Information literacy 1. Library information 2. Sources 3. Search techniques 4. Plagiarism 5. Referencing Vibeke Bårnes vibeke.baarnes@uit.no UBT, University Library, fall 2018
Contents 1. What is information literacy 2. Sources and source criticism 3. Search techniques 4. Plagiarism 5. How to refer NB! You will find the whole lecture as a pdf on the International Student Portal: 08.08.20 18
Textbook - where to find information - search tips - source criticism - plagiarism and cheating - quotations, citations and references - referencing tecniques - citation examples - on writing papers Bårnes, Vibeke and Mariann Løkse (2014): Information literacy: How to find, evaluate and cite sources. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
Revolutions in information 1. The art of writing: ca. 4000 BC 2. The art of printing: about 1450 AD 3. The Internet: 1990s. Global, digital and online information and communication
1. What is information literacy? knowing the need for (new) information where to find information how much information is needed to search, localize and evaluate the data to evaluate the relevance and quality to use it in a critical, effective and ethical way how to refer to your sources in a correct manner (to avoid being accused for plagiarism)
Why information literacy? It is expected that students build their reasoning and argumentation on scientific, published sources (= academic writing). It is necessary to differentiate information in order to be able to recognize what is and what is not academic and reliable and to sort out what is good, useful and relevant for your purpose (= source criticism). It is also expected that you use this information according to ethical and academic standards and norms (= academic integrity). Avoid being accused for cheating or plagiarism. 08.08.20 18
Library information Starting point: UB s website: http://uit.no/ub Find literature = our library catalogue (ORIA) UBT = Universitetsbiblioteket, Tromsø = University Library, UiT Three main libraries on campus Breivika: KS = Culture and Social Sciences Library (Kultur og Samfunn) NH = Science and Health Library (Natur og Helse) PJ = Psychology and Law Library (Psykologi og Jus) Your student card is also your library card 08.08.20 18
The physical libraries UiT: 11 libraries on 5 campuses 3 libraries on Breivika campus Printed books and journals Reading and relaxing areas Public terminals Access to printing, copying and scanning Open network 8
Why do we need libraries? Don t we find everything on Google! Source: Google Images
The online library The University Library, UiT (UBT) subscribes to 530.000 e-books 55.600 international e-journals 250 databases. All in full text. PressReader: fulltext database containing more than 6000 international newspapers from 100 countries in 60 languages (last 3 months). Free access for students on campus and at the student homes. Elsewhere you have to connect to the VPN (see UB s homepage)
2. What is a source? - a statement, book, text, sign or any document providing arguments, evidence, data or information for research. (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary ) All research is based on sources. 08.08.20 18
Types of sources Books Journal articles Reference works (encyclopaedias etc.) Theses Lectures News/newspaper The Internet Objects/artefacts Remember: All sources you refer to must be documented in your text. 08.08.20 18
NB: Sources on the open Internet Often no quality control or responsible editor. Anybody may write anything at any time almost anywhere. sort out the good and relevant information do the source criticism and quality assurance yourself Copyright rules also apply to Internet sources Keep print-outs of web pages for later documentation 08.08.20 18
Quality on the Internet 1. The open web: (Google, Bing, Yahoo! etc.) Generally little quality assurance 2. The closed web: portals, databases etc. often subscribed by libraries Quality assurance Try Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/ ( academic google) 08.08.20 18
How to quality assure your search? Search: terrorism and norway Google: 13 500 000 hits Google scholar: 74 900 hits (link to: UiT fulltext) Library catalogue (Oria): 24 305 hits UBT databases (e.g. ProQuest Political Science database): 4 195 (1 547 peer-reviewed) hits Which one(s) would you prefer? (Aug. 7, 2018)
Questions to all sources What type of source is it? Who is the author? Qualifications? Who is the publisher? Who is the document aimed at? How trustworthy is it? Is it peer-reviewed (quality assured)? Is it biased or impartial? How relevant is it (for my purpose)? Context? Updates? References? Consult/compare various sources on the same topic 08.08.20 18
3. How to search for a document 1. By title and/or author 2. By keywords 08.08.20 18
Search tip 1 Avoid general search words, like society, women or theory unless you add more specific words to your search: women and migration or women and migration and education Try truncation mark for more hits * wom* migra* educat* 08.08.20 18
Search tip 2 Combine search words with AND, OR or NOT prostitu* AND poverty* prostitu* OR trafficking* (synonym) prostitu* NOT wom* (omitting a term) NB: Normally we don t need to write AND because it will search for both. 08.08.20 18
