Freshwater Invertebrates in Central Europe

Freshwater Invertebrates in Central Europe

György Kriska Freshwater Invertebrates in Central Europe A Field Guide

György Kriska Group for Methodology in Biology Teaching, Biological Institute Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Vácrátót, Hungary Júlia Katalin Török general professional revision Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Biological Institute Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary Photographs were taken by the author except for the following: Béla Lovas, 11/2; 13/1,4; 15/4; 31/2 4; 33/3; 45/1 3; 71/4; 113/1 2; 117/1; 127/1 3; 129/1; 131/1 2; 133/1 4; 135/1 4; 137/1 3; 139/2,4; 141/ 3; 143/1 3; 149/2 4; 151/3; 153/1, 3 4; 155/1 2; 159/3; photographs of Rotifers. Rácz Gergely, 169/1 The photographs used with kind permission of the rights holders. Drawings are by the author Typesetting: Camera ready by László Szabó Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extra.springer.com Original German edition published by Weissdorn-Verlag, Jena 2009 ISBN 978-3-7091-1546-6 ISBN 978-3-7091-1547-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1547-3 Springer-Verlag Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948872 Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springe r is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents Preface and Acknowledgements 6 1. Introduction of the Book 7 2. Identification Key: Freshwater Invertebrates 10 3. Sponges Porifera 28 4. Cnidarians Cnidaria 32 5. Flatworms Platyhelminthes 36 6. Hairybacks Gastrotricha, Water Bears Tardigrada 44 7. Rotifers Rotatoria 46 8. Horsehair Worms Nematomorpha, Roundworms Nematoda 70 9. Snails, Limpets and Mussels Mollusca 72 10. Segmented Worms Annelida 104 11. Water Spiders and Mites Chelicerata 116 12. Crustaceans Crustacea 120 13. Springtails Collembola 162 14. Mayflies Ephemeroptera 164 15. Dragonflies and Damselflies Odonata 194 16. Stoneflies Plecoptera 210 17. Water Bugs Heteroptera 222 18. Beetles Coleoptera 244 19. Sialidae, Osmylidae, Sisyridae 294 20. Caddisflies Trichoptera 300 21. Moths Lepidoptera 330 22. True Flies Diptera 334 23. Moss Animals Bryozoa 374 Captions for Photographs 378 Identification Key for Android Smart Phones 390 Glossary 395 Bibliography 399 Animal biodiversity 402 Index 403

6 Preface and Acknowledgements The issue titled Freshwater Invertebrates in Central Europe gives a comprehensive overview on the invertebrate fauna of the freshwaters. This book not only aids the identification of the invertebrates bearing crucial importance in the matter cycles, the biological assessment and the natural self-purification process of freshwaters, but it also presents a detailed description of their lifestyles and the role they play in the ecosystems. The book begins with a General identification key, which helps to identify the studied specimen to the level of large taxonomic groups (e.g. moss animal, sponge, snail, etc.). The key contains colour illustrations and photos beside the short textual descriptions so that to ease the identification of the invertebrates. The illustrations are labelled in details; in addition to the names of the identifying characteristics, organs of general orientation (e.g. head, jointed leg, compound eye) are also specified. The colourings of the illustrations are based on the original colours of photos taken of the animals. Within the key, the numbers in bold set at the end of each description indicates the sequence number of the next identification step, from where the process should be continued. Finally, after several steps taken in the general key, you get to a larger taxon (e.g. mayfly larvae, beetles) and a specified page number. The detailed key of the group can be found at the end of the chapter beginning at the referred page. The identification of the specimen can be continued with the aid of this detailed key. Beside the illustrated keys, the book includes detailed textual descriptions for each discussed group of animals. In these parts similarly to the identification key the pictures on the right side of the page always show the animal presented in the nearby text. The sequence numbers of the pictures are indicated both in the textual part and in the identification key, giving also the respective page number before a slash (e.g. 103/11 the 11th picture on page 103). The digital annex of the book includes slideshows and movies, as well as interactive tests that can be used to check the knowledge gained on the invertebrates either by certain taxonomic groups or in general. A special item of the software is a stereoscopic (3D) application enabling to visualise threedimensional (anaglyph) pictures on the monitor or by a projector. The latter solution also gives the possibility to show the pictures for several spectators at once. Anaglyph pictures should be viewed through red-cyan glasses. Today, almost everybody has a mobile phone that is taken everywhere. This gave the idea to construct such an identification key for the freshwater macro-invertebrates that can be run on a cell phone. The electronic version of the key was prepared for mobiles running the Android operating system. This mobile key contains the simplified general key of the book, completed with the image collections of the taxonomic groups. The mobile key deals only with the macroscopic invertebrates; thus, it is principally suitable for field work. The instructions of the mobile version are presented at the end of the book. Acknowledgements: I thank Zsolt Erős-Honti for his help in translating the manuscript into English, as well as his remarks and recommendations on the text. For their thorough professional revisions, I acknowledge the work of the following experts of international reputation: András Ambrus (Odonata), Arnold Móra (Diptera, Trichoptera), Balázs Cser (Ephemeroptera), Dávid Murányi (Plecoptera), Csaba Deák (Diptera), Erika Bódis (Bivalvia), Júlia Katalin Török (general professional revision), Károly Schöll (Rotifera), László Forró (Crustacea), Ottó Kiss (Trichoptera), Pál Boda (Heteroptera), Péter Borza (Crustacea), Teofil Fülep (Platyhelminthes), Zoltán Csabai (Coleoptera), Zoltán Fehér (Mollusca).