UNIT 8 CENTRALISED CATALOGUING, CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION AND PRE-NATAL CATALOGUING

UNIT 8 CENTRALISED CATALOGUING, CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION AND PRE-NATAL CATALOGUING Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing Structure 8.0 Objectives 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Library Cooperation 8.2.1 Library Networks 8.2.2 Centralised Processing 8.3 Centralised Cataloguing 8.3.1 Forms of Centralisation 8.3.2 Card Services 8.3.3 Commercial Cataloguing 8.4 Cataloguing-in-Publication 8.5 Pre-natal Cataloguing 8.6 Co-operative Cataloguing 8.6.1 Union Catalogue 8.6.2 Co-operative and Centralised Cataloguing 8.7 Summary 8.8 Answers to Self Check Exercises 8.9 Key Words 8.10 References and Further Readings 8.0 OBJECTIVES Processing work in libraries, such as, cataloguing and classification can be done centrally in a particular library or agency which will save time and cost to the participating libraries. These activities can also be performed cooperatively. In this Unit, we introduce you to centralised and co-operative cataloguing. After reading this Unit, you will be able to: describe the concepts of centralised and co-operative cataloguing with their advantages and the few drawbacks; explain library networks, their varieties and their operation in centralised and co-operative cataloguing; and explain Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-natal Cataloguing. 8.1 INTRODUCTION In a library usually, we classify and catalogue documents that are added to the stock of the library. The same documents may also be acquired by some other library. That library also will do the process of cataloguing and classification. If both the libraries follow the same catalogue code and the same scheme of classification then the Class Numbers of the documents as well as the catalogue entries will be the same. That is to say, the same job is repeated in two different libraries. But suppose the job is shared by the two libraries, then both the costs and man hours spent on the job is shared by the two libraries, thereby both are reduced and both the libraries will benefit. 73

Format of Catalogue Entries 74 If such a sharing is done by not just two libraries but by several libraries, then the benefits are many for all the libraries. Similarly, if there is a central library or an apex library and there are several branches for it, then instead of all the libraries spending time and money on the technical processing, the central library itself may take up the processing on behalf of all its branch libraries. When the same book appears in several hundreds of copies, all the libraries that buy the title will have to process it again and again. If the book itself gives the catalogue entry according to a generally acceptable catalogue code and also the class number according to a very well known scheme of classification, then the burden of processing the book will be reduced to a great extent in all the libraries that buy the book. Such a centralised processing can be a very good cooperative or a commercial proposition. However, there may be some problems when centralized. processing is opted for. First and foremost is the problem of individualizing a document within the stock of the particular library collection. For this purpose, the library procedure and practices may have to be observed. The central organisation cannot give a solution in such cases because all the libraries may not buy all the books. Hence, according to local needs, the particular library will have to individualize a document. In the same way, because of the size of the library, one library may need more added entries and another library may need less number of entries. The levels of description may also vary from library to library and some times from document to document within the same library. But problems of this sort can be easily handled with appropriate measures. Various aspects of centralised processing like its advantages and drawbacks, the nature and objectives of centralized cataloguing, the different forms of centralized cataloguing like card service, cataloguing-in-source, etc., are described and discussed in this Unit. A brief history of centralized processing, particularly centralized cataloguing, is also narrated. With the introduction of Machine-Readable Cataloguing (MARC), centralized and cooperative cataloguing gained new dimensions. A brief description of these efforts is also given. 8.2 LIBRARY COOPERATION Libraries have many things in common. The processes and practices in several libraries are similar. Even the problems of management and services are common. So with a certain amount of understanding and willingness to cooperate, libraries can come together and offer better services. When two or more libraries come together to share their resources or exchange their services or agree to cooperate with each other, then such an understanding is known as library cooperation. The following are some of the areas in which there can be cooperation among libraries: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Selection of documents. Acquisition documents. Processing of documents. Interlending of documents. Preparation of bibliographies, acquisition lists, union lists and catalogues, etc. 6) Helping users through information services like translation service, on-line search, etc. In such cases of cooperation, there can be central cooperating library or coordinating body which monitors and oversees these activities. Sometimes, without any such coordinating body the libraries themselves may agree to co-operate with each other following certain broad guidelines and principles. Library co-operation can be not only within a group of libraries or library systems but also within the main library and its branch libraries of the same library system. These activities can be accomplished through library networks.

