PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 1 Your first name: Your last name: K_E_Y This all multiple-choice final is worth 30% of your course grade. Remember that where the best answer is of the form Both (A) and (C) but not (B) or All of the above, no partial credit will be given for any other answers. 1. How was philosophy or being philosophical defined for purposes of this course? (A) Philosophy is, or at least ought to be, limited to the analysis and clarification of language. (B) Philosophy refers to all systematic, rational knowledge (as in doctor of philosophy i.e. Ph.D. ). (C) Being philosophical means making profound-sounding statements. (D) Being philosophical means thinking rationally about an event rather than responding emotionally to it. (E) Being philosophical means thinking systematically about certain non-empirical questions while emphasizing carefully formulated arguments and analysis of key terms. CORRECT 2. In Leopold s famous summary statement of the land ethic: A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and of the biotic community, what word or phrase goes in the blank? (A) acrimony (B) beauty CORRECT (C) longevity (D) sustainability 3. Which of the following best describes utilitarianism as generally defined by philosophers? (A) Deciding what to do based on the needs of those closest to you. (B) Doing what s useful and practical rather than what would be ideally or ultimately for the best. (C) Defendig practices by appeal to societal beliefs, rather than by appeal to the logic of moral discourse. (D) Producing the most happiness you can, taking into account the effects of your decisions on every conscious individual. CORRECT 4. A question is empirical if... (A)... its truth can be assessed independently of observation and/or experimentation. (B)... it is true or false in virtue of the meanings of the words in it and how they are logically related in it. (C) CORRECT... it can be answered through casual observation and/or scientific experimentation. 5. What is the difference between a moral agent and a moral patient? (A) A moral patient is incapable of acting on its own, whereas a moral agent is cooperative. (B) A moral agent can think about ethics and modify behavior accordingly, whereas a moral patient cannot. CORRECT (C) A moral patient is defined as having various virtues (including but not limited to patience), whereas a moral agent is defined in terms of utilitarian thinking instead of virtue. (D) A moral agent is capable of exercising moral rights, whereas a moral patient is only capable of acting in accordance with duties. 6. Which conception of intrinsic value did Callicott endorse in his Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: A Triangular Affair essay? (A) Intrinsic value exists independently of its being perceived by any conscious valuer. (B) Intrinsic value is actualized in the relationship between a conscious valuer and the valued thing. CORRECT 7. Palmer and Larson distinguish two conceptions of wildness value. In which sense can the wildness of an ecosystem be reclaimed in an ecosystem that is the product of restoration by humans? (A) The on-going sense CORRECT (B) The historical or genesis sense 8. According to Lilly Marlene Russow, which kind of value best explains the judgments people make about endangered species? (A) Aesthetic value CORRECT (B) Anthropocentric value (C) The intrinsic value of consciousness (D) The instrumental value of species as resources
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 2 9. Which sense of wildness value did Elliott assume in his essay Faking Nature? (A) The on-going sense (B) The historical or genesis sense CORRECT 10. Which author was described in lecture as appealing to the concept of highest and best use? (A) J. Baird Callicott (B) Aldo Leopold CORRECT (C) Peter Singer 11. In the readings for this class, which of the following authors defended a sentientist stance? (A) Robert Elliott (B) Aldo Leopold (C) Peter Singer CORRECT (D) Gary Varner 12. Which of the following did Robert Elliott admit is a disanalogy between artworks and ecosystems? (A) The beautiful is not a category that applies to ecosystems, but it does to art. (B) Art works are not dynamic the way ecosystems are. (C) CORRECT Natural ecosystems don t reflect the intentions of a maker like works of art do. (D) We can do without works of art, but not without functioning ecosystems. 13. When discussing Callicott s Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair paper, we said in class that in that essay he was interpreting Leopold as being more of a/an: (A) Anthropocentrist (B) Biocentric individualist (C) Pluralistic holist (D) CORRECT Pure holist (E) Sentientist 14. What was the term necessary condition defined as? (A) A universalizable condition (B) A logically necessary statement or principle (C) A condition that, if met, by itself qualifies something to qualify as being in a category (D) A condition that something must meet in order to qualify as being in a category CORRECT 15. What does a biocentric individualist hold? (A) That only human beings matter, morally speaking. (B) That all sentient individuals matter, morally speaking. (C) CORRECT That living organisms matter, morally speaking. (D) That biological ecosystems and species matter, morally speaking. 16. What did the restoration thesis refer to? (A) The argument that humans have a duty as stewards of the Earth to restore ecosystems to conditions before humans arrived. (B) The thesis that the activities involved in restoration ecology are healthy for the people involved in them, reviving and invigorating them. (C) The claim that whatever value is destroyed in an ecosystem can be replaced through a successful ecological restoration project. CORRECT (D) The theory that a restored ecosystem will function, in biological terms including ecosystem services, just the same as the original ecosystem did. 17. What does Sandler say in response to the charge that de-extinction has adverse effects on animal welfare? (A) He argues that the species in question is suffering a lot in the wild already. (B) He argues that, because de-extinction is focused on species rather than individuals, that doesn t matter. (C) He argues that animal agriculture causes suffering on a much greater scale than would a deextinction project. CORRECT
