Ancient Egypt Essay Essay: Ancient Egyptian Medicine Granite lintel and stone blocks were also discovered that would show more about the internal structure of the pyramid. Excavation is still in its early stages and the size of the pyramid has not yet been established. Blocks of stone and the beginning of a corridor leads to the interior of the pyramid, extended by a ramp and the entrance to a room can be seen. To find the name of a previously unknown queen would be an addition to history. For anyone who knows anything of Egyptian history it is understood that Tutankhamun was one of the less important pharaohs. It is about these two items that startling new information was revealed. On the back of the seat of the famous golden throne is depicted two figures of a man and a woman. The second starling revelation was that when the golden death mask was studied it was found there were two different types of gold on it. The gold making up the face and the gold making up the head dress were substantially different enough to conclude that the face of the death mask, that is the face of Tutankhamun, was in fact a later addition welded on top of the original face of the death mask. It was explained that Ancient Egyptian male children wore earings but adults did not. Women however of all ages wore earings and their death masks revealed that there ears were punctured for the insertion of earings. I am amazed at these discoveries. The tomb was discovered in the early 20th century after all. These relics have after all been closely studied for decades. Could the stories of the origins of the sphinx and the great pyramid also be an oversight by the learned archeologists?! The early Egyptologists who first explored the ancient tombs of Egypt called the jars they found containing viscera, Canopic jars. This was due to the legend of a well-known Greek hero, who was worshipped in the form of a jar in the town of Canopus, which was named after him. The connection between the Greek hero and the Egyptian canopic jars was erroneous, the name however stuck. Canopic jars were part of the complex funerary rights and practices of Ancient Egypt and their use, in one form or another, dates back to the very beginnings of dynastic Egypt. Found in the tombs of both the rich and the not so rich, they were used to preserve various organs during mummification and were connected with the belief that to ensure an afterlife the body and its organs needed to be preserved. Throughout the time of the old kingdom disembowelled viscera were preserved and placed in niches carved into the walls of tombs. Later on canopic chests were made in which preserved organs were directly placed. These chests were made from wood or stone; or even carved out of the tomb walls or floor. The viscera placed in them had been soaked in resin and when solidified took the shape of a jar. By the end of the 4th Dynasty, preserved organs were sometimes placed inside simple stone or pottery jars, with flat or domed lids. The jars or chests containing them would be inscribed with the name and title of the deceased. Both jars and chests were placed with other funerary items inside the tomb. During the 9th to 11th dynasty, known as the first intermediate period BCE, canopic jars and chests became more complex. For the first time the lids of canopic jars were carved in the form of a human head and the viscera inside sometimes wore cartonnage masks of the human face. The canopic chest came to resemble miniature coffins and had extensive texts decorating them. An outer stone chest was used with an inner wooden chest to signify the sarcophagus in the tomb and the coffin inside it. The chest was divided into four equal parts into which a canopic jar containing the viscera was placed. However, sometimes the jars were substituted with painted imitations. Each jar was meant to hold a particular organ and was protected by a specific God. Duamutef was the God that protected the stomach and had a protective partnership with the Goddess Neith; Hapy protected the
lungs in partnership with the Goddess Nephthys; Imsety protected the liver along with Isis; and the God Kebehsenuef protected the intestines together with the God Selket. These deities were the sons of the God Horus and individually known as a genius. On the inner surface of the wooden canopic chest and on the individual canopic jars, text would be inscribed invoking the protection of the goddesses, Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Selket. Seventeenth dynasty canopic chests at this time were decorated with the figure of the God Anubis in jackal form and had either a flat or vaulted lid. In the following 18th dynasty, at the beginning of the New Kingdom, the lids of canopic jars took the form of the heads of the four protective Gods. Hapy was depicted with a baboon head; Imsety a human head; Duamutef, a jackals head; and Kebehsenuef with a hawks head. The jars themselves were made of various materials including calcite, limestone, pottery, wood or cartonnage. The canopic chest took the form of a naos shrine mounted on a sledge. This type of shrine is typically found in the inner sanctum of temples and would house the statue of a deity. It would be mounted on a sledge so that the statue could be transported to other regions during festivals. The chests, like the coffins of the time, were decorated with a white background, moving to a gold pavilion on black, and then later to polychrome depictions on a yellow background at the end of the 18th Dynasty. Until the 18th dynasty the funerary practices depended on what you could afford and not on status. However, in the tombs belonging to 18th dynasty royalty elaborate and individual canopic jars and chests are seen. An example of this can be seen in the funerary accoutrements of the eighteenth dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun where the lids of the canopic jars were fashioned in the likeness of the King and at each corner of the canopic chest a protective Goddess was carved. These protective Goddesses were missing during the time of the heretic King Akhenaten who banished the worship of all Gods except Aten. Towards the end of the New Kingdom further changes occurred in funerary practices. The use of canopic chests stopped and unusually large canopic jars were used. In the 21st dynasty, at the beginning of the Third Intermediate period BCE, viscera were preserved and returned to the body rather than being placed inside canopic jars. However, canopic jars were still placed in the tomb even though they were empty. In the following 22nd