wife in 1919. Richard Connell s stories were published in Saturday Evening Post and Collier s Weekly on January 19, 1924. This story has also been adapted to film. The short story entitled The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell introduces characters who takes role play in the story, such as General Zaroff, Rainsford, etc. The Most Dangerous Game is a story about adventure, especially hunting. Rainsford is a man who loves hunting animals. One day he shipwrecks and lands on an island called "Ship-Trap Island". On the island, he meets a general named general Zaroff. The general is very rich and like hunting too, but the general has a weird brand of hunting. He s prefer hunts a real man instead of animals. The general lures scumbags to his island and gives them a head start, then hunts them. Rainsford is really shocked that the General does this thing. Rainsford argues that it is okay to hunt animals, but not men. General Zaroff thinks that the men have no purpose on this earth and it is okay to kill them. Then Rainsford refuses to hunt with the General, so the General makes Rainsford the hunted. He either has to be the hunted or be subjected to torture by a guy named Ivan. So, Rainsford runs, hides and tries to use animal instincts to survive. Then he makes his way to the Generals bedroom and kills him. Richard Connell is a famous writer who get awards for his novels, short-stories, movie scripts and screenplays. His writing that telling his experiences of his life become his stronger characteristic in his stories. His characteristic in making characters often expressing himself in his stories and become one of his unique as a writer. He becomes one of most important and influences person on the development of short story and novel in the fiction world of America. He helped to influence many writers and interest of readers around the world. 3
The translation of The Most Dangerous Game is delivered for young adults to adults. So, the translation of this story will be translated into language especially Bahasa that easy to understand and still tells the message of the story. The translator should keep the message and the meaning of the source text to the target text, so it will not change the content of the source text, especially the figurative language. C. Theoretical Framework Newmark (1988, p. 5) Translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. So, the idea is that translation is the process of transferring the message or meaning from one language into another which means it has a transfer process of a source text (ST) into target text (TT) with the same message in it. To transfer the message from ST into TT is not an easy thing for the translator, so the translator requires the methodologies for supporting it by using Newmark s theory about translation methods. There are 8 translations methods: a. Word for Word Translation b. Literal Translation c. Faithful Translation d. Semantic Translation e. Adaptation f. Free Translation g. Idiomatic Translation h. Communicative Translation Based on Newmark s theory, the translator decided to use semantic translation method for translating the text. As Newmark said, this method is emphasized on how the aesthetic value (the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. In figurative expression (figurative language), they are intended to show certain meaning by giving comparison. In literary texts, the figurativeness of the language is always become the part of the text as a literary piece. Since modern thinking of translation in translating source language, the translator is required to maintain rather than to improve or reduce the 4
meaning of figurative language in target language. There are some examples of figurative language such as simile, metaphor, personification, symbol, alliteration, onomatopoeia, hyperbole, idioms, clichés, etc. 1. Metaphor and Its Translation Metaphor is considered as a figurative expression which compares two different things, such as a person or object by referring it with something that is considered to have similar characteristic with them. While simile almost same with metaphor, compares two unlike things using as or like. Metaphors may be single (one-word) or extended (a collocation, an idiom, a sentence, a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text). This study tries to offer further explanation about problems dealing with translating metaphors. In translating metaphor from source language (SL) in English into target language (TL) in Indonesian, people get difficulties to translate it in the right way so that the meaning in target language still have connection with its meaning in source language. By analyzing the translation procedure that used in translating metaphor, some studies which dealing with translation procedure such as (Newmark:1984) defines the way translating metaphor in seven procedures: (a) The same image is reproduced in TL, provided the image has comparable frequency and currency in the appropriate register. This procedure is common for one-word metaphors. (b) SL image can be replaced with a standard TL image, provided that it is culturally compatible in TL (like most stock metaphors, proverbs, etc) and may by one person and diffused through popular speech, writing and the media. it does not clash with the TL culture. (c) The metaphor can be translated as a simile while retaining the image, it modifies the shock of a metaphor, particularly if the TL text is not emotive in character. It can be used to modify any type of word, as well as original complex metaphors. (d) The metaphor can be translated as simile along with its sense, this procedure has the advantage of combining communicative and semantic translation in addressing itself both to the layman and the expert if there is a risk that the simple transfer of the metaphor will not be understood by most readers (only the informed reader has a chance of experiencing equivalent- 5