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 3 18. What kind of species did Palmer s and Larson s essay on assisted migration focus on? (A) A species living high in the mountains of the northwest CORRECT (B) A species that was introduced into its present habitat by humans (C) A species which has been extinct so long that complete DNA is not available 19. In his 1921 essay, The Wilderness and its Place in Forest Recreational Policy, which of the following does Leopold say an area must be in order to meet his definition of wilderness for recreation? (A) Open to lawful hunting and fishing. (B) Free of grazing activities. (C) Large enough to make a two-week long trip by pack train. CORRECT 20. How does the U.S. Wilderness Act of 1964 define wilderness? (A) A continuous stretch of country preserved in its natural state, big enough to absorb a two weeks pack trip, and kept devoid of roads, artificial trails, cottages, or other works of man. (B) Any place, natural or artificial, in which people feel lost or perplexed, or feel alienated and insecure. (C) Inaccessible or harsh environments not suited to human beings, cursed by God. (D) An environment that has not been disturbed by human activities. (E) An area retaining its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation; an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain. CORRECT 21. In the handout on wilderness, what was said to be the European culture definition of wilderness? (A) A continuous stretch of country preserved in its natural state, big enough to absorb a two weeks pack trip, and kept devoid of roads, artificial trails, cottages, or other works of man. (B) Any place, natural or artificial, in which people feel lost or perplexed, or feel alienated and insecure. CORRECT (C) Inaccessible or harsh environments not suited to human beings, cursed by God. (D) An environment that has not been disturbed by human activities. (E) An area retaining its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation; an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain. 22. Against whom was the charge of ecofascism raised? (A) Varner s version of biocentric individualism. (B) Singer s theory that all animals are equal. (C) CORRECT Callicott s early interpretation of Leopold. (D) Callicott s conception of sustainability. 23. Which of the following would be a sufficient condition for having interests, according to Singer? (A) Being able to enjoy listening to music. (B) Being able to feel arthritic pains. (C) Being able to suffer depression after a failed relationship. (D) CORRECT Each of the above. 24. In Biocentric Individualism, how does Varner define interests? (A) Conscious beings have interests insofar as they value things instrumentally. (B) Organisms have interests if and only if they have desires or would have certain desires if adequately informed and impartial across phases of their lives. (C) Persons have interests because they can conceive of themselves as conscious individuals with a past, a present, and a future. (D) An entity has interests if and only if the fulfillment of its needs and/or desires creates intrinsic value. CORRECT 25. Which conception of intrinsic value was described as subjective intrinsic value? (A) A thing is claimed to have subjective intrinsic value when it is claimed that people do in fact value it intrinsically rather than just instrumentally. CORRECT (B) A thing has subjective intrinsic value when it is claimed to have intrinsic independently of whether or not anyone actually values it intrinsically.
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 4 26. Which of the following is not the title of one of the three parts into which the essays of Leopold s A Sand County Almanac? are subdivided? (A) A Sand County Almanac (B) Sketches Here and There (C) Thinking Like a Mountain CORRECT (D) The Upshot 27. Which of the following was said to be generally acknowledged by philosophers as a logical feature of all moral judgments? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) They are universalizable. (B) They depend on what a given culture believe. (C) They should override other types of norms. CORRECT 28. Based on the readings we did this semester, which of the following is/are holists? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) J. Baird Callicott CORRECT (B) Peter Singer (C) Gary Varner 29. Which of the following best describes what the method of reflective equilibrium involves? (A) An approach to reconstructing an extinct species genome using genes from closely related species that have not gone extinct. (B) Managing an ecosystem so as to produce one that both stable and provides various ecosystem services. (C) Mutually adjusting one s intuitive judgments about particular cases and the various moral rules or principles that one endorses. CORRECT 30. Which of the following passages from Leopold best expresses the thinking of a pluralistic holist? (A) A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. (B) In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such. CORRECT (C) An ethic may be regarded as a mode of guidance for meeting ecological situations so new or intricate, or involving such deferred reactions, that the path of social expediency is not discernible to the average individual. Animal instincts are modes of guidance for the individual in meeting such situations. Ethics are possibly a kind of community instinct in-the-making. 31. Which of the following passages from Leopold best expresses the thinking of a pure holist? (A) A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. CORRECT (B) In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such. (C) An ethic may be regarded as a mode of guidance for meeting ecological situations so new or intricate, or involving such deferred reactions, that the path of social expediency is not discernible to the average individual. Animal instincts are modes of guidance for the individual in meeting such situations. Ethics are possibly a kind of community instinct in-the-making. 32. Which of the following best expresses what Singer means by speciesism? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) A speciesist is one who treats members of different species differently. (B) A speciesist is one who believes that non-human animals are not capable of all the things humans are. (C) CORRECT Speciesist is one who ignores or does not treat as equally important, the similar interests of members of different species.