Search tip 3 Phrase search a phrase with a certain order, try quotation marks: martin luther king contemporary postcolonial theory climate change fair trade coffee 08.08.20 18 20
Search tip 4 None or few hits? Correct database? Correctly written? Try with a synonym NB: American English: globalization, labor gives more hits than British English: globalisation, labour Try again! Ask for help! Avoid the problem by truncating to globali* and labo*r 08.08.20 18
4. Plagiarism To present other people s work as your own Plagiarus (latin): kidnapper
Cheating and plagiarism Oxford Reference Online Premium: Cheating: To act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage. Plagiarism: The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Source: Google images
What is plagiarism in academia? - copying sources without references - copying/duplicating other people s work - illegal cooperation - fabricating data - cut and paste - ghost writing - self plagiarism - buying papers Source: Google Image 08.08.20 18
Consequences of cheating and plagiarism Annulled exam Up to 1 year expulsion from any institution in the country 08.08.20 18
Some hard facts 2016: 35 of 43 irregular cases (cheating and plagiarism) at UiT ended up with annulled exams and/or one or two semesters expulsion from all universities. Source: Department of academic affairs, UiT
Home exams Most of the plagiarism cases concerns home exams. 2016: 35 of 39 cases concerned lack of references, especially net sources. In 12 cases of plagiarism in home exams the students had international background Source: Department of academic affairs, UiT 08.08.20 18
The ethical perspective confidence and trust self-integrity academic honesty and integrity unfair and disloyal and you don t learn very much by copying others!
but I didn t know it was plagiarism! Source: Google image (Aug.2015)
Source: Google image (Aug. 2017)
but now you should know the difference
How to avoid plagiarism If it s not your words, cite it! Don t submit someone else s work as your own! - always list your sources - maintain a system for referencing - ensure that they are correct - show respect for other peoples work - acknowledge earlier research - be critical and ethical in handling sources Always cite and refer to your sources in a proper way.
Collaboration If you write papers/home exams in collaboration with others, you are responsible for the complete paper (including the sources), not just the segments you have worked on.
Don t plagiarize yourself! If you study related topics, don t copy parts or the whole paper of an earlier work and submit it as a «new» one. You may refer to yourself as you will do to others, but to a certain limit. Don t reuse old papers!
Plagiarism control system A text recognition software: documents, reports, theses and dissertations are compared with previously submitted documents, Fronter/Canvas, Internet sources etc. By using URKUND as a student, you make sure that no one can plagiarise your work. Easy to cheat, easy to discover! 08.08.20 18 35
When and why do we have to put up references? You have to document your references when you use other people s data, thoughts, ideas, theories, arguments or conclusions in your own work/papers. Lack of correct references is concidered cheating or plagiarism. 08.08.20 18
Some exceptions? General and common known facts ( what everybody knows ) do not need references: Norway does not belong to the EU. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Italy in 1492. UiT is the northernmost university in the world. Kant is considered as one of the greatest philosophers. But if you have doubts about it, use references. 08.08.20 18
Student/institution obligations The student is obliged to keep informed about the institution s requirements for written papers/exams. Don t assume that the rules and regulations are the same as in your home country. In Norway you have to follow Norwegians rules. The university will offer the students information on correct use of sources and references. 08.08.20 18
Regulations for examinations at the UiT Section 19: The use of sources and permitted examination supports during examinations: The copying or transcribing of scientific and technical literature in take-home assignments and other written works without references will be assessed as cheating. Permitted examination support in written examinations is specified on the examination s cover paper. The relevant faculty/nfh is responsible for the approval and control of such examination supports. Mobile telephones and other communication devices are prohibited from examination venues. 08.08.20 18
Section 20: Cheating during examinations The use of examination supports other than those specified on the cover paper will be regarded as cheating. In the event that a student has prohibited examination supports available once the examination has begun, this will be treated as an attempt to cheat. In the event that suspicions about cheating or attempting to cheat arise during an examination, the candidate will be made aware as soon as possible that the situation will be reported. The candidate must then choose whether he/she will complete the examination or leave the examination venue. In the event that the candidate chooses to complete the examination, the paper shall be submitted as assessed in the normal manner. Candidates who are caught cheating or attempting to cheat during an examination can be excluded from the university and lose the right to sit the examination at any other institution for a period of up to one year. Adopted by the University Board on 15.12.05 (case S 74/05) in accordance with Norwegian Universities Act (01.04.05), subsections 3-9 and 3-10. 08.08.20 18
