Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology K. F. Ibrahim Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford!. Paris San Diego San Franciso Singapore Sydney Tokyo > ELSEVIER Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes
Contents Preface Television fundamentals Scanning Interlacing Synchronisation pulses Composite video waveform Common image format Active lines Aspect ratio Pixels and bandwidth Video bandwidth Television broadcasting Modulation Frequency spectrum, PAL channel Channel allocation Frequency spectrum, NTSC channel Colour television Light and colour The sensation of colour Primary colours The colour triangle Saturation and hue Chromaticity diagram Colour temperature Principles of colour transmission Frequency interleaving Quadrature amplitude modulation NTSC colour components NTSC refresh rate Composite colour signal Colour burst xxi 1 1 3 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 21 23 23 24 24
viii Contents The standard colour bar display 25 Gamma-correction 26 Weighting factors 27 PAL colour system 27 3. Digital television 31 Principles of digital video broadcasting 31 Digitising the TV picture 32 SDTV sampling rate 33 Video sampling 34 4:2:2 sampling structure 35 4:1:1 sampling structure 35 4:2:0 sampling structure 36 The bit rate 37 4. MPEG encoding 39 Video MPEG-2 coding 40 Video data preparation 40 Temporal compression 41 Group of pictures 43 Block matching 43 Predicted and difference frames 44 Bidirectional prediction 45 Spatial compression 46 The discrete cosine transform 46 Quantising the DCT block 50 Zigzag scanning of the DCT matrix 51 Coding of DCT coefficients 53 Buffering 54 The complete DCT coder 55 Forward prediction coder-decoder, codec 55 GOP construction 57 5. High definition television 59 Why HDTV? 59 HDTV common interface format 59 The road to MPEG-4/H.264/AVC 60 MPEG-4 profiles 61 H.264/AVC features 61
Contents ix Intra-frame (spatial) prediction 62 Intra-blocks and modes 62 Size and mode selection 65 Intra-prediction operation 65 AVC motion compensation 66 Motion compensation block sizes 67 Motion vector prediction 68 New transforms and quantisation 68 Adaptive de-blocking filter 68 New entropy coding technology 72 Summarised features of AVC 72 6. Audio encoding 73 Principles of MPEG-1 audio 73 MPEG audio basic elements 74 The full Layer II audio coder 82 Layer III coding 82 Pre-echo 83 Full Layer III audio coder 84 Advanced audio coding 85 MPEG-2 AAC 85 MPEG-4 audio 88 MPEG-4 AAC 89 Low-delay AAC 91 Surround sound 92 Multi-channel formats 92 Perception of sounds in space 93 7. MPEG-2 transport stream 97 Transport stream multiplexing 97 MPEG-2 PES packet 99 Time stamps 101 Program clock reference 101 Transport stream packet 102 Null transport packets 102 Transport packet header 103 Programme-specific information 105 Transport stream multiplexing 106 Re-multiplexing 106
x Contents Channel encoding Scrambling Forward error correction Error correction FEC processing Modulation Phase shift keying Quadrature amplitude modulation Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Single-frequency network Coded OFDM 8K/2K COFDM modes High definition terrestrial television Satellite channel encoder Terrestrial channel encoder Video re-production Overview Display units The cathode ray tube Extra high tension Monochrome tube Screen size Raster geometry Scan velocity modulation Beam modulation Colour receiver tubes Purity Convergence The shadowmask tube The in-line colour tube The trinitron tube The PIL tube Plasma panels Introduction to flat panel displays Resolution: flat panel versus CRT Plasma operation Address display separated Driving the panel 109 109 109 111 113 114 114 116 117 121 123 123 125 125 126 129 129 131 131 132 133 135 135 136 136 137 137 138 139 140 140 141 143 143 146 147 150 153