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 5 In answering the next two questions, refer to this chart and assume that: (a) each row represents a choice between two options, (b) under each option, a -10 and a -1 represents the harm that one individual would suffer if that option were chosen in the situation, and (c) a -10 harm is non-comparably worse than a -1 harm. Option #1 Option #2 Situation A -10 Situation B -1-1 -1-1 -1 33. In situation A, which of Tom Regan s principles would apply and what would it require you to do? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) The miniride principle applies and requires that you choose option #1. (B) The miniride principle applies and requires that you choose option #2. (C) The worse-off principle applies and requires that you choose option #1. CORRECT (D) The worse-off principle applies and requires that you choose option #2. 34. In situation B, which of Tom Regan s principles would apply and what would it require you to do? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) The miniride principle applies and requires that you choose option #1. (B) The miniride principle applies and requires that you choose option #2. CORRECT (C) The worse-off principle applies and requires that you choose option #1. (D) The worse-off principle applies and requires that you choose option #2. 35. Which form(s) of hunting were environmentalists said to uniformly support? (A) Therapeutic hunting CORRECT (B) Constructive hunting (C) Sport hunting (D) All of the above 36. How was an obligatory management species defined? (A) One that requires external inputs into its ecosystem to survive. (B) One with a fairly regular tendency to overshoot the carrying capacity of its range. CORRECT (C) One that serves as either a keystone or a foundation species. 37. Which of the following was therapeutic hunting said to be focused on? (A) The aggregate well-being of the target population. (B) The hunter s psychological and physical health. (C) The ecosystem s health and integrity. CORRECT 38. Which of the following were said to be examples of obligatory management species? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) Deer (B) Mourning doves (C) Elephants (E) CORRECT Both (A) and (C), but not (B).
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 6 39. What response did Varner imagine Regan giving to Varner s argument that Regan s miniride principle supports hunting for wildlife population control? (A) The golden rule overrides principles derived from moral philosophy, and none of us would want to be targeted by hunters for the sake of population control. (B) The miniride principle is not the correct principle to apply to the case of hunting, and the worseoff principle implies that we should avoid harming animals. (C) The principle does not apply, because hunting causes more aggregate suffering than allowing nature to take its course. (D) The principle does not apply, because no animals rights are violated when they die from natural causes. CORRECT 40. Why, according to Warren, is narrative important to both feminist ethics and environmental ethics? (A) Because the last person thought experiment, which is so important in environmental ethics (and which we discussed earlier in the class), takes the form of a story. (B) Because a narrative can be understood by young children, and narratives are therefore needed in the earliest phase of moral education, which is vitally important. (C) Because stories make us reflect on the details of particular situations and include appropriate emotional reactions that are neglected by traditional western thinking about ethics. CORRECT 41. How were first wave and second wave feminism distinguished in lecture? (A) The first wave was mostly championed by male philosophers and politicians, whereas the second wave is being led mostly by women. (B) The second wave is focused on the plight of women in developing countries, whereas the first wave was focused on gaining equality for women in developed countries. (C) The first wave was concerned with equal rights to do things like vote, whereas the second wave is concerned with broader questions about gender, etc. CORRECT (D) The second wave abandoned the assumption that men are intrinsically sexist which was assumed by the first wave. 42. When was the term ecofeminism first used in print? (A) The late 1800s (B) The 1940s (C) The 1970s CORRECT (D) Around 2001 43. Which of the following are stories that Karen Warren uses in her essay to illustrate the usefulness of narrative in ethical theory? (A) The story of a Sioux Indian teaching that the correct way to kill while hunting involves wounding the animal rather than killing it with your first shot, so that you can have it die in your arms. (B) A story about how she reacted to being bitten by a crocodile while swimming in Australia. (C) A woman s first two days rock climbing. CORRECT 44. When is the use of hierarchical thinking bad, according to Warren? (A) In any context hierarchical thinking is always bad. (B) When it is used by men, but not when it is used by woman. (C) When it is coupled with the logic of domination to justify oppression. CORRECT 45. What important parallel does Warren say that ecofeminism draws between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature? (A) Both are expressions of male bias. (B) Both began to happen during the industrial revolution. (C) Both involve anthropocentric conceptions of intrinsic value. (D) CORRECT Both are maintained by a system of beliefs and values that justifies dominance relations. 