The Writing Center Guide 2016 Dcumenting in the APA Style Intrductin Guidelines based upn the 2010 Publicatin Manual f the American Psychlgical Assciatin, 6 th editin. Fr additinal reference examples, g t the APA style website (www.apastyle.rg). Individual instructrs assigning papers in APA frmat may require variatins in certain details. In cases where the instructr s preferences differ frm the guidelines in this handut, fllw the instructr s preferences. APA style, the cmmn methd f dcumentatin in the scial sciences, uses parenthetical citatins within the text t identify each qutatin, paraphrase, summary, r reference in yur text. If the parenthetical citatin cmes at the end f a sentence r clause, include in parentheses the authr s surname, year f publicatin, and page r paragraph number if needed (see Page r Paragraph number n page 2 belw), placing the perid r ther apprpriate punctuatin mark AFTER the parentheses: Educatin is an unending struggle (Jnes, 2008, p. 65). [print surce r electrnic surce in PDF] Educatin is an unending struggle (Jnes, 2008, para. 9). [electrnic surce n page numbers] If yu include the name f the authr in yur text, place the date in parentheses immediately after the authr s name. If the page r paragraph number shuld be included, place it at the end f the citatin: Accrding t Jnes (2008), Educatin is an unending struggle (p. 65). APA style gives detailed infrmatin abut all surces in a References list at the end f the text. All parenthetical citatins (except persnal cmmunicatins) must have crrespnding entries listing bibligraphic data in the References list; cnversely, all surces in the References list must have citatins in the paper.
2 The Three Elements f APA Citatins Authr, Year f Publicatin, Page/Paragraph Number Authr Use nly the surname(s) f the authr(s). If yu are using publicatins by tw r mre authrs with the same surname, include the first authr s initials in all citatins. Fr example, if yu have ne surce by J. Brwn, 2006 and anther by M. Brwn, 2007, the citatin fr the latter wuld be (M. Brwn, 2007). Als, see Specific Guidelines belw fr additinal examples pertaining t the authr. Year f Publicatin Include the year f publicatin in all parenthetical citatins: (Smith, 2007). If yu d nt have a date f publicatin, put n.d.(meaning n date) in place f the year. Within a paragraph, when bth the name and year are in parentheses, include the year in subsequent citatins, whether parenthetical and textual, as in the fllwing example: A fllw-up study five years later cnfirmed the riginal results (Smith, 2007). Smith (2007) further nted that... Hwever, if the name f the authr is part f yur text and yu include the year in parentheses after the authr s name, yu need nt include the year in subsequent nnparenthetical citatins within the paragraph (prvided that the surce cannt be cnfused with anther surce) as in the fllwing example: Smith (2007) fund that a fllw-up study five years later cnfirmed the riginal results. Smith further nted that... Page r Paragraph Number Include a page r paragraph number fr all qutatins. In additin, when paraphrasing r referring t an idea cntained in anther wrk, yu are encuraged t prvide a page r paragraph number, especially when it wuld help an interested reader lcate the relevant passage in a lng r cmplex text (Publicatin Manual, 2010, p. 171). Check with yur instructr fr his r her preference regarding use f page r paragraph numbers.
3 A. Fr print surces r electrnic surces in PDF frmat (which prvides an exact replica f a print article), use a page number as in the fllwing example: (Jnes, 2008, p. 65). B. Fr electrnic surces that prvide a paragraph number rather than a page number, give the paragraph number using the abbreviatin para., as in the fllwing example: (Jnes, 2008, para. 6). C. If the dcument prvides neither a page number nr a paragraph number but des prvide headings, indicate the lcatin f the quted material as in the fllwing example: (Jnes, 2008, Discussin sectin, para. 3). D. If a heading is used but it is lengthy, use a shrtened title f the heading enclsed in qutatin marks as in the fllwing example: (Jnes, 2008, Mandatry Testing Has Lessened, para. 5). E. Fr blck qutatins (40 r mre wrds), indent all lines ne-half inch (the default tab in mst wrd prcessing prgrams) frm the left margin nly. Duble-space. Omit qutatin marks. End blck qutatin with a perid, then add parenthetical citatin with n perid after the parentheses. 9 Specific Guidelines fr Parenthetical Citatins If yur surce has If yur surce has multiple authrs A. With tw authrs, cite bth names (using the wrd and within yur text r the ampersand parenthetically): Accrding t Smith and Jacbs (2005) Accrding t a recent study (Smith & Jacbs, 2005), B. With three t five authrs, cite all names the first time a reference ccurs. In subsequent citatins, include nly the first authr fllwed by et al. unless there is cnfusin with anther surce:... shwing that the teacher s effect is minimal (Willis, Arndt, Smith, & Brwn, 2009). [1 st citatin]... as nted in the earlier study (Willis et al., 2009). [subsequent citatins] C. With six r mre authrs, cite nly the last name f the first authr fllwed by et al.:... with the results still incnclusive (Williams et al., 2009). Nte: In the References list, give surnames and initials fr up t and including seven authrs. Fr eight r mre authrs, see page 8, guideline 7.
