ZSIGMOND KIRÁLY FŐISKOLA N Y E L V I S Z I N T F E L M É R Ő A N G O L N Y E L V

ZSIGMOND KIRÁLY FŐISKOLA N Y E L V I S Z I N T F E L M É R Ő A N G O L N Y E L V I. RÉSZ Elementary Ajánlott megoldási idő: 30 perc Kérjük, minden választ jelöljön a megoldólapon! Válassza ki a helyes megoldást! A 0. számú feladat a példa. Choose the correct answers. Number 0 is an example for you. 0. What is name? Janet. A she B she s C her D 1. - Hi, I m Sarah. What s name? - Susan. A your B his C their D my 2. What are? They re bears. A this B that C these D we 3. I three dogs. A to have B has C have D haves 4. you go to school? No, I work. A Are B Do C Have D Is 5. His birthday is Friday. A on B C in D at 6. She chocolate. A don t like B likes not C not likes D doesn t like 7. Do you play the piano? Yes, I. A am playing B do C play D don t 1

8. This is my car. A parents B parents C parent s D parents s 9. What time is it? It s. A quarter to six B a six quarter C quarter six D quarter to the six 10. do you eat fish? Once a week. A How much B How often C Often D How many 11. I play the guitar. A can B can to C can no D am canning to 12. She doesn t like. A his B him C he D hims 13. Whose is this book? Oh, I think it s. A my B mine C I D me 14. And then she falls love him. A in / to B with / in C in / with D with / to 15. the tv, please. I d like to watch the news. A Turn on B Push on C Take up D Take on 16. an old vase by the door. A There are B There is C Is D Is there 17. They Presidents of the USA. A did be B was C were be D were 18. Where she born? A did B were C was D been 19. When I a child, I swim across this river. A were / did can B was / can C was / could D were / could 20. Where last night? To J. Lo s party. A did you B did you go C did you went D you went 2

21. Go and a shower, please. A get B have C go D taken 22. She saw him. A three weeks ago B ago three weeks C three ago weeks D before three weeks 23. I she was stupid. A thinked B thought C taught D tought 24. We went a walk the park. A by / by B by / in C for / for D for / in 25. We watched tv night. A last B yesterday C the D the yesterday 26. There s a little shop of the street. A in the corner B in the corn C on the corn D on the corner 27. Choose the word that s different. (Kakukktojás.) A armchair B oven C sofa D carpet 28. The tv is in of the cupboard. A the front B front C opposite D the opposites 29. Look! The bridge! A is opening B open C opens D openings 30. There only three guests. A were B was C wasn t D not were 31. I a lot of photos on our holiday. A made B put C took D booked 32. I buy the tickets today. A m going B m go to C m going to D going to 3

33. Is there water in the fridge? A any B lot C lot of D none 34. Tea is than coffee. A more cheap B more cheaper C cheaper D much more cheap 35. What s the time to visit? A best B goodest C gooder D worse 36. If you see girl in the world, tell her I m sorry. A the most beautifullest B the beautifullest C more beautiful D the most beautiful 37. Mexico? A Have you been B Have you been to C Have you ever been D Have you ever be to 38. I ve the film but I haven t read the book. A saw B see C seen D not seen 39. Last year we to Italy. A went B been C have been D gone 40. he tried bungee jumping before? A Does B Has C Have D Did 4

41-45. Fill in the gaps with a word from the list. Note: you have more words than you need! Write your answers on the answer sheet. Maria s diary Saturday 18 July We left home early in the morning, but our flight was (41) and we didn t arrive at Heathrow until late in the (42). We were really tired, but we took a bus to our hotel because taxis in London are very expensive. When we got to the hotel, we had a rest and then went out to explore the city. We had a (43) sandwich in a small café and then headed for Oxford Street. I bought a jacket and some T-shirts. I wanted to buy a bag as well, but I couldn t find one that I liked. In the evening, we ate in an Italian restaurant and went to a (44) English pub in Covent Garden. We met some really nice English people and had so much fun that we didn t get back to the hotel until (45) late! afternoon delayed night quick typical very 5