Scanning: sequential and interlaced Sub-field coding Plasma panel brightness Dual scan Selective erase addressing Sustain-during-erase Greyscale and colours False contours Time compression Adaptive time compression Sub-field splitting Non-binary sub-field coding Dynamic brightness control Black level drive Sub-field generation Alternate lighting of surfaces Enhanced-ALiS 4-phase sub-field drive Pioneer's Waffle rib and T-shaped structured panel Plasma panel faults Drive faults Image burn Liquid crystal display (LCD) Polarisation Principles of operation of LC cell Reflective and transmissive The TN transmissive LCD Normally white and normally black Passive- and active-matrix LCDs TFT cell drive Response time Polarity inversion Greyscale and colour generation Panel drive The backlight assembly CCFT parameters Tube brightness control The d.c.-a.c. inverter
xii Contents Lamp error detection 201 Adaptive transmissive scaling 202 LCD panel faults 202 Drive faults 205 DLP and SED Principles of DLP display Greyscale generation Bit splitting DMD structure DMD operation DMD addressing cycle Multiplexed addressing Generating colour The rainbow effect The three-chip DLP Principles of SED panel 207 207 208 209 210 211 213 214 216 217 218 219 Television receivers CRT-type The analogue TV receiver The front end RF oscillator Mixer-oscillator Complete tuner The phase-locked loop Synthesised tuning The IF stage The IF response curve The vision detector Synchronous demodulator Tuner 1С package The sync separator Flywheel sync separator Sandcastle pulse Field timebase Field output stage Line timebase and drive 221 221 223 225 226 226 226 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 238 238 239 241
Contents xiii S-correction 244 Line output transformer 247 14. Television receivers: colour processing 251 Colour burst processing 251 Colour decoding 253 The comb filter 255 Comb filter delays 259 U and V separation 260 Colour difference demodulation 261 Matrix network 262 Beam limiting 263 Signal-processing 1С package 264 RGB output stage 267 15. DC power generation 271 CRT television power requirements 271 Linear regulators 271 Thyristor-controlled rectifier 273 Switched-mode power supplies 274 High- frequency chokes 279 Start-up and soft start 279 Standby supply 279 Self-oscillating power supply 280 Resonant converters 282 16. Flat panel television receivers 283 Video formatting 284 Scan-rate conversion 286 Image scaling 286 De-gamma correction and error and diffusion 287 Digital video interface 287 Low-voltage differential signalling 289 PanelLink 291 Transition minimised differential signalling 292 DVI connector pin-out 293 High-definition multimedia interface 294
xiv Contents Architecture of HDMI HDMI operation HDMI encoding Operating modes Content protection, HDCP HDMI connectors Chip count Philips 2-chip solution Panasonic GC3 2-chip solution Samsung single-chip solution Plasma panel power generation Power factor correction Soft-switching resonant d.c.-d.c. converters Principle of operation of resonant converters Steady-state analysis of a basic ZCS resonant converter Zero voltage switching Energy recovery Fault finding on plasma television Pixel defects Picture faults DC power failure Fault finding in an LCD television receiver Faulty CCF tube The classic stuck in standby fault (plasma and LCD) 295 295 296 297 297 298 300 300 301 303 303 304 308 309 309 311 312 315 317 317 318 319 320 320 TV sound, mono and NICAM TV FM mono system Receiver circuit Frequency demodulation De-emphasis NICAM 14-to-10 digital companding Interleaving Framing NICAM reception DQPSK decoder NICAM decoder Multi-sound processor 321 321 322 322 323 324 326 329 329 330 331 332 333
Contents xv Multi-standard MSP 334 Audio amplification 335 18. The digital TV reception 339 The digital receiver/decoder of set-top-box 339 System overview 339 DVB satellite channel decoder 341 DVB terrestrial channel decoder 344 OFDM demodulation 345 Transport demultiplexing and MPEG decoding 347 The I 2 S serial sound bus 350 SPDIF digital interface 351 UHF modulator 352 The integrated digital television 353 Flat panel idtv 354 The HD decoder box 354 The HD ready television receiver 355 Testing the digital TV decoder box 358 Aerials and dishes 358 The boot-up sequence 360 Testing channel decoder 361 Testing the transport/mpeg decoder 362 Memory faults and their symptoms 364 19. Projection systems 367 CRT-based projection systems 367 Microdisplay-based systems 370 The illumination assembly 370 DMD-based projectors 370 HTPS-based systems 372 Colour filter HTPS 372 Colour filterless 3-panel HTPS projector 373 Pros and cons of HTPS projectors 375 Liquid crystal on silicon systems 376 The three-pbs LCoS system 378 ColorSelect LCoS-based systems 378 Merits and demerits of LCoS projection systems 379 Other projector technologies 380 The 3-panel HTPS projector block diagram 381
