Who s Citing You? Resources and Strategies to Help You Avoid Plagiarism and Practice Good Citation Habits Michael White, Librarian for Research Services Queen s University Library Expanding Horizons, School of Graduate Studies January 2014 Credit: The Bookworm, Carl Spitzweg, 1850 - / Museum Georg Schäfer 1
Photo credit: UC Berkley Cyclotron, 1938 - Lawrence Livermore National Lab Topics for Today Good citation practices Document and Researcher IDs Overview of citation databases Web of Science Google Scholar Publish or Perish Researcher and Journal metrics Altmetrics ImpactStory (www.impactstory.org) SSRN Social Science Research Network 2
Don t reinvent the wheel! Don Photo credit: Library of Congress Source: New York Times, Feb. 5, 2006 3
Sources: New York Times, Globe and Mail, Retraction Watch Types of Attribution Authorship/Inventorship: Recognition that an individual has made substantial contributions to a work of science or scholarship. Acknowledgement: A statement recognizing people or organizations that provided support or assistance to a research project but not directly as researchers. Citation: A reference to a previously published or unpublished work. Published works includes all forms of written, multimedia and oral communications, e.g. conference presentations, journal articles, bibliographies, books, creative works, etc. 4
Exercise: What type of attribution? Potential Attribution Problems Plagiarism The act or practice of taking someone else s work, idea, invention, creation, etc. and passing it off as one s own. (OED) Orphan citation A citation containing errors or omissions that make it difficult or impossible for the reader to identify the source. Republication w/o attribution Republishing one s own previously published work without proper attribution or justification. Gratuitous/Strategic citation Citing sources solely to promote your own work (self-citation) or the work/reputation of a colleague, journal, etc. 5
Retraction Watch 6
How do you say Plagiarism? unintended excessive reuse of the text unattributed overlap administrative error significant originality issue Some sentences are directly taken from other papers, which could be viewed as a form of plagiarism. Markus, A., & Oransky, I. (2013). The Euphemism Parade. Lab Times, July 2013, http://www.labtimes.org/labtimes/ranking/dont/2013_07.lasso Research Ethics Tri-Agency Framework: Responsible Conduct of Research (CIHR, NSERC, SSHRC), http://www.rcr.ethics.gc.ca/eng/policypolitique/framework-cadre/ Singapore Statement on Research Integrity. http://www.singaporestatement.org/index.ht ml 7
Style Guides Aka Style Manual Set of standards for writing documents Publication, Organization or Field Nature, Economist American Chemical Society, MLA Handbook CSE Manual Council of Scientific Editors Chicago Manual, Turabian Style Discussion: Benefits of Citation? 8
Benefits of Citation Describe the current state of the art Help demonstrate novelty and originality Support the author s opinion Point out the author s accuracy and honesty Underline the author s credibility and authority Link to research in other fields Permit the readers to check facts and by studying the literature from several authors and gain a higher understanding of the field. (Scientific Record) Hering, L., & Hering, H. (2010). How to write technical reports: Understandable structure, good design, convincing presentation. Heidelberg: Springer. Types of Citation Conceptual or Operational: Is the reference made in connection with a concept or theory, or a tool or physical technique? Organic or Perfunctory: Is the reference needed for understanding the content of the referring paper, or mainly an acknowledgement that other work in the same area has been performed? Evolutionary or Juxtapositional: Is the referring paper built on the foundations provided by the reference, or an alternative to it? Confirmative or Negational: Is it claimed by the referring paper that the reference is correct, or is its correctness disputed? Moravcsik, M., & Murugesan, P. (1975). Some results on function and quality of citations. Social Studies of Science, 5(1), 86-92. 9
Exercise: Citation True or False I don t have to cite: When I copy 250 words or less Government publications Common facts Information from the web Material from an earlier paper I wrote When I paraphrase material I can cite a paper that I didn t read 10
Document IDs Citation data (author, title, journal, year, etc.) ISBNs (Books, reports) ISSNs (Journals) Technical report numbers Patent numbers DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) PubMed ID numbers (medical and life sciences) Library call numbers URLs (websites) 11
Researcher IDs Author disambiguation Resources ORCID Open Researcher and Contributor ID ResearcherID (Web of Knowledge) Should we include ID numbers in cited references? It depends Check the style guide or journal policy Patents numbers yes Technical reports yes DOIs increasingly yes Research IDs increasingly yes ISBNs and ISSNs maybe, especially in lengthy bibliographies Library call numbers generally no 12
Citation Verification Research has shown that up to 80 percent of references are incomplete or incorrect Citation data is of varying quality General search engines Uneven quality Research databases (Web of Science, etc.) High quality Citation Verification Resources Web of Knowledge Search journal articles, conference papers, etc. from 10,000 journals Subject databases SciFinder, PubMed, etc. Worldcat Search 10,000 libraries worldwide; 1.5 billion items National Library Catalogues AMICUS (1,500 Canadian libraries; 30 million items) Library of Congress (14 million items) Google Scholar Espacenet 60 million patent records 13