4 If yur surce has n named authr If yur surce has n named authr, use the first few wrds f the title that wuld riginally fllw the year in the References list. Fr example, the article Smth Ending frm the New Yrk Times wuld appear as ( Smth Ending, 2006) because the article title, nt the newspaper title, nrmally fllws the year and wuld get bumped t the number ne psitin n the Reference page. (See Reference example fr Daily Newspaper article n p. 10 belw). Use qutatin marks arund the title f an article r chapter, and italicize the title f a peridical, bk, brchure, r reprt. Capitalize majr wrds f title. Article: ( Smth Ending, 2006) Bk: (The Culture f Educatin, 2004) Nte: Use the wrd Annymus fr the authr nly when yur surce designates the authr as Annymus. If yur surce is authred by a grup If yur surce is authred by a grup (crpratin, assciatin, gvernment agency, etc.), spell ut the name each time; if the name is lng r if an abbreviatin is readily understandable, spell ut the name in the first citatin and include the abbreviatin in brackets. In subsequent citatins, use the abbreviatin: (Natinal Institute f Mental Health [NIMH], 2009). [1 st citatin] (NIMH, 2009). [subsequent citatins] If yu use mre than ne surce by the same authr(s) published in the same year If yu use mre than ne surce by the same authr(s) published in the same year, assign letters (a, b, c, etc.) t the year: (Campine and Brwn, 2007a). The letter will be determined by yur References list; references by the same authr with the same publicatin year are arranged alphabetically by title. Thus, Campine s and Brwn s 2007 Beynd cmmunities f learning will be assigned a, while their 2007 Cnnecting birth rder will be assigned b. If yu cite mre than ne surce within yur parentheses, If yu cite mre than ne surce within yur parentheses, put the surces in alphabetical rder by authrs last names and separate with a semicln: (Bassuk, 2006; Fuster, 2003).
5 If yur surce (e.g. Smith) discusses at length r qutes material frm anther surce If yur surce (e.g. Smith) discusses at length r qutes material frm anther surce (e.g. McClellan), indicate this by referring t bth surces and using the wrds as cited in (nt italicized). On the References page, list nly yur surce (Smith): McClellan s study (as cited in Smith, 2005) utlined five reasns fr racism n cllege campuses. If yu qute a surce that cntains citatins If yu qute a surce that cntains citatins within the riginal qutatin, d nt mit the citatins. Accrding t Hagerty (2009), Several researchers in this area (Rehm, 2008; Sherman, 2006) questin the methdlgy f the experiment (para. 4). Hwever, if yu paraphrase r summarize a surce that cntains citatins, mit the citatins: Accrding t Hagerty (2009), the validity f the experiment is being challenged because f its methdlgy. A persnal cmmunicatin Because a persnal cmmunicatin (interview, telephne cnversatin, e- mail r electrnic message) is nt retrievable, cite it nly in the essay (nt in the References list). Use the cmmunicatr s initials and surname and prvide an exact date: Child psychlgist P. J. Santin (persnal cmmunicatin, May 2, 2001) ntes that... Hwever, nt all practitiners agree (P. R. Santin, persnal cmmunicatin, May 2, 2001). When citing a classical wrk When citing a classical wrk (e.g. the Bible, ancient Greek r Rman wrks, petry), use bks, chapter, verses, lines, etc. instead f page numbers. Reference entries are nt required fr classical wrks; simply identify in the first citatin the versin yu used: 1 Cr. 13:1 (Revised Standard Versin) APA Essay Frmat 1. Title page: At the tp f the page alng the left margin type the wrds Running head (nt italicized) fllwed by a cln plus the title f essay all in uppercase letters (title limit is 50 characters). The page number is n the same line alng the left margin. In the tp half f the page, centered between the right and left margins, using bth upper-case and lwercase letters, type the title, yur name, and the name f yur university. Dublespace. Submissins fr jurnal articles include an authr nte in lwer half f page.
