Orr Bowers Edmund David Bowers D. Orr A. MacIntyre E. C. A. 2005 8 31 2006 2 23 Email: sykuo@sinica.edu.tw 57
Brandt, 2000, p. 1 Education in a New Era Brandt, 2000 58
without heart Glatthorn & Jailall, 2000, pp. 112-113 Meier, 2000 individualism Singh, 2004, p. 110 market De Ruyter, 2003; Rosenthal, 1993 Alasdair MacIntyre After Virtue 1984 59
After Virtue Dunne After Virtue Joseph Education Journal of Philosophy of David Orr C. A. Bowers Dunne 1 2 60
3 MacIntyre & Dunne, 2002, p. 3 social compartmentalization Ibid., p. 4 After Virtue After Virtue 1984 practice narrative unity of life tradition MacIntyre, 1984, p. 187 61
MacIntyre & Dunne, 2002, p. 13 educated public 17 democracies of advanced modernity Ibid., p. 62
Virtue Dunne Dunne After Dunne Dunne Dunne Nel Noddings Noddings, 2003, p. 242 Noddings Carr 2003b 63
Noddings cultural knowledge Noddings, 2003, p. 250 Noddings Carr 2003b Carr Dunne Dunne, 2003 Nussbaum, 2002 Carr 2003a, p. 259 2003 De Ruyter, 2003 Wilson, 64
Bowers C. A. Bowers David Orr Bowers the scientificdemocratic liberalism the neoromantic liberalism Carl Rogers the technobehaviorist liberalism B. F. Skinner the neo-marxist-existentialist liberalism Paulo Freire Bowers, 1987, p. 31 1 Ibid., pp. 47-48 2 3 Ibid., p. 48 65
Ibid., p. 92 cultural/bio-conservatism eco-conservatism Bowers, 1996, pp. 111-115 Alan Durning Ibid., p. 114 Wendell Berry Berry, 1986, p. 43 2001, pp. 61-62 Bowers Bowers, Mindful Conservatism 2003 Edmund founder of political conservatism Stanlis, 1964, p. 45 Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 the modern 66
Burk, 1996 Bowers Burk Bowers 3 Raeder, 1997, p. Bowers, 2003, p. 10 F. A. Hayek Raeder, 1997, p. 4 Bowers Bowers 67
Bowers, 2003, p. 122 Ibid., pp. 123-135 F. Capra Capra, 2002 Orr 90 David Orr Orr, 1992, p. Oberlin The Nature of Design 2002 1 Orr, 1994, p. 48 2 68
3 4 Lovelock, 1988 5 6 Orr 1 2 3 Orr, 1994, p. 24 Orr Ibid., pp. 12-14 Orr Orr Shelley Aldo Leopold Orr 69
Aldo Leopold Leopold Orr Orr, 2002, chapter11 Bowers Edmund Russell Kirk Ibid., p. 98 11 Ibid., chapter Capra pollution tax Capra, 2002, pp. 225-226 70
Margonis, 2003; Roberts, 2000 1 Noddings 2 Carr 3 4 Edmund 71
Bowers Orr 5 72
1996 1790 Berry, W. (1986). The unsettling of America: Culture and agriculture. San Francisco: Sierra Club Book. Bowers, C. A. (1987). Elements of a post-liberal theory of education. New York: Teachers College Press. Bowers, C. A. (1996). Conservatism. In J. J. Chambliss (Ed.), Philosophy of education: An encyclopedia (pp. 111-115). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Bowers, C. A. (2001). Educating for eco-justice and community. Althens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. Bowers, C. A. (2003). Mindful conservatism: Rethinking the ideological and educational basis of an ecologically sustainable future. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Brandt, R. S. (Ed.). (2000). Education in a new era. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Capra, F. (2002). The hidden connections: A science for sustainable living. London: Harper Collins Publishers. Carr, D. (2003a). Rival conceptions of practice in education and teaching. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), 253-266. Carr, D. (2003b). Making sense of education. London, Routledge Falmer. De Ruyter, D. J. (2003). The importance of ideals in education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(3), 467-482. Dunne, J. (2003). Arguing for teaching as a practice: A reply to Alasdair MacIntyre. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), 353-369. Glatthorn, A. A., & Jailall, J. (2000). Curriculum for the new millennium. In R. S. Brandt (Ed.), Education in a new era (pp. 97-121). Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Lovelock, J. (1988). The ages of Gaia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. MacIntyre A., & Dunne, J. (2002). Alasdair MacIntyre on education: In dialogue with Joseph Dunne. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 3(1), 1-19. 73
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A Trend on Twenty-First Century Philosophy of Education-Thoughts on Eco-Conservatism Shih-Yu Kuo ABSTRACT In the beginning of twenty-first century, optimistic views for the future filled in academic world. However, when we reflect educational practice, there is tendency to firmly establish educational meaning, purposes and aims. This tendency shows conservative point of view. In this paper, I will argue that this tendency is helpful for advocating sustainable ecological culture in environmental education. MacIntyre reconceptionizes education based on his three concepts on virtue that were maintained in his book-after Virtue. The purpose of education is self-development by keeping our past history and tradition. With our education, we develop our personal identity and establish our code of ethics in this world. He also stresses a liberal curriculum. It is obvious that this conception of education is conservative. C. A. Bowers and D. Orr both hold conservative viewpoints in developing their environmental educational concepts. They also use E. s conservative insight as their forerunner of conservative views that includes our historical responsibility and interconnection among every members of a community. These will provide some meaning for our ecological sustainability. Keywords: conservatism; ecological cultural education; A. MacIntyre; E. ; C. A. Bowers; D. Orr. Received: August 31, 2005, Accepted: February 23, 2006 Shih-Yu Kuo, Institute of European and American Studies, Academic Sinica, Research Fellow Email: sykuo@sinica.edu.tw 75
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