46-50. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the lines. Write your answers on the answer sheet. I love my job! James Shannon is a chef in a London restaurant. He talks about his job. I work at Suzie s, which is one of the (46) popular restaurants in central London. The best part of working there is being part of a fantastic team of friendly and talented people. I started by washing (47) when I was only 16. I wasn t interested in food and I never cooked at home, but I worked hard, and soon became a waiter. Simon, who was head chef at the time, then began to show me (48) to cook and I loved it so much I went to college to learn more. When Simon left Suzie s, I became head chef. At the time all the food was British. The quality was excellent, but I wanted to do something (49), so I decided to have an international menu. Now we serve food from all around the world. There are so many fantastic markets and food shops in London that I can (50) find any ingredient I need. Our food is healthy and our customers love it. We use the very best meat and the highest quality vegetables. 46. best most much 47. dishes fishes curtains 48. which who how 49. different difference interested 50. never usually rarely 6

ZSIGMOND KIRÁLY FŐISKOLA N Y E L V I S Z I N T F E L M É R Ő A N G O L N Y E L V II. RÉSZ Pre-Intermediate Ajánlott megoldási idő: 30 perc Kérjük, minden választ jelöljön a megoldólapon! Choose the correct answers. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. Number 0 is an example for you. 0. What is name? Janet. A she B she s C her D 51. Choose the correct question. A Who about are you talking? B Who you are talking about? C Who are you talking about? D Who are you about talking? 52. Where does work? A you B your parents C your sister D Judy and Bill 53. He goes out. A rarely B often C twice a week D never 54. you usually at weekends? A Do / go cook B Do / cook C Are / cooking D Are / going to cook 55. That s the dog always barks at night. A that B C whom D of which 56. We met a party. A in B on C of D at 57. Who that song? A did write B did wrote C wrote D did written 7

58. I don t know him very well, I think I could love him. A But B Although C So D Because of 59. What when you phoned him? A he did B was he doing C did he done D were he doing 60. We live with Sarah s parents. A are going to B will be going to C are going D go to 61. I win the race. A don t think she will B don t think she will not C think she won t be going to D am thinking she will 62. I am thirsty. I bring you a Coke? A Will B Would C Should D Shall 63. I don t have a car. Don t worry, you. A I am taking B I will be taking C I ll take D I take 64. I m looking to our meeting. A for B C after D forward 65. Do you often argue your parents? A with B in C on D off 66. After the starter, you usually eat the. A dessert B main course C major course D salad 67. I m you enjoyed the dinner. A lovely B good C excellently happy D glad 68. ever been to San Francisco? A Did you B Were you C Have you D Do you 69. Would you like to see this film? No, thanks, seen it three times. A I ve already B already I have C I have already had D I already have 8

70. Have you done the washing-up? No, but I m starting it in a minute. A already B yet C just D now 71. This film is than I remembered. A much more worse B much worser C much worse D much worst 72. Life goes than before. A more quickly B more quicker C quicklier D quickly 73. Baseball isn t in the USA. A as popular as in Hungary B as popular in Hungary as C popular as in Hungary D more popular in Hungary as 74. I have never seen such a beautiful girl. A in her life B recently C yet D in my life 75. Someone who is rude is not. A tired B interesting C polite D young 76. Can you a nice restaurant in this town? A offer B recommend C book D converse 77. Excuse me, don t I know you? I don t think. A that B so C yet D now 78. What shoes do you wear? A make B of size C kind D size 79. She bought new jeans at the party. A to wear B for wear C for to wear D wearing 80. I m tired of so much. A to travel B travel C to travelling D travelling 9

81. If we start walking, the bus come. A is to be B will C would D should 82. I think you go to the dentist s. A must B may C would D should 83. How long married? A are you B have you been C you have been D you been 84. When to the cinema? A has he gone B does he last go C was he D did he last go 85. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. A was written B wrote C is written D written 86. I can t go. I m tired. A enough B too C too much D much 87. I never finished university.. A Neither I did. B Neither do I. C Neither have I. D Neither did I. 88. She couldn t get in because she the key. A hadn t brought B didn t brought C brought D hasn t brought 89. I asked her if she to read that book. A wanted B want C had want D did want 90. When I was a child, I basketball. A did play B used to play C use to played D used to playing 10