xvi Contents Three-dimensional video display 381 3D LCD panels 385 Power supply requirements 385 DVD DVD construction DVD capacity Storage capacity Recording sectors Rotation speed Data transfer Triple-layer DVD DVD encoding process Video encoding Audio encoding Dolby digital (AC-3) encoding Linear PCM PES packet construction Forward error correction DVD/HD DVD Non-return-to-zero encoding Eight-to-sixteen modulation (EFM+) DVD playback system The optical pickup head Focus depth and numerical aperture The photodiode detector assembly Focus error Tracking error The tracking and focus two-axis device Compatible pickup Signal processing and control The RF processor Servo control The error signals Playback start-up routine CD/DVD detection Focus search Single/dual-layer detection Tracking control Typical servo control chip 387 387 389 391 392 392 393 394 394 397 397 398 398 399 400 400 401 401 402 404 405 405 407 407 407 408 410 412 412 413 413 413 413 414 415
Contents xvii The user interface 415 Power supply requirements 418 Content protection 418 Film grain technology 420 Interactivity 420 Magnetic tape recording History and development Magnetic tape basics Transfer characteristic and bias Head-tape flux transfer Replay considerations Modulation system Pre-emphasis Principle of helical scan Track configuration Scanning systems The azimuth technique The video track Miniature VHS head drum Tracking Automatic track finding Video-8 tape-signal spectrum Luminance recording and replay Dropout Crispening Colour signals in the VCR Down-conversion Chroma recording Video-8 format chrominance Signal processing chip Audio signal processing Depth-multiplex audio Frequency-multiplex audio PCM audio The complete VCR UHF tuner and IF amplifier Sound Bias oscillator 421 421 424 426 428 430 431 433 434 437 438 438 439 440 442 443 444 444 447 447 448 450 451 452 453 453 455 456 457 461 461 463 463
xviii Contents RF modulator 463 Clock back-up 464 Video tape formats 464 Digital recording and camcorder Signal processing: record DV audio processing Signal processing: replay DV track configuration DV tracking system System parameters DV tape and cassette Digital-8 format D-8 recording system Other DV formats: DVCAM DVCPRO (professional) Hard disk recording Digital video recorder Recording files Audio and video capture Editing Rendering DV Editing Recordable DVD Layout of recordable DVD Burst cutting area Write strategies DVD recorder HDD recorder Camcorders Optical section CCD image sensor Image stabilisation Digital picture zoom Electronic viewfinder Audio section D-8 signal processing D-8 playback 467 468 469 470 470 471 471 471 474 474 477 477 479 481 481 482 482 483 483 483 485 487 487 488 489 490 492 493 493 494 494 495 495 497
Contents xix 23. Cable and on-line television 499 Cable types 500 Transmission modes 500 The network 501 Propagation modes in glass-fibre cables 502 Multimedia 'cable TV 504 24. Multimedia convergence 507 Digital multimedia broadcasting 507 DVB-H 508 Handheld screen resolution 509 DVB-H system properties 509 Time-slicing 509 IP interfacing 510 Enhanced FEC 511 Enhanced signalling 513 The 4K transmission mode 514 In-depth interleaving 514 Compatibility 515 Introduction to DAB 515 Transmission modes 517 DAB frames 518 DAB-2 518 DAB TV 518 On-line convergence 520 ADSL 520 IPTV 521 Bit rates 522 Closed IPTV network 523 Video-on-demand 525 25. Interconnectivity and ports 527 RF connections 527 Baseband distribution 528 SCART connections 529 Video coupling 533 Audio coupling 534 Speaker wiring 534
xx Contents Digital ports Video graphic array Universal serial bus RS-232 connector Firewire Append, IX Al: Teletext Append, IX A2: PC serial control bus Append IX A3: Error control techniques Append IX A4: Processing devices Append, A5: The OSI seven-layer reference model Append, A6: HDMI-DVI compatibility Append, A7: The decibel (db) Append A8: Amplitude and frequency modulation 534 535 535 536 537 539 547 549 553 559 561 563 565