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Paraphrasing and Citing Your Resources Turkey Alzahrani KU Writing Center
How to Use Research Quoting Paraphrasing Summarizing
MLA Style MLA, or the Modern Language Association, creates a set of guidelines to use when writing in the humanities They release a new stylebook every year, in which they make changes to what is expected in the style The stylebook offers guidelines on every part of writing a paper, including Formatting Punctuation And, most infamously, citations
Why MLA? Not APA, for example.. Fields that use MLA depend on analyzing texts rather than trying to understand the summarizing and understanding the whole idea like APA. For example, English literature scholars use MLA, while education scholars use APA.
What s Cool About MLA Values clarity and simplicity Flexible style, becoming even more flexible Acknowledges those you ve learned from Guide readers to further information Shows off just how much research you ve done Makes your paper look professional
Formatting Generally, though: 1 margins all around Double-spaced throughout Header with Last Name and page number Heading with Student Name Instructor Name Class Date (Day Month Year) Center-aligned title 12 pt. font, usually Times New Roman Works Cited on different page
Formatting: Works Cited Page title centered at top of page Citations in alphabetical order by first word (usually author s last name) Hanging indent on each citation Double-spaced, just like the paper
Makeup of a citation Whoever is listed as creator (can now be screen name) The bigger thing your source is in: website, anthology, journal People who translated, edited, produced or illustrated your source When source was published, if available Author. Title of source. Title of container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location. Where the source can be found: page number, url, doi What separates your version from another: edition, edit, cut Which part of the container your source is in: episode, issue, volume Who is publishing the source: press, company, record label
What Citations Look Like Author. Title of source. Title of container, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.
So then there s (Parenthetical Citations). Parenthetical citations indicate where your information comes from throughout your paper You must use them when you: Summarize an idea from a source Paraphrase something a source said Refer to a source directly Or quote a source One of the biggest builders of credibility you can have
Makeup of a parenthetical citation The first recognizable word in your full citation. Usually it s the author s name, but it can vary. The particulars of a where a specific piece of information came from. Usually a page number, occasionally time stamp. (Citation #). Most people put a space in between, but some instructors might ask you to insert a comma. Parenthetical citations come at the end of a sentence but before a period.
How to use parenthetical citations Always comes at the end of the sentence, before the period, but after all other punctuation: When Harry, Ron and Hermione fell into the pit of strangling plants, Hermione saved them (Rowling 137). As Rowling wrote, There are some things you just can t go through without becoming friends and knocking out a giant mountain troll is one of them (Rowling 68). If you have multiple sentences from one source, you can cite at the end of all of them, but it s best practice to cite every 2-3 sentences.
Block Quotations They break all the rules we just learned. Use for quotations that are more than 4 lines of text Start the quotation on a new line No quotation marks Indent the entire quotation ½ inch from the left margin Maintain double spacing Insert a parenthetical citation after the closing punctuation
Chicago Style 17 th Edition (2017)
Title Page The title should be centered a third of the way down the page. Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later. For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title. Double-space each line of the title page.
Title Page
Main Body: Text, Margins, & Page Numbers Text Consistently double-spaced, including block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions. Readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier. Font size should be no less than 10 pt. (preferably, 12 pt.). Margins Should be set at no less than 1. Page Numbers Begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
Main Body: Text, Margins, & Page Numbers
Main Body: Titles & Capitalization Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography: capitalized headline-style, meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized. Titles in the text as well as in notes and bibliographies are treated with quotation marks or italics based on the type of work they name: Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works): italicized. Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works): enclosed in double quotation marks. The titles of most poems: enclosed in double quotation marks. The titles of very long poems: enclosed in double quotation marks and italicized. Titles of plays: italicized. Otherwise, take a minimalist approach to capitalization. For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., the colonial period, vs. the Victorian era ).