NB: About academic writing 1. Other people s words: It is expected that you use other people s work (by citing and referring), and often that you use literature beyond the curriculum/syllabus. 2. Your own words: It is also expected that you use these citations and references to discuss, document, argue, analyze and conclude your theme or topic. 3. By balancing your own words with other texts you will show your academic ability to handle literature in an independent, relevant and critical way. 08.08.20 18 41
Science is always based on previous research Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727): «If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.» Cumulative production of knowledge
5. Citations and references Freedom of expression Freedom to get information The right to quote Democratic principle/human right Free exchange of ideas and opinions Sharing of knowledge and research Free and independent science Retrieving the original source Respect for the originator of the work
The Copyright Act 1. Any person who creates a literary, scientific or artistic work shall have the copyright therein. 3. Both when copies of a literary, scientific or artistic work are produced, and when it is made available to the public, the author is entitled to have his name stated in the manner required by proper usage. 22. An issued work may be quoted, in accordance with proper usage and to the extent necessary to achieve the desired purpose. The Intellectual Property Rights Act ( Act of 12 May 1961) http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19610512-002-eng.pdf 08.08.20 18
Summary of The Copyright Act 1. You may cite other people s work 2. Don t cite too much 3. Citations must always be documented 08.08.20 18
Referencing Document and verify your statements by referencing. Referencing = citing other s work in your text. The source has to be incorporated in your text.
You refer to each source in two places 1. Cited in the running text: Plagiarism is passing off someone else s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit (Carroll 2002:42). 2. Alphabetically in the reference list at the end: Carroll, Jude (2002): A handbook for deterring plagiarism in higher education. Oxford: Oxford Center for Staff and Learning Development.
Two forms of citations 1. Direct quotations: word by word (without changing anything) 2. Indirect quotation (paraphrasing): rephrasing using your own words Easier to integrate into your own text NB: Both forms require you to cite the source! 08.08.20 18
Direct quotation 1. In-text quotation - less than 3 lines in quotation marks Manguel (2006:224) says about the Internet that There are no nationalities on the Web, and there is no censorship It s a good point, but Always the complete reference at the end: Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Direct quotation 2 : Indented quotation - more than 3 lines - no quotation marks, but indented/left space in the text Manguel (2006:224-225) says about the Internet that: The web defines itself as a space that belongs to all, and it precludes a sense of the past. There are no nationalities on the Web (except, of course, for the fact that its lingua franca is a watered-down version of English), and there is no censorship (except that governments are finding ways to ban access to certain sites). It s a good point, but
From direct to indirect quotation 1. Direct quote (word by word): He says about the Internet that There are no nationalities on the Web..., and there is no censorship (Manguel 2006:224). It s a good point, but 2. Indirect quotation (your own words): As Manguel (2006:224) says there are no nationalities and censorship on the Internet. It s a good point, but 08.08.20 18
Footnotes 1. Footnotes and endnotes can be supplements or comments that are not natural parts of the running text. 2. A footnote can be a number in the text referring to a note or reference at the bottom of the page, at the end of the chapter or at the end of the book.
Footnotes Example from a text in a book*: Our future paperless society, defined by Bill Gates in a paper book 245, is a society without history, since everything on the Web is instantly contemporary Notes at the end of the book: 245. Gates, Bill (1996): The Road Ahead. New York: Penguin. * Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press. 08.08.20 18
Summing up 1. In the text: short reference: Manguel (2006:224) 2. At the end: complete reference: Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Different reference styles Kymlicka, Will (1995): Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press Kymlicka, Will 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press Kymlicka, W.: Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1995. etc.
