Chicago Style Citation Manual H u m a n itie s F o o tn o te s S ty le Compiled by Dr. Kristen Epps Colorado State University Pueblo I. Definitions II. When Do I Cite? III. How Do I Insert Footnotes? IV. What Do Footnote Citations Look Like Within the Text? V. What Information Do I Include in a Citation? VI. Bibliography
Chicago Style Citation Manual 1 I. Definitions Within the Chicago style (also known as the Turabian style), there are two types of citations: the author/date system used in the sciences, and the humanities style. If you consult a different writing guide, make sure you are following the version commonly used in your discipline. This handout deals only with footnote citations in the humanities version, not bibliographic citations. For advice on creating a bibliography in the Chicago style, see one of the reference manuals listed in the bibliography. II. When do I cite? You must cite every quote, paraphrase, or idea that is not your own. All direct quotations must have a citation that gives the exact page number where this quotation was found. Also, if you paraphrase a section of text, at the end of that paraphrase include a footnote citing where you obtained your information. Since it is not a direct quote, you would only include a footnote and not quotation marks. It is very important that you pay attention to your citations, because failing to cite sources (or citing them inappropriately) is considered plagiarism. III. How do I insert footnotes? Put the cursor after the period and quotation mark (if there are quotation marks) of the quote or section you are citing. Then, go to Insert Reference Footnote (on some computers it will go from Insert directly to Footnote). The box that pops up should have the correct formatting already, so hit Insert. Your cursor will then appear at the bottom of the page, where you enter the citation information (follow the guide below). Footnotes are in 10 point Times New Roman font with the number in superscript (numbered consecutively starting at 1), which should be automatically set. Once you enter the citation you can click within the paper text to resume typing. The corresponding number for the footnote will appear where you had initially placed your cursor. To delete a footnote, you simply delete that number and the entire citation is removed. It s really quite simple once you get used to it, because the computer does all the hard stuff for you! Do not try to manually insert footnotes into the footer of the document; the method outlined above is the only way to correctly insert citations.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 2 IV. What do footnote citations look like within the text? Here are three examples of how they look within text. The corresponding footnotes appear at the bottom of the page. Example #1: Quotation from a Secondary Source In fact, as James Henretta noted, after 1800 women played an increasingly active role in public life, joining religious revivals and reform movements such as the temperance crusade. 1 Example #2: Paraphrase from a Secondary Source According to Michael Fellman, radical abolitionists divided into two factions nonresistant radicals and militant abolitionists over the issue of violent means. 2 Example #3: Quotation from a Primary Source In his testimony before the army investigation into the My Lai massacre, Harry Stanley stated that Captain Ernest Medina ordered us to kill everything in the village. 3 V. What information do I include in a c itation? The first time you cite a work in a document, you include the full citation with correct punctuation. Thereafter for all subsequent citations from that same source you should only give the short citation. When you introduce a new source into your paper, you would follow the same procedure: first citation is full, subsequent citations are short. The following examples demonstrate the correct formatting for typical primary and secondary source materials. Simply match up the kind of source you are citing with one of these examples. If you do not see an example that fits with the document you are planning to cite, consult one of the more detailed writing guides listed in the bibliography. Keep this by your side while you are writing, follow it carefully, and you will have no problem! 1 James Henretta, David Brody, and Lynn Dumenil, eds., America: A Concise History, 3 rd ed., vol. 1 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006), 374. 2 Michael Fellman, Theodore Parker and the Abolitionist Role in the 1850s, Journal of American History 61, no. 3 (December 1974), 666. 3 Harry Stanley, Testimony to U.S. Army CID, in My Lai: A Brief History with Documents, ed. James S. Olson and Randy Roberts (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 1998), 65.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 3 Formatting Citations from Secondary Sources From a course lecture: 1 Kristen Epps, The Road to Civil War (lecture, University of Kansas, January 26, 2006). 2 Kristen Epps, The Road to Civil War, January 26, 2006. From a textbook: 3 James Henretta, David Brody, and Lynn Dumenil, eds., America: A Concise History, 3 rd ed., vol. 1 (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2006), 374. 4 Henretta, et. al., 374. From a book (with one author): 5 Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517 1570, 2 nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 43. 6 Clendinnen, 43. From a book (with two authors): 7 Stanley L. Engerman and Robert W. Fogel, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (New York: Norton, 1989), 165.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 4 8 Engerman and Fogel, 165. From a book with an author and an editor: 9 George Fox, The Journal, ed. Nigel Smith (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), 41. 10 Fox, 41. From a document reader: 11 Morton Borden, Essay on Thomas Jefferson, in Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History, 11 th ed., vol. 1, ed. Larry Madaras and James M. SoRelle (New York: McGraw Hill/Dushkin, 1998), 166. 12 Borden, Thomas Jefferson, 166. From a journal article: 9 Antonio T. Bly, Crossing the Lake of Fire: Slave Resistance During the Middle Passage, 1720 1842 Journal of Negro History 83, no. 3 (Summer 1998), 182. 10 Bly, 182.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 5 From an article in an edited book of essays by different authors: Bernard Moitt, Slave Resistance in Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1791 1848, in Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World: A Student Reader, ed. Verene Shepherd and Hilary McD. Beckles (Princeton: Marcus Wiener Publishers, 2000), 920. Moitt, 920. From a thesis or dissertation: Justin G. Horton, The Second Lost Cause: Post National Confederate Imperialism in the Americas (M.A. thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2007), 85. Horton, 85. From a reference work on the internet: 11 Encarta Encyclopedia, s.v. Jackson, Andrew, http://encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761569591_7/andrew_jackson.html#p66 (accessed July 26, 2006). 12 Jackson, Andrew, Encarta, July 26, 2006.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 6 Formatting Citations from Primary Sources From a document reader: 13 John Smith, A True Relation of Virginia (1608), in Documents to Accompany America s History, 5 th ed., vol. 1, ed. Melvin Yazawa (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2004), 29. 14 Smith, A True Relation, 29. From a published primary source: 15 Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin with Related Documents, 2 nd ed., ed. Louis P. Masur (Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003), 72. 16 Franklin, 72. From a website of primary sources: For all websites follow this format: author (if known), title, site name, URL, (access date). 17 Daniel Foster, Appeal for the Kansas Sufferers, 1860, Kansas Memory, http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/90484 (accessed August 26, 2009). 18 Foster, Appeal, August 26, 2009.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 7 From a microfilmed newspaper (with author): 19 S. M. Barrett, A Brave Mother s Story of Terror in War Days on Missouri Border, Kansas City Times, January 21, 1941. There is no short citation format. From a microfilmed newspaper article (no author given): 20 Contrabands, Leavenworth Daily Conservative, September 19, 1861. See above. Manuscript from an archival collection: 21 George Allen Root, George Ellis Reminiscence, c. 1943, in George Allen Root Collection, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. You can shorten the citation by abbreviating the name of the archive (i.e. KSHS ). Letter from an archival collection: 22 John Brown Jr. to Parker Pillsbury, July 18, 1862, in Military History Collection, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. See above.
Chicago Style Citation Manual 8 VI. Bibliography Benjamin, Jules R. A Student s Guide to History. 10 th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide, The Chicago Manual of Style Online, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html (accessed April 25, 2010). Marius, Richard, and Melvin E. Page. A Short Guide to Writing in History. 7 th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2010. Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing in History. 5 th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 7 th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.