Self Check Exercise 1) List a few areas of library cooperation. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.2.1 Library Networks A Library network is defined by Hunter and Bakewell as "A group of libraries and/or information service points, connected together for the purpose of satisfying specified requirements." Wynar says that the term "network" has been used to describe multi-library organisations designed to facilitate inter-library loan, reference, duplicate exchange, processing and the like". When any of the types of cooperation mentioned in Section 8.2 is to be achieved, networking of the libraries will be very useful. Through library networks cooperation and centralized processing becomes easy. To give you an idea of networks and their services two illustrations are given below. Figure 1 is the network where each individual participating library gets the services from a central coordinating body of library. Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing This type of network known as Star Network is illustrative of centralised processing and services. Figure 2 illustrates the type of network where all participating libraries mutually exchange services. It is a network which illustrates of cooperative processing and services. It can also have multiple network paths as illustrated in Figure 3 and it is known as Mesh Network. 75

Format of Catalogue Entries In Figure 2, arrows are indicated both ways. In other words, each one of the participating libraries will have access to each and every other library in the network. In a Mesh Network each centre known as node will inspect incoming messages or packets; accept those intended for it and pass on the others to appropriate nodes. There can be other types of networks also which can help the libraries in their cooperative and centralized activities. For example if the activities are confined to cenrtalized services like selection, acquisition, processing, information services, etc., within the same library system with several branches, a Hierarchical Network which is also known as Tree Network can be the solution. 76

Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing Two or more networks can be interconnected through what are known as `Gateways'. A gateway, Purser says "is an interface between two distinct networks, in which some sort of conversion or mapping between the two formats and functions of data valid for each of the two networks takes place". For example in our country Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) acts as an international gateway. The illustration given below (figure 5) can give you some idea of a gateway and inter connection of networks. In an attempt to serve the user better-by providing exact, pin-pointed and exhaustive information expeditiously, libraries and information centres are now-a=days taking advantage of the developments in information technology. Library networks world wide are playing a key role in this regard. In course BLIS-07 Units 11 and 12 you will get more details about library networks. Self Check Exercise 2) Define a Library Network. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 77

Format of Catalogue Entries 78 1) 2) 3) 8.2.2 Centralised Processing By "processing" we mean technical operations that are necessary to prepare library materials for access and use. So, centralized processing would mean undertaking of those operations by a central agency or body. Wynar says that "the term Centralized Processing may be broadly defined as any consolidated effort to bring under one control the technical operations necessary to prepare library materials for access and use at different service points". Technical processing centres can be of different varieties. Broadly speaking, these can be: Advantages centres, which undertake acquisition and complete technical processing of getting the books ready for access and use by the libraries. centres that acquire, catalogue and classify the documents. centres that just catalogue and classify documents. Centralized processing has many advantages. For example. 1) Duplication of work is avoided: The type of work involved in processing is similar, So, instead of all the libraries repeating the same type of work in the different libraries, a central organisation can undertake to do the job. Duplication of the work is avoided in that way. 2) Economy: Since processing work is done on behalf of several libraries, there will be saving in money to be spent by individual libraries. 3) Uniformity: Since a central agency undertakes cataloguing, classification, etc., the technical processing will be based on uniform and standard practices. All the libraries that opt for the services display the same uniform practices as regards cataloguing, classification, etc. 4) Qualitative improvement: We can also achieve improvement in the quality of the technical services because a central agency can pool up the best manpower resources to improve the quality of performance. 5) Use of sophisticated equipment: Because of centralization the central agency can go in for sophisticated equipment Most of the individual libraries cannot afford the costs involved in purchasing sophisticated equipment. 6) Staff can be better utilised: Some of the members who would have been otherwise engaged in ordering, classification, cataloguing, etc., processes in the various individual libraries that opted for centralized processing will find free time from these jobs. Their services can therefore, be better utilised for other types of services like information services, 7) Promptness: Because of limitations and shortages, there may be delays in cataloguing and classification in libraries. But in the case of centralized services, user can expect promptness in service. 8) Scope for preparing union lists and catalogues: Through centralization of processing there is also scope for the preparation of union lists, union catalogues, etc. This is the data on the holdings of the different libraries opting for centralization can be easily collected now for such compilations. Drawbacks There are certain drawbacks and disadvantages also in centralization of processing. 1) Some libraries may not be able to afford the operational costs involved. Or the effectiveness of the cost involved may be marginal so that it may not make much difference between centralized and individuul/se!fpnouexxiu8 for some libraries.