Different reference styles You will see that citations/references may vary in the way they are organized (different manual styles like APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA, Vancouver etc.) Arrange with your supervisor/teacher which citation style or standard to use NB: Whichever style you use be consistent. Don t use several styles in one document. 08.08.20 18
Some reference examples: Books A book with one or more authors: Garcia, Ofelia and Li Wel (2014): Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan. A book with editor(s): Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Samir Makdisi (eds.)(2011): Democracy in the Arab World. London: Routledge. 08.08.20 18
Articles and chapters An article from a journal: Thuen, Trond (2002): "Cultural policies on the North Calotte. Acta Borealia, vol.19, no. 2:147-164. A chapter in a book/anthology: Wimmer, Andreas (2004): Dominant ethnicity and dominant nationhood. In: Kaufmann, Eric P.(ed.): Rethinking ethnicity: Majority groups and dominant minorities. London: Routledge.
Publications without authors Official documents, statistics, laws, newspapers etc. The title is the entry word. In the reference list: The Guardian, 21 Jan 2014:14: Single mothers fight prejudice in China. In the text: (The Guardian 2014)
Reference to a digital source 1. With URL (web-address): Wikipedia: Plagiarism : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plagiarism (Accessed 10 January 2018). 2. or with Doi-code (when available): Aslaksen, Silje (2010): Oil and democracy: More than a cross-country correlation?. Journal of Peace Research 47(4): 421 431. DOI: 10.1177/0022343310368348 08.08.20 18 60
Reference list References Aslaksen, Silje (2010): Oil and democracy: More than a cross-country correlation?. Journal of Peace Research 47(4): 421 431. DOI: 10.1177/0022343310368348 Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Samir Makdisi (eds.)(2011): Democracy in the Arab World. London: Routledge. Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press. Thuen, Trond (2002): "Cultural policies on the North Calotte. Acta Borealia, vol.19, no. 2:147-164. Wikipedia: Plagiarism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plagiarism (Accessed 10 January 2018). Wimmer, Andreas (2004): Dominant ethnicity and dominant nationhood. In: Kaufmann, Eric P.(ed.): Rethinking ethnicity: Majority groups and dominant minorities. London: Routledge.
Do you need help with your references? End Note: a reference software to manage your citations and references. Free downloading at the UiT. Free course: endnote@support.uit.no See UB s web site 08.08.20 18
6. Where to search for documents? 1. Library catalogue (Oria): uit.oria.no books, e-books, journals/e-journals, journal articles, theses etc. (where they are located in the library or if they are electronically fulltext) 2. Databases: various disciplines 3. google scholar.com 08.08.20 18
Starting point: The web site of the University Library: http://uit.no/ub
How to find documents? Videos at UB s home page:
More details in this textbook - where to find information - search tips - source criticism - plagiarism and cheating - quotations, citations and references - referencing tecniques - citation examples - writing papers Bårnes, Vibeke and Mariann Løkse (2014): Information literacy: How to find, evaluate and cite sources. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk.
www.ikomp.no free and open online course
Source criticism = informaton evaluation: how information sources are evaluated for given tasks Be critical Be sceptical Consult and compare different sources Give credit to the originator of a source «To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticise.» Voltaire
Are you source critical?
Apropos alternative facts, fake news and post-truths Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts. Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Ethics in daily life Always give credit to and references on whatever you borrow, use or cite in private contexts (poems, songs, pictures or text at parties, birthdays, funerals etc.) Death notice in Aftenposten 15.09.2015
The right to privacy Social media: Don t publish photos of other people without asking them for permission. UN s Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 16: All children have the right to privacy. Don t publish photos of children under age. Photos may be manipulated, misused or abused
Ting tar tid! (Things take time!) To become information literate and source critical is a matter of training and experience - Read a lot! - Write a lot! - Skim through documents - Check out table of contents, introductions or summaries - Take notes - Make keywords/search terms - Sort out relevant information - Read it thoroughly (in-depth) - Discuss with others - Discuss with yourself - Keep reading and writing Use the library & the librarians - Take breaks! Take a walk!
Information literacy as entertainment YouTube: Medieval helpdesk (NRK, 3 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqhx-sjgqvq YouTube: A plagiarism carol (Et plagieringseventyr) (University Library of Bergen, 5 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwbw9kf-acy 08.08.20 18 74
Thank you for answering the evaluation form! Short link to the evaluation form: bit.ly/ubevalen Repetion: You find an extended lecture as a pdf on the International Student Portal Good luck with your stay, your studies and your exams!