effect through a semantic translation). The main focus here is the gloss rather than the equivalent-effect. (e) The metaphor can be converted into sense, this is preferred when SL to TL image replacement is extra broad in terms of sense or register and can be applied in any type of text and. To perform this procedure, the sense of metaphor should be analyzed componential because image is pludri-dimensional. (f) Deletion, its along with sense component if it is redundant. A caution is that SL text should not be authoritative or expression of writer s personality. The translator should make decision after weighing what is more important in the text. An empirical justification of such deletion comes if metaphor s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text. (g) Sense metaphor combined with sense, when a translator wants to make sure if readers will be understood the image properly, they can add gloss. E.g The tongue is a fire translated A fire ruins things. Besides it can be useful when metaphor is repeated, suggest lack of confidence in metaphor s power and clarity. 2. Simile and Its Translation Simile is considered as comparison figures of speech as same as metaphor. The difference is simile used and always have the word like or as. It means comparing things that is essentially unlike. In translating simile, we try to analyze the point of similarity in the texts between the object/topic with the image. To analyze similes, here are steps in analyzing similes based on (Larson:272) s theory: Object/topic : The topic of the first proposition (the thing really being talked about) Image : The topic of the second proposition (what is being compared with) Point of Similarity: The similiarity found between the object and the image D. Methodology of Annotated Translation Based on Oxford Dictionary, method means a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one. From its definition, we can 6
conclude that a method is how to do something. And in this context, how to do something is how to translate. 1. Steps to Translate The process of this translation will adapt Larson s procedures as follows: (1) Reading the source text thoroughly to understand the content. (2) Then, the translator translates the source text (in English) into target text (in Indonesian) and marks down or drafting the similes and metaphors that become an object/problem in the process of translating the text at the same time. After translating the text, (3) the translator checking both the source text and the target text then consult it to lecturer as the translator s supervisor for discuss and asking correction and suggestion regularly (4) Revising the text. (5) Reviewing the translated text by asking the readers to read with their opinions and suggestions about the translated text. When its done, the translator evaluating the feedback and correcting the translated text. (6) The final manuscript. 2. Steps to Annotate According to Oxford online dictionary, annotation is a note by way of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram. At the same way, Merriam-Webster online dictionary also said that annotation is a note added to a text, book, drawing, etc. as a comment or an explanation. In other words, annotation is done within the translation of the text to make the result of the translated text clear enough. And the annotation will be done with the analysis of some figurative languages that found in the text. The writer will figure out the figurative language that appear in the source text (ST) and compare it in the Target Text (TT) within the explanation why the translator translates those figurative languages using particular procedures needed. While in other words, Andrew Chesterman and Jenny Williams an annotated translation which is also called as a translation with commentary is a form of introspective and retrospective research where you yourself translate a text and at the same time, write a commentary on your own translation process. This commentary will discuss any kinds of translation problem we found which is related to our process during the translation of a text. 7
The process of this annotation will be as follows: (1) Identifying the similes and metaphors from the source text. (2) Then, identifying its translation in target text. (3) After collecting the similes and metaphors in the text, then the translator selecting 7 metaphors and 8 similes from the text to be analyzed. (4) Annotating the similes and metaphors by understanding and finding the similes and metaphors meaning in the source text. Next, finding its equivalence in the target text. When look at the target text, the translator exploring about the metaphors and similes and compare its translation by close reading. Then, when the data was completed, the translator analyze the strategies used of both metaphors and similes based on the theory. 8