91-95. Fill in the gaps with a word from the list. Note: you have more words than you need! Write your answers on the answer sheet. The best shopping cities Which are the best cities to shop in? Writer, Ellie Clare, has been to five cities around the world to find out. This week, she writes about Paris. I went to Paris in June. It s a lovely city for (91) at that time of year, but it s also a great place to find high-quality fashion. I started in the boutiques and visited all the top names, (92) Cartier, Chanel, Christian Dior, and Yves Saint Laurent. I ve never seen such beautiful things, but they are, of course, expensive. I bought some perfume and moved on to the (93) department stores of Paris. Two of the most famous are Printemps and Galeries Lafayette and they are definitely good places (94). One place I found disappointing was The Champs-Elysées. In the old days, it was a great place for fashion, but now there are too many fast-food restaurants, banks, airline offices, shopping centres, and cinemas aimed at tourists. Don t (95) your time there! huge including open-air sightseeing to visit waste 11

96-100. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the lines. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Do you have a phobia? Are you terrified at the (96) of getting on an aeroplane? Do you worry about spiders every time you go into the bathroom? Would you rather walk up 100 steps than get into a lift? If the answer is yes to any of these or (97) questions, you may have a phobia! If you have a phobia, don t worry. You re not alone. It s estimated that about 10% of the world s population have a phobia about something. The fear of flying, the fear of (98), the fear of being in closed spaces or being in open spaces are some of the most common phobias people have. However, there are hundreds of other unusual phobias too, which are just as bad. There s the fear of (99), the fear of rain, the fear of the moon, and the fear of the stars! The list is endless. People with phobias usually know that there s no real danger. However, they cannot control their fears. When some people think about the object of their phobia, their heart starts beating very quickly and they find it (100). This is a natural reaction to fear, but it can make life difficult if it happens all the time. 96. thought thinking ideal 97. same likely similar 98. heights high hight 99. fallen in love falling in love falling with love 100. difficult to breathe difficulty breathing difficult breathing 12

ZSIGMOND KIRÁLY FŐISKOLA N Y E L V I S Z I N T F E L M É R Ő A N G O L N Y E L V III. RÉSZ Intermediate Ajánlott megoldási idő: 30 perc Kérjük, minden választ jelöljön a megoldólapon! Choose the correct answers. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. Number 0 is an example for you. 0. What is name? Janet. A she B she s C her D 101. Choose the correct sentence. A I m not having breakfast at work. B I don t usually have breakfast at work. C I m not having breakfast at work usually. D I don t have usually breakfast at work. 102. The train at 9 o clock tomorrow morning. A is going to leave B will be leaving C is leaving D leaves 103. I don t like Tom, he s. A irresponsible, dishonest and inexperienced C inresponsible, dishonest and inexperienced B D unresponsible, unhonest and unexperienced irresponsible, unhonest and imexperienced 104. Julia that silly book for 6 hours now. A has read B has been reading C read D was reading 105. The managers wear suits, but we can wear what we like. A must to B needn't C have to D should 106.? He s nice but much too shy and quiet. A What does Jim look like? B How does Jim look like? C What is Jim like? D What is Jim look like? 107. This light is automatic. It turns on and off. A himself B itself 13

C myself D them 108. Choose the sentence that means the same. The meeting isn t obligatory. A You can t go to the meeting. B You don t have to go to the meeting. C You mustn t go to the meeting. D You shouldn t go to the meeting. 109. Complete the sentence. How did the accident happen? He back from Manchester when he a tree. A drove / hitting B was driving / hit C drove / hit D was driving / hitted 110. I arrived too late. The concert. A has started B was started C had started D started 111. We d have a dog, if we. A had a garden B would have a garden C d had a garden D have a garden 112. She not like that skirt. It s not her style. A can B might C do D should 113. This bag is too heavy. A I help you. B I ll help you. C I m going to helping you. D I m helping you. 114. They have a lot of money. They live in an enormous house. A can B might C ought D must 115. He is not as clever he thinks he is. A than B then C as D so 116. Let s wait under the tree it stops raining. A until B unless C if D when 117. Go to bed when the film. A finishes B will finish C is finishing D going to finish 118. I for 2 hours, when Joe at last. A had waited / arrived B was waiting / arrived C have been waiting / has arrived D had been waiting / arrived 14

