21 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the researcher would like to put some theories related to the problems of the study to support this thesis. They are : 2.1 Theory of Semantics According to Pateda (2010: 2-3) semantic is actually a technical term that refers to the study of meaning. Regarding sparingly this term can be read in the essay AW Read the title. An Account of the World Semantic published in World magazine, Number 4, 1948, pages 78-79. Despite semantic terms, for example in the semantics of the word philosphy in the 17th century, the term semantics emerging and introduced through the American Philological Association in 1894 whose entitle Reflcted meanings a Point in Semantics. Semantic terms with the word semantique in French that is derived from Greek and introduced by M. Breal. In the second term (semantic, semantique), the actual semantic meaning is not clear or not clear talk discusses the meaning of the object, as discussed more related to history (Pateda, 2010: 3). The meaning process and its results can be seen scattered in all fields, ranging from education to entertainment. Books, novels, films and various other information carriers are made not in the original languages requires a translation process. The word "mean" in accordance with the verbs "mean" is the term most widely disputed in English, and the experts seem to spend time semantics to the
22 problem of "meanings of meaning" (sense of meaning) as the crew of an important study of semantics. (CK Ogden and A. Richard, 1932) in his book entitled "The Meaning of Meaning" contains a number of twenty-two definitions of words, moving from the standpoint of a non-theoretical or theoretical. Semantic experts who are members of the General Semantics movement is highlighted in the writings of Korzybski Science and Sanity in 1933 also assumed that solving the problem of meaning, ideas, and communication as the most efficacious drugs for the diseases of modern society. Theories that give rise to goals in semantic processing: 1. Detecting non-syntactic ambiguity 2. Eliminate the ambiguity by using the semantic relationships in the sentence. 3. Detecting semantic anomalies and characterizing sentences are a little strange. 4. Determine whether a sentence is a paraphrase of another. Semantics is the science that was recorded in the literature and language in the patterns of formation for the meaning of a more complicated and also more widely to the degree of meaning in words. So learn the meaning of lexical semantics is concerned with words, while the semantics of grammatical units of language learning the meaning of the above words as phrases, clauses, and sentence. Semantics as the study of meaning stands at the very center of the linguistic quest to understand the nature of language and human language abilities. It is
23 obvious that semantics has an important role in understanding and comprehending a language, especially for English. Semantics is not only concern about the study of meaning but also the relationship between language and culture as what Goddard (1998:1) states: Another concern of semantics is to shed light on the relationship between language and culture. Much of the vocabulary of any language and even part of the grammar will reflect the culture of its speakers indeed, the specific concept and ways of understanding embedded in a language are an important part of what constitutes a culture. Semantic can also be interpreted as the science of meaning or the meaning, which is one of three levels of analysis of language: phonology, grammar, and semantics. In addition to the term semantics in linguistic history there are also used other terms such as semiotics, semiology, sememik, and semik to refer to the field of study to learn the meaning of a sign or symbol. However, the term more commonly used semantics in linguistic studies as other terms that have a wider range of objects, which includes the meaning of signs or symbols in general. 2.2 Theory of Kinds of Lexical Meaning Pateda (2010:119) Lexical meaning or external meaning is the meaning of words when the word stands alone. Said to stand alone because the meaning of a word can change if the word is already in the sentence. Thus there are words
24 whose meaning can be understood the lexical meaning if those words are associated with the other words. The term lexical meaning which is used in semantics is interpreted as the meaning of lexeme whether it is lexeme or para phrasal lexeme. Lyon (1995:140) concludes that the meaning of sentence depends upon the meaning of its constituent lexemes (including its phrasal lexemes if it contains any) and the meaning of same is not all, lexemes depends upon the meaning of sentences in which they occur. The descriptive meaning of a lexeme (sometimes called conceptual, cognitive or propositional meaning) is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication. The non-descriptive meaning of a lexeme (sometimes called connotation, affective, associative or expressive meaning), by contrast, provides additional effects to its central meaning. The following sections are dealing with denotation and sense as descriptive meaning, and connotation as nondescriptive meaning. Lexical meaning covers among other things the discussion about denotation, connotation, ambiguity, synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homophony, and homonymy. Lexical meaning is a means by which a word-form is made to express a definite concept. Lexical meaning refers the mind to some concrete concept, phenomenon, or thing of objective reality, whether real or imaginary. Lexical meaning of any word presents a very complicated unity consisting of connotative and denotative meanings. Denotative (logical) meaning
