Online Resources for Literature Bibliographic Searching RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING The Bibliographic Search allows you to search bibliographic entries of reference works that were used to compile the Biographical Archives. You can search for bibliographies based on one or all of the following characteristics - - - - - - - - - - Keyword Short Title Author Title Series Place of Publication Publisher Publication Year Archive Document ID 1
Online Resources for Literature Bibliographic Searching.Cont. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of that person or organization. In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist. This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. 2
Data Archiving Data archiving is the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate storage device for long-term retention. Archive data consists of older data that is still important to the organization and may be needed for future reference. Data archives are indexed and have search capabilities so files and parts of files can be easily located and retrieved. Data archives are often confused with data backups, which are copies of data. Data backups are used as a data recovery mechanism that can be used to restore data in the event it is corrupted or destroyed. In contrast, data archives protect older information that is not needed for everyday operations but may have to be accessed occasionally. The data archives serve as a way of reducing primary storage consumption and related costs, rather than acting as a data recovery mechanism. Some data archives treat archive data as readonly to protect it from modification, while other data archiving products treat data as read / write. Data archiving is most suitable for data that must be retained due to operational or regulatory requirements, such as document files, email messages and possibly old database records. 3
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Data archiving benefits The greatest benefit of archiving data is that it reduces the cost of primary storage. Primary storage is typically expensive because a storage array must produce a sufficient level to meet operational requirements for user read / write activity. In contrast, archive storage costs less because it is typically based on a low-performance, high-capacity storage medium. Archive storage also reduces the volume of data that must be backed up. Removing infrequently accessed data from the backup data set improves backup and restore performance, and lowers secondary storage costs. 4
Online Resources for Literature Bibliographic Searching Cont.. Points to consider RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Important to remember that although each database covers thousands of journal titles, no single database is ever complete. If you are having difficulty finding material on a topic use the keywords you find in any relevant reference and search again. Take time to explore the various available databases. 5
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Online databases and search engines for Biosciences Examples: Scopus Web of Knowledge BioOne FSTA- Food Science and Technology Abstracts Global Health Google Scholar MedlinePlus PubMed SpringerLink SciELO 6
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING 7
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING 8
Online databases and search engines..cont.. Web of Science Result Page RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Re-order your results Your search strategy and results display here Citation information on right hand side Standardised button for Full Text/library holdings 9
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING View record in Google Scholar with link to Full Text (subscription required) Click on Times Cited number to view the WOS Citing Articles. The user must be within institution IP range 10
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING SciELO http://www.scielo.org/ 11
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING SciELO Subject Categories Agricultural Sciences Applied Social Sciences Biological Sciences Engineering Exact and Earth Sciences Health Sciences Human Sciences Linguistics, Letters and Arts Mathematics Physics Social Sciences 12
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Select SciELO from database list 13
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Enter query in English, Spanish or Portuguese SciELO search fields Change interface language to Spanish or Portuguese 14
Online databases and search engines..cont.. RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Refine results by SciELO fields English and native language title displays 15
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Six Steps to Write Literature Review Step One: Define the area you will be studying. Before you begin to search for articles or books, decide beforehand what areas you are going to research. Make sure that you only get articles and books in that area, even if you come across fascinating books in other areas. Step Two: Gather the literature. Conduct a comprehensive bibliographic search of books and articles in your area. Read the abstracts online and download and print those articles that pertain to your area of research. Find books in the library that are relevant and check them out. Step Three: Find relevant citations/selections. Scan the contents of each book and article and look for these five things: 1) Claims, conclusions and findings about the hypotheses you are investigating 2) Definitions of terms 3) Calls for follow-up studies relevant to your project 4) Gaps you notice in the literature 5) Disagreement about the concepts you are investigating 16
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Six Steps to Write Literature Review Cont When you find any of these five things, type the relevant excerpt directly into a Word document. Make sure to note the name of the author and the page number following the passage. Do this for each article and book that you have in your stack of literature. When you are done, print out the document. Step Four: Code the literature.. Now, sort the material covering similar topics under one code. Figure out what the main themes are and place the notes each into a pile. Make sure that each note goes into a pile. If there are excerpts that you can t figure out where they belong, separate those and go over them again at the end to see if you need new categories. When you finish, place each stack of notes into an envelope labeled with the name of the theme or topic. 17
Six Steps to Write Literature Review Cont Step Five: Create your conceptual schema. Go to your computer and type, in large font, the name of each of your coded themes. Print this out, and cut the themes into separate paper. Are there ideas that go together or that are in dialogue with each other? Are there ideas that contradict each other? Write the conceptual schema down before you forget. Step Six: Write it up in you own words the studies related to your field of research. To reduce writing plagiarism as much as possible. Choose any section of your conceptual schema to begin with. Figure out a mini-conceptual schema based on that theme by grouping together those excerpts that say the same thing. Use that mini-conceptual schema to write up your literature review based on the excerpts that you have in front of you. Don t forget to include the citations as you write, so as not to lose track of who said what. Repeat this for each section of your literature review. 18
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Book Journal Online document
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Author, A. (year). Title of book (edition if not first). City: Publisher. Book by a single author Jhon, C.B. (1992). Management on the world heath crisis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 20
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Author, A., and Author, B. (year). Title of book (edition if not first). City: Publisher. Book by more than one author Munir, F., and Khan, S. (2007). The Plant Biology (2 nd ed). London: McMunster Publishing. 21
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Journal Article Author, A., Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers. Neill, S., Desikan, R. and Hancock, J.T. (2003) Nitric oxide signalling in plants. New Phytologist. 159,11-35. Lane, B.G. (2002) Oxalate, germins, and higherplant pathogens. IUBMB Life, 53, 67-75. 22
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Referencing Electronic Sources Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from home page web address Nader, C. (2011, June 19). Mental health problems. The Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Citation of References in Text How to cite the given reference in text of manuscript? Munir F, Naqvi S. M. S, Mahmood T (2013). In vitro and in silico characterization of Solanum lycopersicum wound inducible proteinase inhibitor-ii gene. Turkish Journal of Biology 37: 1-10. Citation in manuscript literature review or discussion part will be as follows If writing as In this report Munir et al. (2013) found the activity of pine germin-like gene (PcGER1) promoter during cell growth in transgenic tobacco bright yellow 2 cell suspensions. The activity of pine germin-like gene (PcGER1) promoter during cell growth in transgenic tobacco bright yellow 2 cell suspensions was studied (Munir et al. 2013). 24
RESEARCH PLANNING AND REPORT WRITING Citation of References in Text When combining the information from different related articles : The homeostasis of PAs in plants correlates with several important physiological functions, including the control of the N:C balance (Mattoo et al. 2006), stress responses (Alcázar et al. 2011), xylem differentiation (Muñiz et al. 2008; Tisi et al. 2011a, b), membrane fluidity, and protein regulation (Baron and Stasolla, 2008; Takahashi and Kakehi, 2010). 25