119. If I were you I a new computer. A ll buy B d buy C d bought D s bought 120. Choose the correct sentence. A He didn t use to have a car. B I used not to wear jeans. C Does he use to live in London? D I use to get up at 6.30, but not anymore. 121. We have time to do this. It has to be ready by tomorrow. A very few B very little C a very few D a very little 122. Complete the sentence. We went to cinema last night. We saw great film. A a / a B the / a C a / the D a / an 123. Jake is musician, but he hates classical music. A a / the B the / a C a / D the / the 124. In your kitchen you have: A sink, dishwasher, fridge, shower B washbasin, dishwasher, fridge, cupboard C sink, dishwasher, fridge, cupboard D sink, dishwasher, fridge, dresser 125. Try a noise, it s difficult like this. A not to make / to study B not making / studying C not to make / studying D don t make / to study 126. Have you been married? she asked me. She asked me A if I was married. B if I had been married. C if I were married. D if I have been married. 127. Choose the correct sentence. A A new motorway is being built at the moment. C A new motorway was built at the moment. B D A new motorway is building at the moment. A new motorway is build at the moment. 128. Get off at the next stop. The bus driver told me A getting off at the next stop. B get off at the next stop. C to get off at the next stop. D to getting off at the next stop. 15

129. Choose the correct sentence. A It s a machine that makes sweets. B He lives in Valencia, that is on the east coast of Spain. C My brother, that you met at my wedding, is getting divorced. 130. Seat belts must at all times. A wear B been wear C be weared D be worn D Jerry, whose I work with, is completely bilingual. 131. Choose the correct sentence that means the same. Where should I go if I want to find a bargain? he asked me. A He asked me where should he go if he wanted to find a bargain. B He asked me where he should go if he wanted to find a bargain. C He asked me where he should go if he want to find a bargain. D He asked me where he should gone if he wanted to find a bargain. 132. If I to the party, I my wife. A didn t go / wouldn t met B wouldn t go / didn t meet C hadn t gone / wouldn t have met D hadn t gone / wouldn t have meet 133. The match is! Brazil have won. A gone B done C over D up 134. Which sentence is NOT correct? A Can you fill in this form, please? B Can you fill this form in, please? C Please pick it up. D Please pick up it. 135. Her father passed last year at the age of 67. A off B of C away D on 136. If you have a job that lasts only for a short time, it is a A part-time job. B temporary job. C half job. D permanent job. 137-140. Match the verbs with the sentences. 137. My brother promised to me 10 pounds until next week. 138. He is a good player, he is going to a lot of goals. 139. I hope I m not going to my exams. 140. If I like this course, I would like to next year. A carry on B fail C lend D score 16

141-145. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the list. Note: you have more words than you need! Write your answers on the answer sheet. What s in a name? Recently, a couple in New Zealand were forbidden from naming their baby son 4Real. Even though New Zealand has quite liberal rules about naming children, names beginning with a number are not (141). They decided to call him Superman instead. In many countries around the world, unusual names for children are becoming more popular, especially since the increasing trend for celebrities to give their children wacky names. In Britain, you can call a child almost anything you like the only restrictions on parents (142) to offensive words such as swear words. Some parents choose names which come from popular culture. For example, there have been six boys named Gandalf after the character in The Lord of the Rings novels and films. Equally, names (143) to sport are fairly common since 1984, 36 children have been called Arsenal after the football team. Other countries have much stricter rules when it comes to naming children. Countries including Japan, Denmark, Spain, Germany and Argentina have an approved list of names from which parents must choose. In China, there are some rules about what you may call a child no foreign letters or symbols are allowed. As a result a couple were recently (144) from calling their baby @. In Britain, some names which (145) of as old-fashioned have become more popular again, such as Maisie or Ella for a girl, or Alfie or Noah for a boy. But the most popular names are not the wacky ones. The top names are fairly traditional Jack, Charlie and Thomas for boys and Grace, Ruby and Jessica for girls. relate relating were previously thought were considered banned allowed 17

