Miles vs Trane a is i al aris n n l rane s an Miles avis s i r visa i nal s les Klaus Frieler Institute for Musicology University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar
AIM Compare Miles s and Trane s styles of improvisation using computational and statistical tools. Show-casing the Jazzomat project, the Weimar Jazz Database and the MeloSpySuite/GUI.
Central Aims azz a Resear Pr je 1. Devising a database of approx. 450 monophonic jazz solo transcriptions (Weimar Jazz Database, currently 299 solos). 2. Development of analysis tools (MeloSpySuite, MeloSpyGUI): Feature extraction & visualisation, Pattern search & mining, Data import & export. 3. Research Website: http://jazzomat.hfm-weimar.de/ DFG Grant (12/2012-4/2017) Melodisch-rhythmische Gestaltung von Jazzimprovisationen. Rechnerbasierte Musikanalyse einstimmiger Jazzsoli
azz a Resear Pr je Research areas & applications: 1. Jazz research, jazz history, stylometrics. 2. Psychology of creative processes. 3. Computational & statistical musicology, MIR. 4. (Jazz education.) Team: Prof. Dr. Martin Pfleiderer, Dr.-Ing. Jakob Abeßer, Dr. Klaus Frieler, Wolf-Georg Zaddach, MA, Benjamin Burkhart, MA, Friederike Bartel,BA. Transcribers: Martin Breternitz, Peter Heppner, Yvette Kneisel, Benedikt Koch, Simon Meininger, Benjamin Napravnik, Albert Probst, Franziska Risch, Lydia Schulz, Amelie Zimmermann, Alaa Zouiten.
Wei ar azz a abase Performance-based transcriptions with annotations. Basic model: Event lists of onset, pitch, duration, & annotation e n = (t n, p n, d n, a n ). Annotations a n : Metadata (manual) Harmonic context (manual) Beats (manual) Metrical context (semi-automatic) Phrases (manual) Midlevel-units (manual) Frequency modulations (manual) Intensities (automatic)
Wei ar azz a abase 299 solo transcriptions 47 performers. 120.000 tone events. 7 Styles: traditional (20), swing (52), bebop (35), cool (38), hardbop (48), postbop (101), free (5, Ornette Coleman) Top: Coltrane (13), Rollins (12), Shorter (10), Desmond (8), Davis (8).
Mel GUI Tools for symbolic, monophonic data melodies. Import/export/conversion (melconv) Feature extraction (melfeature) Pattern search and partition (melpat) Current Version: 1.2 Bundled with Weimar Jazz Database and a version of the Essen Folk Song Collection. MeloSpySuite: Extended options and batch processing. Free download: http://jazzomat.hfm-weimar.de/download
Miles vs Trane Miles & Trane clearly some of the most influential & important figures in jazz. However, very different improvisational styles. Miles Davis: Controlled, restrained, spacious, nonvirtuoso, introverted, cool. John Coltrane: Angry, sheets of sounds, intense, spiritual, virtuoso, extraverted, hot. Can we check this with statistical evidence?
Miles vs Trane: Me Extract over 150 (scalar) features for each chorus. Use features from different dimensions: Rhythm Intervals Pitch Midlevel Analysis Pattern Content Significant differences with p<.001 kept (t-test). When suitable, differences cross-checked using raw distributions (Chi-square tests, Cramer s V).