2) 3) The libraries which are clients to the centralized processing may have practices different from the central organisation. For example, the scheme of classification or the catalogue code followed by the library may be different from those followed by central organization. Even if they are same the library may be following different editions. These local variations are deterrents in opting for centralized processing. For purposes of individualizing a document through its Call Number and for purposes of deciding the number and type of entries required for the library the participating library still has to keep skeletal staff in the processing sections. That is to say a participating library cannot completely dispense with staff in its processing sections. Self Check Exercise 3) State the advantages of centralised processing. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.3 CENTRALISED CATALOGUING By centralized cataloguing, we mean the provision of cataloguing service from a central point to several clients. The service may range from a simple cataloguing of documents to complete and whole cataloguing with the preparation of catalogue cards ready to be inserted into the clients catalogues. In simple terms Needham defines centralized cataloguing as "the cataloguing of documents by some central organisation". The main purpose of centralised cataloguing is to save duplication of effort in the cataloguing department of several libraries. Objectives The objectives of centralised cataloguing are to: 1) 2) 3) 4) help member libraries provide better and more effective library services. Advantages and Drawbacks 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) avoid duplication of work; achieve -uniform and standard cataloguing practices; minimize the cost of cataloguing; and In section 8.2.2 we have seen the advantages and drawbacks of centralized processing. The same are applicable to centralized cataloguing also. However, some of the relevant points are stated again briefly. You may refer to that section for better understanding of the details. Advantages Duplication of work can be avoided. Cost of cataloguing can be minimised. Uniform and standard cataloguing` practices can be adopted. Cataloguing can be qualitatively improved. Some of the professional staff who are relieved of cataloguing work can be utilised for other useful professional service: Preparation of union catalogues will become easy. Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing 79

Format of Catalogue Entries 80 Drawbacks 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Pooling up the necessary funds to opt for centralized cataloguing may be difficult for some libraries. Because of local variations it may be difficult to go in for centralized cataloguing. Centralized cataloguing system may cause delay. A library with a lower number of accessions can complete the job of cataloguing much earlier. Similarly such libraries may not need all the catalogue cards prepared by the central organisation. It may not buy all the books because of its limited funds and requirements. Excess cards will be a waste then. Self Check Exercise 4) Give the drawbacks of centralised cataloguing. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.3.1 Forms of Centralisation In centralised cataloguing we observe that there are several forms of centralisation like: Card (or Sheaf) service MARC (Machine-Readable Catalogue) service Information service Cataloguing-in-Source Cateloguing-in-publication Pre-natal Cataloguing Card (or Sheaf) Service This is the type of centralised cataloguing where the unit entries are prepared by a central organisation. The individual libraries can buy these cards in multiple numbers. One card is retained as main entry and, other cards are used for preparing added entries by adding the appropriate access points like names of the collaborator(s),,title(s), subject(s), etc. In Unit-5 you have seen that the added entries can be prepared in the unit record system. The BNB, the Library of Congress and the H.W. Wilson Company are rendering such type of service. MARC Service In this service cataloguing data is prepared for documents in machine readable form on magnetic tapes, etc. Client libraries can either directly search the information from the tapes or use the service for the creation of conventional forms of catalogues and bibliographies. In Unit 9 of this Block you will learn more about MARC and computer catalogues. Information Service In this type of centralised service a central organisation produces a bibliography from which libraries can prepare their own catalogues. These catalogues can be prepared either by using the catalogue information from the bibliography for the books they have to catalogue or by cutting and pasting on cards the appropriate entries from the bibliography. The British National Bibliography (BNB) and the Indian National