146-150. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the lines. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Food on the move UK residents spend an average 229 a year on food (146) in transit, the highest in Europe, the research group Datamonitor says. In contrast, Spanish people spend only 56 a year, while Italians spend 128 a year on average. The report s author says the difference is (147) the greater amount of time Britons spend at work and commuting. In the UK people spend on average 48 minutes a day travelling to and from work. (148) towards food are also important, the study claims. There are a lot of people in the UK who view most of their meals as refuelling, says Lawrence Gould, the report s author. But it is not all bad, he adds. One thing emerging is a greater (149) for higher quality food, even if it is food-on-the-go, says Mr Gould. Traditional fast foods such as burgers and chips are now (150) with low-fat alternatives. While the food may have been eaten in transit, people are increasingly being offered healthy fare: from sushi to organic salads and more. 146. cooked consumed seen 147. for because due to 148. Attitudes Wishes Thoughts 149. love hate demand 150. making competing turning 18

ZSIGMOND KIRÁLY FŐISKOLA N Y E L V I S Z I N T F E L M É R Ő A N G O L N Y E L V IV. RÉSZ Upper-Intermediate Ajánlott megoldási idő: 30 perc Kérjük, minden választ jelöljön a megoldólapon! Choose the correct answers. Mark your answers on the answer sheet. Number 0 is an example for you. 0. What is name? Janet. A she B she s C her D 151.? He s quite tall and handsome, but he s not my type. A What does Jim look like? B How does Jim look like? C What is Jim like? D What is Jim look like? 152. My Mum had a terrible after eating that pudding. A cough B sneezing C diarrhoea D infection 153. Choose the correct sentence. A I ve never been meeting his wife. B I ve seen this film yesterday. C How long have you been having your car? D We ve been studying English all morning. 154. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: If you are sociable, you have more friends. A The more sociable you are, the more friends you have. B The more sociable are you, the more friends have you. C The sociable, the more friends. D The sociable people, the more friends they have. 155. Choose the correct sentence. A The man, who bought my house, is over there. C The man which bought my house is over there. B D The man who bought my house is over there. The man, that bought my house, is over there. 19

156. Choose the correct sentence. A I bought a big new long pink, striped Italian silk scarf. C I bought an Italian long big new pink, striped silk scarf. B D I bought a new big long pink, striped silk Italian scarf. I bought a big new long silk pink, striped Italian scarf. 157. I for 2 hours, when Joe at last. A had waited, arrived B have been waiting, has arrived C was waiting, arrived D had been waiting, arrived 158. Choose the correct sentence. A They go usually jogging after work. C We luckily had taken the umbrella. B D She likes very much the theatre. She always eats healthily. 159. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: The film was so good that we went to see it again. A It was such good film that we went to see it again. B It was such a good film that we went to see it again. C It was a such good film that we went to see it again. D The film was such good, that we went to see it again. 160. Her French isn t very good. She can say anything. A hard B ever C hardly D nearly 161. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: The police believe he has left the county. A He is believed to have left the B He is believed to had left the country. country. C He is believed to having left the country. D He is believed to leave the country. 162. Mrs. Smith had her money stolen by a violent on the street. A mugger B pickpocket C rober D burglar 163. By the end of the 21st century, people of all the natural resources on Earth. A will be running out. B will have run out C are going to run out D will have had run out 164. The weather was terrible; there was fog, and a. A heavy / overcast B thick / breeze C dense / gale D strong / draught 20

165. Take your umbrella A in case it will rain. B in case it rains. C if it will rain. D in case it rained. 166. It s really cold. I m freezing! If you your scarf, you cold now. A had put on / wouldn t be B had put on / wouldn t have been C putted on / wouldn t be D will put on / aren t 167. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: I m sure Alex wasn t very ill. He was only off for one day. A Alex can t have been very ill. He was only off for one day. B Alex mustn t have been very ill. He was only off for one day. C Alex might not have been very ill. He was only off for one day. D Alex could have been very ill. He was only off for one day. 168. Choose the correct sentence. A She looks she was crying. B She looks as if she was crying. C She looks whether she was crying. D She looks to have cried. 169. Don t your voice when you are having an argument. A rise B raise C lift D high 170. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: I don t think it s a good idea to tell your parents. A You had better not tell your B You had better not to tell your parents. parents. C You would better not telling your parents. D You would better not tell your parents. 171. They suggested to the theatre next week. A to go B we to go C us to go D going 172. Your hair needs. It s really long. A cut B to cut C cutting D to have cut 173. Choose the correct sentence. A Paul used to driving on the left when he was younger. C Paul used to drive on the left last summer. B D Paul is used to driving on the left. Paul didn t get used to drive on the left. 174. I won t eat the vegetables, said my daughter. My daughter the vegetables. A refused to eat B refused eating C denied to eat D denied eating 21