6 2. Headers: After the title page, set up a header n each page, including the Reference page. The header cnsists f TITLE (capitalized but withut the wrds Running head) in the tp left crner and page number in the tp right crner f each page. 3. T paginate yur essay: If a title page is used, it is page 1. If an abstract is used, it is page 2. Thus, yur essay wuld begin n page 3. If neither a title page nr abstract is used, the essay wuld begin n page 1. 4. On first page f essay, after the header, center the full title f yur essay. 5. Preferred frmat fr the essay is Times New Rman with 12-pint fnt, duble-spacing, and ne-inch unjustified margins. Indent all paragraphs by tabbing in ne-half inch. 6. If yu use headings t rganize yur ideas, all tpics f equal imprtance have the same level f heading, and all subsectins must include a minimum f tw headings (r nne) fr each subsectin. The frmat fr each heading belw demnstrates hw the heading shuld lk: Level 1: Centered, Bldface, Uppercase and Lwercase Heading Level 2: Flush Left, Bldface, Uppercase and Lwercase Heading Level 3: Indented, bldface, lwercase heading ending with a perid. (Nte: Fr additinal levels f headings and mre infrmatin, see Publicatin Manual, 2010, p. 62.) APA PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS IN SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER AMERICA S STREET PEOPLE IN THE 20 TH 2 America s Street Peple in the 20 th Century There are s many hmeless peple in the United States tday that it is impssible t cunt them accurately; current estimates range frm 900,000 (Huntley & Thrtn, 2003) t smewhere between 2,000,000 t 3,000,000 (Bassuk, 2009; Fuster, 2008b). Althugh experts disagree n the size f the prblem, they agree n its seriusness. The steretypical skid-rw bum is rapidly being replaced by a variety f ther peple ( Hmeless, n. d.). As Fuster (2008b) has nted, the hmeless nw include runaway children, immigrants, displaced single-
7 parent families, unemplyed and underemplyed families, and the mentally ill (p. 58). Finding a slutin t this prblem will nt be easy, but it can be dne, as Smith and Hales (2007) have pinted ut: We need t cmmit urselves, ur time and ur energy, ur resurces, ur wealth t this prblem, and mst f all, we need t cmmit ur wills. And we need t start tday. The prblem is big, but it is nt insurmuntable. (Discussin sectin, para. 4) The prblem can be managed nly if we cmmit urselves as a natin t explring multiple slutins. General Guidelines fr the APA Reference List 1. Fr electrnic surces, include the same elements, in the same rder, as yu wuld fr a print surce, then add electrnic retrieval infrmatin that will allw readers t lcate the surces. The digital bject identifier [DOI] is the preferred methd fr adding electrnic retrieval infrmatin (see example page 9). Yu can find the DOI n the first page f an electrnic jurnal article, near the cpyright ntice, r n the Full Recrd Display fr a database. If the DOI is nt available, include the URL f the jurnal s hme page. If yu need t break a URL while typing a Reference citatin, break befre mst punctuatin. D nt add a perid after either the DOI r the URL t avid the impressin that the perid is part f the retrieval infrmatin. Yu d nt need t include database infrmatin r retrieval dates unless the surce material changes ver time (as in Wikis). 2. Include nly thse surces cited in yur essay. Include all surces except persnal cmmunicatins. 3. Number the Reference page as yu wuld all ther pages (TITLE in the tp left crner and page number in the tp right crner). Center the heading References abve the list. D nt change fnt r use bld print, italics, r qutatin marks. Capitalize nly the R. 4. Duble-space the reference list. Hang indent entries--nly the first line f a citatin is flush with the left margin, with subsequent lines indented ne-half inch (tab key set at 5-7 spaces). 5. Arrange entries in alphabetical rder by authr s last name, grup authr name (use full name, e.g. American Psychlgical Assciatin, nt APA), r first significant wrd f the title (ignring A, An, The) that wuld mve t the authr psitin if n authr is
8 given. Entries that begin with numerals shuld be alphabetized as if the numeral were spelled ut. Nte the fllwing rules: a. Entries by the same authr but in different years are arranged by publicatin year, earliest first: Hewlett, L.S. (2006) precedes Hewlett, L.S. (2008) b. One-authr entries precede multiple-authr entries: Allyn, R. L (2007) precedes Allyn, R.L. & Evans, A.J. (2005) c. Entries by the same first authr but different secnd r third authrs are arranged alphabetically by the last name f the secnd (r third, etc.) authr: Gsz, P. & Jerard, L. (2008) precedes Gsz, P. & Tevr, D. (2008) d. Entries by the same authr in the same publicatin year are arranged alphabetically by title; lwer-case letters (a, b, c, etc.) are placed immediately after the year. (See Reference example page 10.) 6. Fr ne t seven authrs, give the surname(s) f all authrs, fllwed by nly initials fr the first and middle names: Willis, B., Lee, R.L., & Pllack, C. (2007). 7. Fr eight r mre authrs, include the first six authrs names, then insert an ellipsis, and add the last authr s name, as in the fllwing example: Vang, L., Lee, C., Rberts, D., Ellis, R., Grimes, L., Willems, M.,... Chen, S. (2008). 8. Nte carefully the capitalizatin in the reference list. Fr the title f a peridical (jurnal, magazine, newspaper), capitalize accrding t standard rules. Fr all ther titles, capitalize nly the first wrd, prper nuns, acrnyms, and the first wrd f the subtitle (first wrd fllwing a cln). 9. Als, nte carefully if and hw page numbers are used. Fr example, the page numbers f an entire jurnal r magazine article are used but are nt preceded by p. r pp. Page numbers f an entire newspaper article are used and are preceded by p. r pp. Fr mst ther surces (bks, reprts, gvernment dcuments), page numbers are nt used.