Bibliography (BNB) are such types of tools. Cataloguing-in-Source A publisher of a book, if he can provide the catalogue entry in the book itself, will be helping the purchasing libraries. Their processing work is reduced to a large extent. What is needed in such service is that the catalogue code followed should be the one which is universally acceptable. The entry should also carry class number according to a popular and acceptable scheme of classification. Such a service is known as Cataloguing-In-Source (CIS). Ranganathan made a plea from such cataloguing of a book even before its release. He termed it as `Pre-natal Cataloguing'. There is yet another term for similar service; namely, Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP). In the succeeding sections we will discuss some of these centralised cataloguing services. 8.3.2 Card Services Eminent librarians like Charles Jewett, Albert Blor, Henry Stevens, F. Max Mueller, W.C.Lane, Melvil Dewey and several others advocated centralised cataloguing services. Library of Congress The Library of Congress began printing catalogue cards in July, 1898. This service is made available to all libraries since 1901. The cards were prepared and printed for American copyright books. In 1910 the service was extended to include several large libraries outside the government structure. The card service of the Library of Congress is a part of the activities of the library. There is no separate central organization, separate from the Library of Congress. Each and every item catalogued by the Library of Congress is given a serial number known as `card number'. Card Numbers are noted in the Cumulative Book Index through' which the cards are ordered. Detailed descriptive cataloguing was followed by the Library of Congress. However, during 1951, and 1963 the Library of Congress had gone in for limited cataloguing. In limited cataloguing only simple details of documents are given. Even then, not every document is catalogued. Some items which are considered not so important are omitted. All-The-Book-Plan This was started by the Library of Congress in 1953. The purpose is to increase the number of titles for which printed cards were available. The Library of Congress expected that American publishers would oblige by sending. pre-publication copies of current publications so that Library of Congress could produce the cards as soon as possible. The Library of Congress order numbers were printed on the verso of the title page to help easy accessibility to the printed cards. In 1959, R. R. Bowker Company agreed for listing the titles in the Library Journal and Publisher's Weekly in exchange for cataloguing information provided by the Library of Congress for the review copies received by it. Cards-With-Books Programme In this Programme the Library of Congress printed cards were supplied with the books through the publishers and book sellers. This programme was started in 1961 as another attempt to help the libraries with the catalogue cards for the books as quickly as possible. National Programme of Acquisitions and Cataloguing (NPAC) Through legislation in 1958 and later in 1965 the Library of Copgress is empowered to acquire, catalogue and distribute biliographic records for all materials of research value that were published in foreign countries. Under this programme which was started in 1966 several acquisitions and cataloguing offices were opened in foreign countries. By the end of the first year of its establishment nine overseas offices were providing publications from twenty one countries with cataloguing information from seventeen foreign sources. Nowadays, the demand for printed catalogue cards is met by MARC tapes. But, for non-marc cards the demand has to be met by manually filled information from inventory stocks. Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing 81