25 is connected with the extralinguistic reality. It is the precise naming of a feature of the idea, phenomenon, or object, the name by which we recognize the whole of the concept. Connotative meaning is connected with the conditions and participants of communication. Connotation comprises four components: emotive, appraising, expressive and stylistic. If denotation is obligatory in any word, connotation is optional. All four components of connotation can be acting together, or in different combinations or can be entirely absent. A denotative definition tries to identify the extension of the term in question. Thus, we could provide a denotative definition of the phrase "this logic class" simply by listing all of our names. Since a complete enumeration of the things to which a general term applies would be cumbersome or inconvenient in many cases, though, we commonly pursue the same goal by listing smaller groups of individuals or by offering a few examples instead. In fact, some philosophers have held that the most primitive denotative definitions in any language involve no more than pointing at a single example to which the term properly applies. A connotative definition tries to identify the intension of a term by providing a synonymous linguistic expression or an operational procedure for determining the applicability of the term. Of course, it isn't always easy to come up with an alternative word or phrase that has exactly the same meaning or to specify a concrete test for applicability. However when it does work, connotative definition provides an adequate means for securing the meaning of a term.
26 2.2.1 Denotative Words convey two kinds of meaning; today's dictionaries provide only one kind. When you look up a word in any dictionaries, such as the Oxford or Merriam-Webster, what you get is one kind of meaning. It is called denotative meaning (also known as objective, literal, intellectual, or cognitive meaning). Words have two main kinds of meaning, denotation and connotation. Denotation is the meaning of a word which is primarily refers to the real word, the "dictionary definition. It is the type of meaning which may be described in terms of a set of semantic properties which serves to identify the particular concept associated with the word in question. For instance cow shows a kind of animal, house shows a kind of building. Connotation and denotation are either: in basic semantics and literary theory, the figurative and literal meanings of a word, or in philosophy, logic and parts of linguistics, the intension and extension of a word. Denotation is a match between the names we give to the designated object. Because we recognize the denotation, we can finally speak. Within reason, we have a picture or image (image) about something that is possible for each person not congruent, but we understand what it means thanks to denotation. Designated entities called denotatum (plural: denotata). Denotata an existing collection, which never existed, and that there will be called the extension. Basically meaning that the actual meaning of denotation is the same with a straight forward meaning to convey something that is factual. Denotative meaning of the sentence does not change the meaning. While the connotation of meaning is
27 a meaning that is not actually a general nature and is a satire which have additional meaning of denotation. Denotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the central factor in linguistic communication. One of the functions of words is to designate or describe something, such as an object, a property, a process or a state of affairs. Users of a language cannot talk about their knowledge of a physical object or a natural phenomenon, unless this knowledge is expressed in words which have the same meaning for all speakers of a given community. 2.2.2 Connotative Connotation is the kind of lexical meaning which is related to the certain item it refers to. According to Pateda (2001: 112), he states that connotation is the meaning which appears by association of language used by the speaker or listener about the language which they speak or read. Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word. Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. Connotation is the part of the meaning of a word that adds a rhetorical spin to what is said. More specifically, connotation signals the attitude of the speaker towards the object or event described.