Miles vs Trane: a a Performer Title Year Notes Tempo Style Chorus John Coltrane Oleo 1956 656 266 HARDBOP 4 John Coltrane Blue Train 1957 992 141 HARDBOP 8 John Coltrane Countdown 1959 868 337 HARDBOP 8 John Coltrane Giant Steps 1959 1127 290 HARDBOP 11 John Coltrane Giant Steps (2) 1959 198 299 HARDBOP 2 John Coltrane Mr. P.C. 1959 1165 258 HARDBOP 16 John Coltrane So What 1959 479 141 POSTBOP 2 John Coltrane 26-2 1960 668 194 HARDBOP 4 John Coltrane My Favorite Things 1960 743 179 POSTBOP 1 John Coltrane My Favorite Things (2) 1960 723 178 POSTBOP 1 John Coltrane Impressions (1961) 1961 4954 293 POSTBOP 31 John Coltrane Impressions (1963) 1963 1954 278 POSTBOP 14 John Coltrane Nature Boy 1963 1292 186 POSTBOP 1*
Miles vs Trane: a a Performer Title Year Notes Tempo Style Chorus Miles Davis Airegin 1954 431 241 HARDBOP 3 Miles Davis Blues By Five 1956 371 177 HARDBOP 8 Miles Davis Oleo 1956 224 271 HARDBOP 2 Miles Davis Oleo (2) 1956 223 268 HARDBOP 2 Miles Davis Vierd Blues 1956 157 114 HARDBOP 4 Miles Davis So What 1959 221 138 POSTBOP 2 Miles Davis Eighty-One 1964 373 138 POSTBOP 6 Miles Davis Dolores 1966 464 274 POSTBOP 5
Miles vs Trane: R Rhythms were categorised using interonset intervals (IOI) and duration classes. IOI: Time between consecutive onsets. Duration: Annotated duration. Classification based on two different references: rel: Duration of annotated beat. abs: Duration of standard beat, 500 ms (120 bpm). Five classes: Very Short, Short, Medium, Long, Very Long (~ semi-quaver, quaver, beat, minim, semibreve)
Miles vs Trane: R p = 0.000 Cramer s V = 0.302 Abs. IOI classes
Miles vs Trane: Pi Pitch was measured in raw MIDI pitch, pitch class and extended chordal diatonic pitch class. MIDI pitch: Numbers from 0-127, middle C = 60 Extended chordal diatonic pitch class: Dependent on chordal context 1-7: Diatonic scale (minor or major) Specials, e.g. B = minor third over major chord, T= #11, L = maj 7 over chord with minor 7th
Miles vs Trane: Pi R 2 = 0.14 d= 0.965 Pitch range (semitones)
Miles vs Trane: Pi R 2 = 0.24 d= 1.318 Rel. frequency of thirds of chord
Miles vs Trane: Pi p = 0.000 Cramer s V= 0.088 Extended Diatonic Chordal Pitch Class
Miles vs Trane: Pi p = 0.17 Cramer s V= 0.01 Diatonic vs. Chromatic
Miles vs Trane: In ervals For better comparison semi-tone intervals were classified in Parsons Code for melodic contour, and Fuzzy Intervals (refined contour). Parsons Code: Three classes. Down, Repeat, Up Fuzzy Interval: 11 classes Big jump up/down (> 7 semitones) Jump up/down (5, 6, or 7 semitones) Leap up/down (3 or 4 semitones) Step up/down (1 or 2 semitones) Repeat (0 semitones
Miles vs Trane: Pars ns e R 2 = 0.14 d= 0.965 Frequency of descending intervals
Miles vs Trane: Pars ns e R 2 = 0.22 d= -1.26 Frequency tone repetitions
Miles vs Trane: In ervals p = 0.000 Cramer s V = 0.142 Interval classes
Miles vs Trane: In ervals R 2 = 0.25 d= 1.37 Absolute interval size
Mi level Anal sis (MLA) Qualitative annotation with playing ideas (Frieler et al., 2016) 9 main categories of midlevel units (MLU) line, licks, melody, rhythm, expressive, theme, quote, fragment, void +16 sub- and 38 sub-subcategories Allows annotation of motivic relationship. Every phrase starts a MLU, but phrases can contain more than one MLU ( glueing ).
Miles vs Trane: Mi level Uni s p = 0.000 Cramer s V= 0.259 Main type of midlevel units
Miles vs Trane: Pa erns Search for interval patterns of at least 6 intervals which occur at least two times in at least two different sources. For each player separately and also combined. Calculate pattern coverage of solos.
Miles vs Trane: Pa erns R 2 = 0.11 p= 0.03 Coverage with interval patterns (N=6)
u ar Rhythm John Coltrane Mostly fast lines ( Sheets of sound ) Miles Davis Rhythmically more diverse Longer tones & pauses Intervals More descending More ascending Less tone repetitions Larger intervals More thirds & arpeggios More tone repetitions Smaller intervals Less thirds Pitch Larger pitch range Smaller pitch range Midlevel Units More lines, expressive & fragments Patterns More patterns Less patterns Avoids thirds, more blue notes More licks, melody & void No common pattern vocabulary
Ou l k More solos needed for a more detailed picture, e.g. development of styles, inclusion of ballads. More detailed analysis of pattern influence. Comparison of solos on the same track (e.g. So What, Oleo). Methods can be used for any combination of any soloist in the database.
THANK!