Format of Catalogue Entries 82 British National Bibliography The British National Bibliography is an organization, which is self-supporting. It is controlled by a Council represented among others by the Library Association, the British Museum (now known as British Library), the Publishers' Association and the Booksellers' Association. The organisation has access to documents as and when they are received at the copy right office. The national bibliography complied by this organization appeared in 1950. Its card service began in 1956. Entries are also provided for sheaf catalogues. Card service can be availed by sending the BNB entry number in the bibliography. Prior to the introduction of card service by BNB, libraries could use its bibliography only as a master from which their own cards were produced. In some library systems, marked copies of BNB were tried as catalogues in their branch libraries. Self Check Exercise 5) List the centralised cataloguing services offered by institutions. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.3.3 Commercial Cataloguing When centralised processing like preparation and sale of catalogue entries on-cards is undertaken by an agency as commerical proposition we may call it. `Commercial Cataloguing'. Barbara Westby defined commercial cataloguing as "Centralised Cataloguing performed and sold by a non-library agency operating for profit". Such commercial cataloguing efforts are described below in brief: Publisher's Title Slips The idea of a Printed Title Slip was mooted as early as 1877 at the American Library Association (ALA) Conference. A Committee on Publisher's Title Slips consisting of Winsor, Bowker and Dewey was formed at that conference. The committee recommended the supply of title slips prepared for immediate use as catalogue cards to subscribers. The New York office of the Library Journal and Publishers Weekly was the central office but title slips were to be prepared under the supervision of the librarian of Harvard University and the Boston Atheneum. The catalogue entries were printed on one side of a thin paper so that it could be pasted on a card. Extra copies were supplied for use as title and subject entries. This programme could not survive beyond one year. The project which started in 1879 came to an end by February, 1880. Rudolph Indexer Company A proposal to supply printed catalogue cards for all books `currently' published in America was thought of by Rudolph Indexer Company in 1893. But the project did not materialise since a similar plan was thought of by the Library Bureau also, The Library Bureau The Library Bureau had a plan similar to Rudolph Indexer Company. Its intention was to supply printed catalogue cards for all current standard books. Even this project could not succeed.

H.W. Wilson Company This famous American publisher of several bibliographies and indexes supplied many school and public libraries simple but adequate card copy at nominal cost for widely read books from 1938 to 1975. During that period over one hundred other distributors and publishers followed the Wilson example of supplying a packet of cards with each book sold. With the introduction of cataloguing-in-publication (CIP) the concept and practice of Books-with-cards was replaced. Self Check Exercise 6) Name the commercial agencies which offer printed card service. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.4 CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION As noted earlier one way of helping the libraries in cataloguing is giving catalogue information in the book itself in a standard format following a well recognised catalogue code. Cataloguing-in-Source With the collaboration of the publishers and through a financial grant provided by the Council on Library Resources, the Library of Congress experimented with what was known as Cataloguing-in-Source. Under this programme a central organization catalogues books before their publication. The catalogue entries are then printed, into the books themselves. The publishers will have to cooperate with the central organisation for this purpose. The Library of Congress catalogued, 1,203 publications of 157 publishers using page proofs from June, 1958 to February, 1959. The Library of Congress could experiment with Cataloguing-in-Source only during 1958-59. At the end of that period they felt that in view of the finances involved besides technical considerations, and the actual use of the service, a permanent fullscale service is not justified. Cataloguing-in-Publication The cataloguing-in-source given up by the LC in 1959 was revived in July 1971. The entries were prepared from galley proofs and data returned to publishers within ten working days. Subtitle, imprint and collation were not given. However, the LC includes this information later in the MARC. The MARC is made available four to six months before the book ' s publication. There are three products of Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP). Namely; (1)Record of CIP cataloguing data on MARC tape made available before the final cataloguing copy appeared on the MARC tape. (2) The LC cards made available before the publication date of the book. (3) Cataloguing data printed in the book itself. You might have seen that some American and British Books carry the Cataloguing-in- Publication information in the back of their title pages. The following is an illustration for the Library of Congress Cataloguing-in- Publication. Wynar, Bohdhan S Introduction to cataloguing and classification (Library science text series) Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing 83