28 According to Pateda (2010:112), he said that Connotative Meaning emerged as a result of a feeling of the language user associates the word is heard or read the word. Connotative meaning of a lexical meaning. Connotative meaning is also sometimes associated with nature, sense, objects, events intended. In other words, its meaning shifted from its true meaning. In this case the need to distinguish between the connotative meaning and conceptual meaning. Differences can be seen at least three things, namely: (i) the connotative meaning is not limited to language, but also on other communication systems, such as art and music, (ii) unstable connotative meanings according to the intensity of flavor possessed speaker, listener, writer, reader, and (iii) connotative meaning unlimited. Connotation is stimulating and evocative senses, feelings, attitudes, judgments and beliefs and purpose. This stimulation can be both individual and collective. Stimulus direction can be positive and negative direction. The classifications of this stimulation are overlapping and alternating based on experiences and associations that exist and live on individuals and society language users and beneficiaries of meaning. Thus, there is no single standard and fixed connotation. There is a connotation meaning that at some point is negative and positive at the moment. (Parera 2004: 99) Connotation also means: Connotation is more or less synonymous with intension. Connotation different with denotation, which is more or less synonymous with extension. The connotation of the word may be thought of as the set of all its possible referents (as opposed to merely the actual ones). A word's denotation is the collection of things it refers to; its connotation is
29 what it implied about the things it is used to refer to. Connotation also the kind of meaning which is indicated that we abstract away from emotional and sociocultural aspects of meaning, restricting ourselves to what an expression refers to. According to Kreidler (1924:45), connotative refers to the personal aspect of meaning, the emotional associations that the word arouses. Connotation vary according to the experience of individuals but, because people do have common experiences, some words have shared connotations. Language provide means of expressing different attitudes. The reffering expressions that violin and that fiddle can have the same referent can refer to the same object on a particular occasion they do not have the same meaning. They differ in connotation. Violin is the usual term, the neutral one; fiddle is used for humor or to express affection or lack of esteem. Somewhat similar relations are seen with automobile and car, building and edifice, fire and conflagration and other sets, the members of which have, or can have, the same denotation but differ in the situations in which they are used and therefore have differences in the degree of formality, the style or flavor the connotation. (We also need to note here that car, building, and fire have larger donotation than automobile, edifice and conflagration respectively.) The expression of attitudes can be quite subtle. We choose to use one word rather than another. We might, for example, say that Linda is thin, or slender, or svelte, or skinny.
30 Connotation is more complicated than denotation. According to Hidayatullah in Widarso (1989:69) states that besides the denotative meaning, a word sometimes has the emotional overtones or we call connotative meaning. The other important thing whenever we are talking about connotation is that the involvement of affective and emotive in our mind. In addition, Hidayatullah in Widarso (1989:71) states that connotative meaning can be divided into three kinds, namely positive connotative (pure word) is a word used to induce a positive response or association in the person hearing or reading it. Commonly used to appeal to people's emotions rather than their reasoning, and thereby get them on your side, and negative connotative (snarl word) is a word used to induce a negative response or association in the person hearing or reading it. Commonly used to appeal to people's emotions rather than their reasoning, and thereby get them on your side. Besides the positive and negative connotative meaning, there is neutral that is most of them is jargon language is the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable; it gives an air of novelty and specious profundity to ideas that, if stated directly, would seem superficial, stale, frivolous, or false. Negative Connotative Neutral Connotative Positive Connotative Shanty / shack Cottage Dirty underwear Soiled linen Cancer carcinoma Lingering illness
31 Legal murder euthanasia Mercy killing Kick the bucket Die Pass away Mad / crazy psychotic Mentally unbalanced/disturbed Skinny Slim / slender Svelte Connotative meaning is the meaning that are added to the meaning denotative value associated with a sense of the person or group of persons who use the word. For example, the pig, the people who are Moslem says the pigs have a negative connotative meaning, there is a sense or feeling uneasy when they hear the word. Another example, the word skinny, connotes neutral connotative meaning, it means that has no sense of values that reassure. But the word slim, that is synonymous with the word skinny has a positive connotative meaning, has sense of values that reassure, people would love to say slim. Another definition of connotation explains that connotation refers to all kinds of occasions words may evoke: emotional, situational, etcetera, particularly in certain context, over and above denotation and conceptual meaning. It can be concluded that denotation is meaning of word from the word itself without relate to another factor (Hidayatullah:2008) Differentiation of denotative meaning and connotative meaning is based on the presence or absence of a sense of value. Denotative meaning that there is