175. She works a nurse. A like B to C as D at 176. Lake Balaton and River Danube are Hungary s tourist attractions. A The / the B / C / the D The / 177. Choose the correct sentence. A My brother gave me a useful B The police is looking for him. piece of advice. C We had a beautiful weather. D The homeworks were very difficult tonight. 178. Choose the correct sentence that means the same: One of my children could read when he was four. So could the other one. A Both my children could read when they were four. B Both of my children could read when they were four. C Either of my children could read when they were four. D All the children could read when they were four. 179. Sorry about the mess. We the flat right now. A have / painted B have / to paint C are having / painted D are having / to be painted 180. We were flying through a storm, but we arrived safe. A and sound B and well C and right D and good 181. If only I to university, I admitted. A applied / might have been B have applied / could have C had applied / might have been D had applied / could have 182. I wish! A you would have been taller B you were taller C you had taller D you are taller 183. Do you normally choose shoes that go the clothes you re wearing? A to B with C for D on 184. Choose the correct sentence. A Despite of the rain, we went out to the park. C Although being late, he stopped for a coffee. B D In spite being 85, he is very active. Despite the fact that Peter hadn t studied much, he passed the exam. 22

185. Mary was late for work. She told her boss she d overslept, was true. The boss said it was OK, because he likes best is honesty. A that / what B which / what C that / which D which / which 186. He s twisted his ankle. Now it is. A bruisen B rashed C stiched D swollen 187-190. Match the words with the definitions. 187. an act of deceiving or misrepresenting 188. marked into squares 189. untidy, unkempt 190. judgement, decision A verdict B fraud C checked D scruffy 191-195. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the list. Note: you have more words than you need! Write your answers on the answer sheet. Get stressed, stay young For decades doctors have warned us about the dangers of stress and have given us advice about how to (191) our stress levels. Long term stress, for example (192) to look after someone who has a chronic illness, or stressful situations where there is nothing we can do, for example a traffic jam, is bad for our health and should be avoided whenever possible. (193), some medical experts now believe that certain kinds of stress may actually be good for us. Dr Marios Kyriazis, an anti-ageing expert, claims that what he calls good stress is beneficial to our health and may, in fact, help us stay young and even live longer. He says that good stress can (194) our natural defenses which protect us from illnesses, such as Alzheimer s, arthritis, and heart problems. He believes that good stress can (195) the production of the proteins that help to repair the body s cells, including brain cells. increase strengthen cut down on however having have 23

196-200. Read the definitions and the text below and find a word or expression from the text which best fits the definitions. 00 is an example for you. Let your body do the talking One of the areas of our body which conveys most about how we feel is how we move our hands and arms. Hand and arm gestures are sometimes deliberate, but most often they occur unconsciously and naturally. Saying something important open hands and arms, especially extended, and with palms up in front of the body at chest height, indicate that what you are saying is important, and, especially when people are speaking in public, a pointing finger or a hand waving above the shoulders emphasizes an individual point. However, research shows that people often find speakers who point their fingers a lot rather annoying. Openness and honesty when people want to be open or honest they will often hold their palms out to the other person. Footballers who have just committed a foul often use this gesture to try to convince the referee that they didn t do it. Nervousness if a person puts his hand to his mouth, this either indicates that he is hiding something, or that he is nervous. Fidgeting with your hands, for example tapping the table with your fingers also shows nervousness, and so does holding a bag or briefcase very tightly in front of the body. Superiority people who feel superior to you often appear relaxed, with their hands clasped behind their heads. Another gesture of superiority is to put your hands in your pockets with the thumbs protruding. 00. communicates, makes known -- conveys 196. done consciously or -- intentionally; carefully weighed or considered 197. an argument or idea; -- something important to say 198. violation of the rules -- 199. moving about restlessly, -- nervously, or impatiently 200. thrusting forward, extending from the surrounding surface -- 24