Discussion: Why Search Citations? Why Search Citations? Find papers related to an important theory or concept Discover the impact of your research Identify potential collaborators with significant citation records Detect emerging trends that will help you pursue successful research and grants See what top researchers are reading 14
Cont. Teach students about plagiarism and the importance of good citation practices Discover interdisciplinary research networks, Invisible College Advise students on where to pursue their graduate studies or postdoc fellowships Indentify top journals in a field Web of Knowledge Database Journals Years Records New/wk Sciences 8,300 1899-37.5 M 19 K Social Sciences 2,900 (+3,500 ) 1900-6.2 M 2.9 K Arts & Humanities 1,600 (+6,800 ) 1975-3.5 M 2.3 K Conferences Sciences 1990-6.2 M 110,000 CPCI SSH 1990-500 K 7.5 K Total: 12.4K + 110K + 25K 50+ M 15
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46 48 WoS Excludes: Duplicate cited references Unidentifiable references Errors Ephemera Unpublished/unverified sources Documents not widely available (technical reports) Websites 17
Using Citations to Find Related Research 18
Citation Alerts Orphan Citations Source: Library of Congress 19
Orphan Citations AKA stray citations, dirty citations, variants Studies have found error rates of 5-40% Make it difficult or impossible to find cited references Result in lower citation scores What papers cite: Giering, W.P. Preparation of (H5-Cyclopentadienyl)(Tert-Butyl)Iron Dicarbonyl. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 25(2), 1970, pp. C71. Tip: search name variations in order to find common misspellings. Tip: leave cited work blank. Tip: search year range (up to 10) to retrieve cited references with the wrong year. 20
Main records Orphan citations What papers cite J.M. Nunzi s paper: Anisotropy of the photo-induced translation diffusion of azobenzene dyes in polymer matrices. Pure and Applied Optics, 7, 1998, pp. 71. 21
But J.M. Nunzi is the third co-author. P. Leflin and C. Fiorini are the first and second co-authors. Could there be more orphan citations under Leflin or Fiorini? Tip: Search journal abbreviation and year to retrieve all cited references. Scan list to find more orphan citations. First search = author name + date range Second search = journal name + date No orphan citations. First author Four orphan citations. 22
Books, etc. Enter the first significant word or words Truncate Listen* Prozac* Listening to Prozac Rise* cr* class* Rise of the Creative Class Drop punctuation Napoleons butt* Napoleon s Buttons Titles may be in languages other than English Edited Volumes S. Clegg, C. Hardy, W. Nord 1996 (5 th ed., 2006) 23
Movies, Music & Art Movies & Plays The Great Dictator (1940) - Chaplin Triumph of the Will (1936) - Reifenstahl Star Wars (1977) E.T. (search ET and E T) 39 Steps (1915) (search thirty nine and 39) An Inconvenient Truth (2006) Directors: Stephen Spielberg George Lucas Alfred Hitchcock 24
Art & Architecture Artists Tom Thomson I.M. Pei Frank Gehry Vincent Van Gogh Georgia O keeffe Works of art Falling Waters (Wright) Brillo Box (Warhol) Hubble Deep Field Data Sets DataCite (http://www.datacite.org) 25
Abbreviations ILL = Illustration (vol field) MUS = Music (vol) REC = Recording (title field) HDB = Handbook (title) COMM = Communication (title) IMP = UNPUB = Unpublished (title) CASE = Court case (title or vol) WoK Notes WoK editors review journal coverage annually; may add or drop titles. Increasing coverage of open access and nonwestern journals. Selected book series are indexed in WoS Topics in Current Chemistry 26
Measuring Scholarly Impact What is the scholarly impact of Sir Harold Kroto, co-discoverer of carbon fullerenes? 27
Hirsch Index Ranks scholars based on the distribution of citations rec d by a researcher s publications Reduces impact of a few highly cited papers H-index = h papers with at least h citations 16 = 16 papers with 16 or more citations Hirsch, J.E. An index to quantifying an individual s scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), 2005: 16569-16572. Cautions Publishing outside your primary field? Select or deselect appropriate citation databases E.g. Snieckus, V* 28
What is the scholarly impact of the National Institute for Nanotechnology at the Univ. of Alberta? Launched in 2004 Contents Journals (Publishers? Years?) Google Scholar Books, theses, reports, patents Open access repositories 29
Pros and Cons Pros Ease of use Free Content not covered in Web of Science (patents, theses, etc.) Subjects not adequately covered in Web of Science (education, business, etc.) Cons Content unknown (Google does not disclose what publishers, journals, repositories, etc. are covered by GS) Phantom citations Inflated citation counts Unexpected and inconsistent search results Publish or Perish Other Tools Software for retrieving and analyzing citations in Google Scholar Citeulike Find, manage, share and track 1.9 million articles INSPIRE (high energy physics) Journal Citation Reports 30
Journal Citation Reports Years: 2002-2012 (June release) 8,000 leading sci-tech journals 2,600 leading social science journals 3,300 publishers from 80 countries Citation statistics from 1997 forward 31
Impact Factor A = the number of times that articles published in that journal in 2006 and 2007, were cited by articles in indexed journals during 2008. B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or letters to the editor.) 2008 impact factor = A/B. 32
Altmetrics Alternative metrics ImpactStory (www.impactstory.org) SSRN Social Science Research Network Mendeley (Elsevier) CiteULike Publisher websites Public Library of Science Royal Society of Chemistry 33
Final Thoughts Know the style guide standards in your discipline Be consistent Practice good citation habits Use citation databases to track papers of interest and measure the impact of your research Create a researcher ID Explore altmetrics 34