32 meaning in every lexeme or word, while connotative meaning is the sense of positive, negative or neutral. In a variety of educational books connotative meanings mentioned as well as any additional meaning to each word, including the straightforward meaning and significance of the association, is the conceptual meaning of meaning that exist within a lexeme, which is the same with lexical meaning and denotative meaning, while meaning the association is the meaning of Another is associated with a particular meaning to the word. The meaning of the word is usually a general nature. In short, the connotation denotation produce illusion, an illusion of language as transparent and as a signifier and the signified are identical. So the denotation just another connotation. From such a perspective denotation can be seen as nothing more than a sense of 'natural' than the connotation but rather as a process of naturalization. Such a process leads to a powerful illusion that denotation is a purely literal and universal meaning is not at all ideological, and indeed that those connotations which seem most obvious to individual interpreters are just as 'natural'. As a result, while the theory may be analytically useful to distinguish connotation from denotation, in practice meaning cannot be separated cleanly. In all cases, the associated connotations are not systematically accessible using any known language reference resource or tool. Another definition of connotation explains that connotative refers to all kinds of occasions words may evoke: emotional, situational, etc. Particularly in certain context, over and above
33 denotative and conceptual meaning. It can be concluded that denotative is meaning of word from the word itself without relate to another factor. 2.3 Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk (Novel) Ahmad Tohari is a writer known for his trilogy novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk in 1981. He recently was awarded the 2012 Award of PWI Central Java because of his literary works were considered able to inspire the world. Ahmad Tohari has written many novels, short stories and columns on a regular basis ever fill Resonance in Republika daily. The works of Ahmad Tohari also been published in various languages such as Japanese, Chinese, Dutch and German. Novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk he had even published in Banyumas language version, which received an award from the Foundation Rancage, Bandung in 2007. Some time ago a trilogy novel, Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk adapted to the big screen with the title of the dancers. According to the director in the film in some parts bolder describing what he himself did not dare to describe it. He was also dissolved in the emotion of the film even though the ending was not setragis version of the novel. Trilogy novel, rewritten by Tohari in Banyumasan Javanese dialect that gets his Rancage Literary Prize in the category of the Javanese language. He received a charter as well as cash 5 millions from the Foundation for Culture Rancage who gave the gift. Literary works in the form of the novel trilogy was
34 first published in 1985, four years after the story Tohari essay appeared in the form serialized in the Daily Kompas. He takes a full half a year to rewrite the essay's novel in Javanese- Banyumasan. The book was originally published in the form of the novel trilogy written in one volume titled "Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Banyumasan. Because of difficulties in translating back by the word-for-word from the original edition, Indonesian, Tohari forced to rewrite the story. He just guided to the idea of the sentence in the original book to be written back in Javanese dialect Banyumasan. According to Tohari, belonging Banymasan Javanese suburb that has never had any work in the form of written text. This condition is exacerbated by the local media who have never given the space appropriate for the user's language. He proves himself, once completed, Tohari claimed had had racked my brain to re-read his own novel trilogy. As the author himself, admitted Tohari need extra energy to digest the story in the language of Banyumasan. Trilogy Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk translated into English under the title The Dancer by Rene TA Lysloff. This trilogy was also filmed by director Ifa Irfansyah titled "The Dancer" (2011). Tohari gave high appreciation to the filmmakers Dancers, and said it would be an interesting visual documentation folk version, not the city as in the previous films. 2.4 Previous Study Muhammad Hasan Hidayatullah (2008) in his study entitle An Analysis on the Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Lyric of Creed s songs. He
35 focuses on study about denotative and connotative meaning found in the lyrics of Creed song and find that denotative and connotative meaning is the dominant meaning in the lyrics of Creed song. The second previous study is Siti Zulaichah (2008), in her study entitled Connotative and Donotative Meanings on the Lyrics of Tina Arena s Songs. She focuses on the connotative meanings and denotative meanings are implied in Tina Arena s songs. The third previous study is Aimatus Soliha (2009), in her study entitled Semantic Analysis of Sential Meanings Used in Mates, Dates, And Mad Mistakes Novel by Cathy Hopkins. She focuses on the kinds of sentential meanings used in Mates, Dates, and Mad Mistakes novel by Cathy Hopkins and the messages are found in that novel.