Format of Catalogue Entries 84 Bibliography: P. 597. Includes indexes. 1. Cataloguing. 2. Anglo-American cataloguing rules 3. Classification - Books. I. Taylor, Arlene G, 1941-II Title z693.w94 1985 025.3 85-23147 ISBN -0-87287-512-1 ISBN 0-87287-485-O (Pbk) The success of CIP depends on the cooperation extended by the publishers. If CIP were to be adopted throughout the world then building-up national and universal biliographies and preparing union catalogues will become easy. Self Check Exercise 7) List the three products of Cataloguing-in-Publication. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below......... 8.5 PRE-NATAL CATALOGUING Ranganathan mooted the idea of cataloguing and classification of a book prior to. its release by the publisher. Since the cataloguing is to be done before it is delivered (released) for sale or use he called the process `Pre-natal Cataloguing'. In fact, he was suggesting pre-natal technical work. That is to say cataloguing and classification of a book before the publication is released by the publisher. Pre-natal technical work is to be undertaken by the National Central Library of each country. The publisher is obliged to send a copy of the forme proof of the book to the National Central Library under a legal provision. The National Central Library then prepares a master stencil of the catalogue cards for the book before its release. The catalogue cards are later made available for distribution to various libraries which acquire the book. Ranganathan suggested even providing the call number for the book before it is published and released. The class number can be printed in the back of the title page. Ranganathan had said there would be a saving of 79 per cent if such centralised cataloguing is done. He pleaded international and national cooperation for implementing pre-natal cataloguing. He also pleaded for State Central Cataloguing Body for each constituent state and a National Central Cataloguing Body for effectively implementing Pre-natal Cataloguing in our country. 8.6 COOPERATIVE CATALOGUING In section 8.2 we have seen not only centralised processing but also cooperative processing can be achieved through proper networking. In cooperative cataloguing a group of independent libraries share the cataloguing work. Needham says that cooperative cataloguing refers to "a situation where a number of independent libraries share the work of producing a catalogue for their mutual benefit" The aims and objectives of cooperative cataloguing are virtually the same as that of centralised cataloguing. Just as in the case of centralised cataloguing through cooperative cataloguing we can gain the following:

1) Better use of resources: 2) Standardization of cataloguing practices: 3) Economy in expenses: 4) Improving the quality of library services; and 5) Preparation of union catalogues with relative ease. Cooperative cataloguing as an idea had its origins in the early eighteenth century. In 1850 William Desborough Cooley was thinking of `Universal Catalogue' at public expense. By then C.C. Jewett had drawn up a plan for cooperative cataloguing for American libraries. Cooperative cataloguing, however, had found firm ground with the introduction of LC printed cards in 1901. The LC scheme can be viewed both as cooperative and centralised cataloguing. It is cooperative in the sense that it exchanges catalogue entries with other Marge libraries and builds up a comprehensive union catalogue at Washington. Self Check Exercise 8) List the gains of cooperative cataloguing. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.6.1 Union Catalogue A library catalogue, we know, is a list of all or some of the holdings of a library. If two or more libraries make out such a list we call it a Union Catalogue. Larson defines a union catalogue as a "catalogue listing in one sequence the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries." Ranganathan defines a union catalogue as a "List of all the documents in two or more libraries giving the names of all the libraries where copies of each document can be found. A union catalogue may cover all kinds of documents or any restricted kind of them". Union catalogue is a very good example of cooperative cataloguing where two or more libraries cooperate with each other in listing their holdings partially or fully. Union catalogues can be prepared at local, regional, national and international levels. Union catalogue, once prepared efficiently, serves several purposes. Some of which are: 1) serves as a tool which can reveal the document resources available in libraries in a geographical region. 2) reveals the strength and weaknesses of library collections. 3) indicates the probable areas of collection specialisation and cooperation. 4) helps in coordination of collection development activities of the libraries. 5) serves as a tool for bibliographical information. 6) provides useful information for document selection. Pre-requisites for a Union Catalogue Compilation of a union catalogue is possible only through library cooperation. Any such compilation should be very clear in the beginning itself about the 1) 2) 3) purpose of the Union catalogue to be compiled, region to be covered, materials to be covered; (decision as to the type of reading materials, language, period, subject, etc), 4) physical form of the catalogue, Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing 85