9 General Guidelines fr the APA Reference List Nte: References shuld be duble-spaced; they are single-spaced belw nly t save space. Peridicals Jurnal article (print), ne authr Epstein, S. (2001). Treatment fr victims f anrexia. Jurnal f Psychlgy, 6, 95-100. Nte: Italicize the jurnal title and the vlume number (e.g. 6) which fllws it. Include page numbers (e.g. 95-100) f entire article but d nt use pp. Als, nte capitalizatin as explained in rule #8 abve. Jurnal article (print) with vlume and issue number Brawner, J. (2007). Birth rder. Child Welfare, 12(5), 25-32. Nte: If each issue f a jurnal begins n page 1 (rather than having cntinuus paginatin), give the issue number (5 in this example) in parentheses after the vlume number. D nt italicize the issue number. Jurnal article (electrnic) with DOI Ellis, T. (2009). Gender rles in elementary classrms: Fstering freedm frm steretypes. Instructr, 9(3), 36-39. di:10:1047/0238-7122.31.2.125 Nte: Fr explanatin f DOI, see Guideline 1, page 7 f this handut. Jurnal article (electrnic) when DOI is nt available Stahl, J. (2008). Emtinal effects f jb lss n families. E-Jurnal f Applied Psychlgy, 3(2), 12-16. Retrieved frm http://js.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
Jurnal article with multiple authrs, tw surces published in same year 10 Campine, A. L. & Brwn, J. C., (2009a). Beynd cmmunities f learning. Cntributins t Human Develpment, 12(5), 25-36. Campine, A. L. & Brwn, J. C. (2009b). Cnnecting birth rder t behavir. Jurnal f Child Psychlgy, 8, 200-221. Nte: When tw surces by the same authr have the same publicatin year, yu will assign lwer-case letters accrding t the alphabetical rder f the titles (e.g. Beynd precedes Cnnecting ). Abstract as surce Larsen, T., Jr. (2008). Prmting vice in cllege students essays [Abstract]. Chrnicle f Higher Educatin, 9, 29. Nte: Althugh it is preferable t cite the full text f an article, abstracts can be used as surces accrding t APA guidelines. Check with yur instructr fr his r her preferences. Daily newspaper article, n authr, discntinuus pages Smth ending t a wbbly missin. (2007, September 19). The New Yrk Times, pp. A1, A2, A5-7. Nte: If authr is given, start entry with authr. Als, nte that sectin letter and page number must be given, and they are preceded by p. r pp. Online newspaper article Lindwahl, J. (2009, July 31). Nutritinal deficiencies in high schlers diets. The New Yrk Times. Retrieved frm http://www.nytimes.cm Magazine article Davis, D. (2002, Nvember 10). What ur brain reveals. Science, 290, 170-172. Online magazine article Rice, P. (2007, June). Effects f besity n adlescents selfesteem. Mnitr n Psychlgy, 14(8). Retrieved frm http://www.apa.rg/mnitr/
11 Nn-peridic surces: Bks, Anthlgies, and Reference bks: Bk by ne authr Bruner, J.S. (2006). The culture f educatin: Inquiry and criticism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Nte: Bk titles shuld be italicized. When citing the city f publicatin, add the cuntry r the pstal abbreviatin f the state. Bk by tw r mre authrs, bk with editin number Risley, T. R., Hart, B., & Rhn, C. (2008). Gender rles in schls (3 rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Market Bks. Electrnic versin f print bk Shrt, P. (2009). Cmputer-mediated cmmunicatin: Building cmmunity. [Adbe Digital Editins versin]. di:10.1036.0031658738 Bk by a grup authr Hmeschl Netwrk Assciatin. (2008). Directry f supprt services. Madisn, WI: Authr. Nte: When the authr and publisher are identical, use the wrd Authr as the name f the publisher. Edited bk Gibbs, T. (Ed.). (2004). Hme envirnment and early cgnitive develpment: Lngitudinal research. Lndn, England: Academic Press. Reference t a specific article r chapter in an edited bk Massey, R. (2002). Bradening perspectives. In H. L. Pickens Jr. and D. Crull (Eds.). Beynd cgnitin (pp. 38-61). New Yrk, NY: Wiley. Nte: The rder f elements in this entry is authr f the article r chapter, date f publicatin f bk, title f article r chapter, editr(s) f the bk, title f the bk, page numbers f the article r chapter, publishing infrmatin.