46. What is the distinguishing feature of the ethics of care? (A) An emphasis on individual rights rather than utilitarianism. (B) The central place it gives to the cultivation of moral virtue. (C) Careful attention to whatever duties a society recognizes. (D) A focus on how relationships determine obligations. CORRECT
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 7 47. What does Warren mean by naturism? (A) A lifestyle that celebrates being comfortable with nudity in natural environments. (B) The domination or oppression of nonhuman nature. CORRECT (C) Valuing original, naturally evolved ecosystems over ones that are modified by humans. (D) A version of holism that treats the earth as whole. 48. In lecture, a conception of sustainability was said to always have (if only implicitly) what two components? (A) An anthropocentric component and a holistic component. (B) A descriptive component and a value component. CORRECT (C) An ethical component and an ecological component. (D) A conceptual component and a scientific component. 49. In Callicott s and Mumford s conception of ecological sustainability, which norm applies to which type of ecosystem? (A) Health applies to restored ecosystems, and integrity applies to wild ecosystems. (B) Health applies to wild ecosystems, and integrity applies to restored ecosystems. (C) Integrity applies to biodiversity reserves, and health applies to ecosystems inhabited by humans. CORRECT (D) Integrity applies to ecosystems inhabited by humans, and health applies to biodiversity reserves. 50. Which are John Muir and Gifford Pinchot usually associated with? (A) Pinchot with holism and Muir with anthropocentrism. (B) Muir with sustainability and Pinchot with intrinsic value for nature. (C) Pinchot with the National Park Service and Muir with the National Forest Service. (D) CORRECT Muir with preservation of wild lands and Pinchot with sustainable use of natural resources. 51. In the readings for this class, what did the axiom of substitutability refer to? THROWN OUT ALL ANSWERS COUNTED AS CORRECT (A) The ecological principle that for any naturally evolved species, there is some exotic species that could replace it. (B) The economic principle that as a resource becomes more expensive, an alternative will be developed. CORRECT (C) The utilitarian principle that individual happiness can compensate for violations of others rights. 52. Callicott and Mumford characterized the Brundtland commission as endorsing which view? (A) Anthropocentrism CORRECT (B) Sentientism (C) Biocentric individualism (D) Holism 53. Which of the following best characterizes the difference between animal rights (AR) and animal welfare (AW) as the distinction is drawn by philosophers? (A) AR is based in the natural rights tradition, whereas AW is based on legal rights. (B) AR advocates abolition via illegal tactics, whereas AW advocates reform through legal means. (C) CORRECT AR attributes anti-utilitarian trump cards to animals, whereas AW is a form of utilitarianism. (D) AR is based on unrealistic ideals, whereas AW is grounded in evolutionary and ecological reality. Continue with the survey only questions on the last page >
PHIL 314 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 8 Note: the last five questions are survey-only, meaning that you will get full credit as long as you mark one of the answers on your Scantron. 54. After finishing this class, which view do you most agree with? nd 2 exam st 1 exam (A) Anthropocentrism 2% 3% 2% (B) Sentientism 14% 25% 8% (C) Biocentric individualism 29% 14% 26% (D) Holism 52% 53% 48% (E) Not sure, or I d rather not say 3% 5% 16% 55. Which part of the class material did you find most interesting? (A) The first, more applied part 53% (B) The second, more philosophical and theoretical part 24% (C) The last part on sustainability, hunting, and ecofeminism 21% (D) I d rather not say. 2% 56. True or false: Texas state law requires bicycles to be operated on sidewalks rather than roadways wherever a sidewalk is available? (A) True 12% (B) False 66% Correct, sidewalks are for pedestrians! (C) I don t know. 21% (D) I d rather not say. 1% 57. What minimal clearance are motorists required to give bicyclists when passing them on public roads? (A) 1 foot 2% (B) 3 feet 48% This is correct, (C) 6 feet 28% but this would be better! (D) I don t know. 22% (E) I d rather not say. 0% 58. Which do you think that Varner probably is? My PHIL 251 (A) Christian, Jewish or Muslim 25% % (B) Buddhist or some other eastern religion 12% % (C) An atheist or agnostic 31% % (D) I can t tell. 28% % (E) I d rather not say. 3% % - end of exam -