dynasty models of canopic jars were used rather than real jars. Some contained model viscera as well. The text on these funerary items became simpler, only detailing the name of the deceased and the protective God. While the jars of the 23rd dynasty became more colourful in their decoration. Although still retaining the heads of Gods, by the 25th dynasty the text varied as to which God was mentioned and what was required. The shape of the jars also changed and became more rounded than ever seen before. For a short period in the 27th dynasty it appears that the depiction of human heads on canopic jars became popular once again. Canopic jars ceased to be used during the Ptolemaic period BCE and were replaced by a tall, brightly painted chest, decorated with images of the protective gods and resembling a shrine. However, by the Roman period these too had disappeared from use. Hieroglyphics are the first and most enduring form of writing seen in Ancient Egypt. Although commonly found on the walls of temples, tombs and monuments throughout the three millennia of Egyptian history, it first appeared on labels and pottery objects that date to the late Predynastic Period, around BCE. However, early forms of proto-hieroglyphic writing were found on three hundred clay labels discovered in the tomb of a Predynastic ruler at Abydos dating to the 33rd century BCE and also on Gerzean pottery, dating to an earlier BCE. The last known hieroglyphs to be written appear in a temple inscription on the island of Philae, carved in CE. The word hieroglyphics comes down to us from the Ancient Greeks. Words and sentences written in hieroglyphics contain both ideograms and phonograms. Ideograms are pictorial symbols used to represent an object or concept. Today we use ideograms such as a heart to mean love in the sentence. Phonograms are pictorial images that represent sounds. Words spelled with phonograms usually have an ideogram added at the end. This extra sign, called a determinative, helps you determine that the signs before it are phonograms as well as giving a hint of the word. Hieroglyphics were either carved on a hard surface such as granite or faience; or written with a reed pen on papyrus using an ink originating from plants, minerals or ash. It could be written and read from left to right; right to left; or in columns from top to bottom. It was never written or read from bottom to top. The direction in which the hieroglyphics should be read is determined by the direction the animal or human symbols are facing, as in the example below. Hieroglyphic text should be read towards the direction the symbol is facing. Hieroglyphs contain no form of punctuation and no spaces between words. It could be written in different colours that symbolized different things, such as green symbolizing rebirth. There was no such thing as an Egyptian alphabet and no vowels were used. Through time the number of hieroglyphic symbols in use varied from to Altogether there were many thousands of hieroglyphic symbols used over the long history of Ancient Egypt. This script is called hieratic and is a simplified version of hieroglyphs. Whereas hieroglyphs were used for more formal use such
as on statues and in tombs, hieratic script was used for a more everyday use. The more simplified symbols made it easier and quicker to write and so it was found on many forms of papyrus documents such as administrative and business documents, as well as literary, scientific and religious writing. It was also found on pieces of broken pottery known as ostraca, which were used more or less like modern day note paper. The earliest examples of hieratic script to be found dates to the Fourth dynasty and was a document of estate records. In approximately BCE, a time known as the Late Period, another script was introduced and hieratic gradually disappeared from popular use. Another form of writing that closely resembled hieratic is cursive hieroglyphics. Like hieratic script it also used simplified hieroglyphic signs. This form of script was used mostly in religious texts and was generally much clearer and precise than hieratic writing. Just like hieroglyphs, cursive hieroglyphs could be written in columns from right to left or left to right. Hieratic script was always written and read from the right and could be written in horizontal lines or vertical columns. It occasionally contained punctuation in the form of a full stop to separate one idea from the next. Demotic script was used for more than a thousand years. It was derived from hieratic script and first called Demotic by the Greek Historian Herodotus to distinguish it from hieratic or hieroglyphs. Over time the script naturally changed. Early Demotic developed in Lower Egypt during the latter part of the 25th Dynasty and can be seen carved on stelae found in the Serapeum at Saqqara. Egyptian Influence Extended Essay - International Baccalaureate History - Marked by mcgeeproductions.com - Ancient egypt essay business plan budget template excel professional essay writer reddit creative writing critique groups online business plan budget template excel santa clara county library homework help creative writing surprise birthday party business plan writers in massachusetts college writing persuasive essay creative writing describing love creative writing australia university political research paper topics creative writing job search homework problem dissertation resources 4 star rated movies online homework planner scholarships with essays for high school students best creative writing program in california creative writing program rankings graduate cover letter for sales writing masters programs econ homework creative writing a stylistics approach how to practice creative writing narrative form essay critical response essay help clothing line business plan challenges in doing a research paper hillary clinton college thesis choosing a thesis topic creative writing csula research paper on memory sources for a research paper economic research paper topics ideas huck finn essay essay help singapore cover letter writing service examples of conclusion paragraphs for argumentative essays civil engineering assignment help mfa creative writing rhode island dissertation books hire someone to write my essay can you write a phd thesis in one month order of a research paper mla outline for essays examples of executive summary for a business plan persuasive essay college rhode island business plan competition business management plan sample research papers on gay marriage
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