12 Reference t a reprinted article in an edited bk Nelkin, D. (2005). The grandise claims f geneticists. In L Behrens and L. J. Rsen (Eds.), Writing and reading acrss the curriculum (pp. 524-528). New Yrk, NY: Lngman. (Reprinted frm Chrnicle f Higher Educatin, pp. B3-4, March 3, 2001) Nte: The rder f elements in this entry is authr f the article, date f publicatin f bk, title f article, editr(s) f the bk, title f the bk, page numbers f the article in the bk, publishing infrmatin f the bk, and reprint infrmatin including the title, page numbers and date f the riginal surce. Als nte that in the parenthetical citatin, yu put the authr f the article and then the year f the riginal surce/year f the bk: (Nelkin, 2001/2005). Entry in an nline reference wrk Smets, W. (2005). Existentialism. In P. J. Heatn (Ed.). The Stanfrd encyclpedia f philsphy (Fall 2007 ed.). Retrieved frm http://plat.stanfrd.edu/entries/behavirism/ Brchure Center fr Independent Living. (2009). Peple with disabilities [Brchure]. Lawrence, KS: Authr. Nte: In brackets, identify the publicatin as a brchure. When the grup authr is the publisher, use the wrd Authr as the name f the publisher.
13 Technical and Research Reprts: Reprt frm the Educatinal Resurces Infrmatin Center (ERIC) Pearsn, R. (1996). Hmeschling: What educatrs shuld knw. Retrieved frm ERIC database. (ED3996470) Gvernment reprt Office f Internatinal Security and Peacekeeping Operatins. (2004). Hidden killers: The glbal landmine crisis. (Department f State Publicatin N. 102550). Washingtn, DC: U.S. Gvernment Printing Office. Nte: Fr almst all federal gvernment dcuments, cite Washingtn, DC as the city f publicatin and the Gvernment Printing Office as the publisher. Gvernment reprt filed nline Office f Internatinal Security and Peacekeeping Operatins. (2004). Hidden killers: The glbal landmine crisis. (Department f State Publicatin N. 102550). Retrieved frm http://www.isp.dps.gv/peacekeeping/pdf. Crprate reprt filed nline (Web page) Natinal Institute f Mental Health. (n.d.). Autism spectrum disrders. Retrieved frm http://www.nimh.nih.gv/index.shtml Nte: Give date f surce when available. If it is nt available, put n.d. (fr n date) in parentheses. When giving an internet address (unifrm resurce lcatr r URL) that is mre than ne line lng, break the URL befre a mark f punctuatin. D nt put a perid after a citatin that ends with an URL Authred reprt filed nline (Web page) Smith, G. (2009). Alzheimer s: D head injuries increase risk? Retrieved frm May Clinic website: http//www.mayclinic.cm/health/alzheimers.disease/an07 10
14 Online Pstings: Online Frum, Electrnic Mailing List, Web Lg Message (Blg): The general frmat is as fllws: Imprtant: Check with yur instructr t see if these types f surces are acceptable Authr, A. (Year, Mnth Day). Re: Title f pst [Descriptin f frm]. Retrieved frm http://www.xxx Nte: If nly a screen name is available, use the screen name. Descriptin f frm refers t Online frum cmment frm a newsgrup, nline frum, r discussin grup; Electrnic mailing list message; r Web lng message frm a blg. Brwn, R. (2009, August 7). Re: Bdy image in pre-adlescent girls [Web lg cmment]. Retrieved frm http://scienceblgs.cm/nutritin/2009/08/the_stereytpes. phb