Main Body: Headings Maintain consistency and parallel structure in headings and subheadings. Use headline-style for purposes of capitalization. Subheadings should begin on a new line. Subheadings can be distinguished by font-size. Each level of hierarchy should be clear and consistent. Levels of subheadings can be differentiated by type style, use of boldface or italics, and placement on the page, usually either centered or flush left. Use no more than three levels of hierarchy. Avoid ending subheadings with periods.
Main Body: Headings Chicago Style has an optional system of five heading levels
Main Body: Headings
In-Text Citation: Block Quotations A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked. It is recommended to blocking two or more lines of poetry. Not enclosed in quotation marks. Must always begin a new line. Indent ALL the quote. Single-spaced. Leave extra space before and after the quote.
In-Text Citation: Block Quotations
In-Text Citation: Short Quoting, Summarizing, Paraphrasing Short Quotes: (Author s Last Name Year, page number) Example: Larsen (1991, 245) stated that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect". Example: Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect', which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (276). Summarizing and Paraphrasing (Author s Last Name Year, page number) Paraphrasing Example: Bender (1995) explains that the introduction of a waiting period and a background check for people buying handguns in the US, is due to the Brady Bill (137). Summarizing Example: Unsportsmanlike behavior by footballers may inspire hooliganism among spectators (Mantex 1999, 1-2).
Footnotes Note numbers: Begin with 1 Follow consecutively Placed at the end of the clause or sentence Placed after all punctuation, except for the dash
Footnotes
Notes Note numbers full-sized, not raised, followed by a period (superscripting note numbers in the notes themselves is also acceptable) Lines within a footnote should be formatted flush left. Place commentary after source documentation when a footnote contains both; separate commentary and documentation by a period In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon. Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning to the end of the range.
Notes
Tables and Figures Position tables and figures after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described. For figures, include a caption, or short explanation of the figure or illustration, directly after the figure number. Cite the source of the table and figure information with a credit line at the bottom of the table or figure and, if applicable, after the caption. The credit line should be distinguished from the caption by being enclosed in parenthesis or written in different type. Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, and include full information in an entry on your Bibliography or References page. Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by... ). If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.
Tables and Figures
Bibliography Use the the full bibliography citation List sources in alphabetical order Indent the second line of the source Place a dash before sources without an author
Books
E-Books
Journal Articles
Interviews and Personal Communication
Online Sources
Articles
Videos
APA Style
What is included in the APA format? Document guidelines (formatting) Writing style and tone Organization and structure In-text citation guidelines References guidelines
Formatting: Title Page Running Head on every page No more than 50 characters Running head: SHORT TITLE ALL CAPS IN HEADER 1 Full Title of Paper: Sentence Case, Centered Left to Right Name of Author Institutional Affiliation Full title is centered and positioned in upper half of the page, Times New Roman, 12 pt font Author Note Departmental affiliation Changes of Affiliation (if any) Acknowledgments Special circumstances Person to contact (mailing address, email)
Formatting: Heading Levels Use levels consecutively, meaning that, if your paper has three levels, use levels 1, 2, and 3 Levels have slightly different formatting Level of Heading Format of Heading 1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. 4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
Tables
Figures
In-Text Citation: Paraphrases If you mention the author in the sentence, place the publication year in parenthesis directly after name: Walter (2000) found that the strengths perspective worked well with If you do not mention the author s name, save parenthetical reference for the end: Many researchers have studied the strengths perspective (Davis, 1998; Walter, 2000).
In-Text Citation: Quotations Author in sentence Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect disappeared when [only the first group s] behaviors were modified (p. 276). Author not in sentence It is found that the placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
Metasources In Text (as cited in Author, date). Ex: In his e-mails, Smith argued that asynchronous line dancing would be the next Internet meme (as cited in Jones, 2010). Reference List List only the SECONDARY source (source in which you found the quote) on your references list.
References Page Center title: "References" Double space the entire reference page no extra space between entries. List alphabetically. List works by the same author chronologically from earliest to latest.
Questions? (Comments? Concerns?)
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