Format of Catalogue Entries 5) catalogue code to be followed, 6) 7) 8) 9) type of entries, level of description, arrangement of entries, and The method of compilation and revision. 8.6.2 Cooperative and Centralised Cataloguing There are many similarities in objectives and purposes of cooperative and centralised cataloguing, however, there are many differences also. These are shown in tabular form below: 86 Self Check Exercise 9) State the differences between cooperative and centralised cataloguing. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. 8.7 SUMMARY Acquisition of materials, their cataloguing, classification, preparation for use are some of the things that are common to all libraries. If the libraries agree to co-operate they can group, themselves as networks and reap the benefits of reduction in processing work in individual libraries. Such a processing can be done by a central organisation on commercial basis. Centralised and / or co-operative processing has several advantages like avoidance of duplication of work, qualitative improvement of service, etc. There are few drawbacks also in such processing; the cost involved; the local variations in practices; and the like. Centralised cataloguing services can be broadly grouped as

Card (or Sheaf) Service MARC Service Information Service Cataloguing-in-Source Cataloguing-in-Publication Pre-natal Cataloguing The origins and development of these services, their nature and objectives are reviewed briefly in this Unit. Similarities and differences between centralised and cooperative cataloguing are also noted. 8.8 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES 1) A few areas of library co-operation are: (a) Selection, (b) Acquisition, (c) Technical processing, (d) Inter library lending, (e) Preparation of bibliographies, (t) Complilation of Union Catalogues, directories, (g) Information services like translation, on-line search, etc. 2) A group of libraries and or information service points connected together for the purpose of satisfying specified requirements" is defined as a library network. 3) The advantages of centralised processing are: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) a) b) c) d) a) b) i) ii) iii) a) b) c) d) e) Duplication of work is eliminated; Economy is effected; Standard practices resulting in conformity; Qualitiative improvement; Can obtain sophisticated equipment; Employ better staff; Can obtain speed and promptness; and Scope for preparing access tools like union catalogues. 4) The drawbacks of centralised cataloguing are as follows: Pooling of funds may be difficult; Local variation may pose problems; Possible delays; and May not be necessary because of only limited number of documents. 5) Centralised Cataloguing services are offered by institutions like: Library of Congress; British National Bibliography Division of the British Library. 6) Printed Card Services are offered by commercial agencies such as. 1) Rudolph Indexer Co.; 2) The Library Bureau; 3) H.W.Wilson&Co. 7) The three products of Cataloguing-in-Publication are: Record of Cataloguing-in-Publication on MARC; Library of Congress Cards; and Cataloguing data in the book itself. 8) The gains of cooperative cataloguing are: Better use of resources; Standardisation of practices; Economy in expenses; Improving the quality of services; and Preparation of union catalogues. Centralised Cataloguing, Cataloguing-in-Publication and Pre-Natal Cataloguing 87

Format of Catalogue Entries 9) Cooperative Cataloguing is not a commercial propostidn and the job and costs are shared by the participating libraries for their common benefit. The work is taken up by different libraries and then coordinated. The centralised cataloguing can be for a central library and its branches but it can also be a commercial proposition where the technical service work is controlled by a central agency and the services are provided to any library for price. 8.9 KEY WORDS Limited Cataloguing: Limited cataloguing implies reduction in the number of entries and bibliographical elements in each entry. Such treatment is given to documents not of sufficient bibliographic and reference utility. Pre-natal: Before birth. In the context of cataloguing, before the release of a publication for sale or distribution. 8.10 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Krishan Kumar. (1993). Cataloguing. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. Hunter, Eric J. (1985). Computerized Cataloguing. London: Clive Bingley. Needham, C.D. (1977). Organising Knowledge in Libraries: Introduction to Information Retrieval. London : Andre Deutsch. Tripathi, S.M. (1978). Modern Cataloguing: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Agra: hivalal Agarwala. Wynar, Bohdhan S. (1985). Introduction to Cataloguing and Classification. 7th ed. Littleton, Colorado: Lilraries Unlimited. 88